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Kirk C, Langan-Evans C, Clark DR, Morton JP. The Relationships Between External and Internal Training Loads in Mixed Martial Arts. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:173-184. [PMID: 38134900 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As a multidisciplined combat sport, relationships between external and internal training loads and intensities of mixed martial arts (MMA) have not been described. The aim of this study was to determine the external loads and intensities of MMA training categories and their relationship to internal loads and intensities. METHODS Twenty MMA athletes (age = 23.3 [5.3] y, mass = 72.1 [7.2] kg, stature = 171.5 [8.4] cm) were observed for 2 consecutive weeks. Internal load and intensity (session rating of perceived exertion [sRPE]) were calculated using the Foster RPE for the session overall (sRPE-training load [TL]) and segmented RPE (segRPE-TL) for each training category: warm-up, striking drills, wrestling drills, Brazilian jiujitsu (BJJ) drills, striking sparring, wrestling sparring, BJJ sparring, and MMA sparring. External load and intensity were measured via Catapult OptimEye S5 for the full duration of each session using accumulated Playerload (PLdACC) and PLdACC per minute (PLdACC·min-1). Differences in loads between categories and days were assessed via Bayesian analysis of variance (BF10 ≥ 3). Predictive relationships between internal and external variables were calculated using Bayesian regression. RESULTS Session overall sRPE-TL = 448.6 (191.1) arbitrary units (AU); PLdACC = 310.6 (112) AU. Category segRPE-TL range = 33.8 (22.6) AU (warm-up) to 122.8 (54.6) AU (BJJ drills). Category PLdACC range = 44 (36.3) AU (warm-up) to 125 (58.8) AU (MMA sparring). Neither sRPE-TL nor PLdACC changed between days. PLdACC was different between categories. Evidence for regressions was strong-decisive except for BJJ drills (BF10 = 7, moderate). R2 range = .50 to .77, except for warm-up (R2 = .17), BJJ drills (R2 = .27), BJJ sparring (R2 = .49), and session overall (R2 = .13). CONCLUSIONS While MMA training categories may be differentiated in terms of external load, overall session external load does not change within or between weeks. Resultant regression equations may be used to appropriately plan MMA technical/tactical training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kirk
- Sport and Human Performance Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carl Langan-Evans
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David R Clark
- School of Health Sciences, Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Kamarauskas P, Scanlan AT, Ferioli D, Conte D. Weekly Fluctuations in, and Associations Between, Salivary Hormone Responses, Load, and Well-Being During the Pre-season in Professional Male Basketball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:128-135. [PMID: 38085623 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Kamarauskas, P, Scanlan, A, Ferioli, D, and Conte, D. Weekly fluctuations in, and associations between, salivary hormone responses, load, and well-being during the pre-season in professional male basketball players. J Strength Cond Res 38(1): 128-135, 2024-This study aimed to (a) quantify weekly fluctuations in hormonal responses (testosterone [T], cortisol [C], and their ratio [T:C]), external (PlayerLoad [PL] and PL·minute-1) and internal (session rating of perceived exertion load [sRPE-load], summated heart rate zones [SHRZs], and percentage of maximal heart rate [%HRmax]) load measures, and well-being measured using a self-reported questionnaire and (b) determine the associations between weekly changes in hormonal responses and load measures with weekly changes in well-being during the pre-season phase in basketball players. Twenty-one professional male basketball players (age: 26.2 ± 4.9 years) were monitored during a 5-week pre-season phase. Linear mixed models were used to determine weekly differences in each variable and associations between weekly changes in hormonal and load variables with weekly changes in well-being. Findings revealed that T (p < 0.001) and T:C (p = 0.002) increased toward the end of the pre-season phase. Moreover, higher (p < 0.05) external (PL·minute-1) and internal (%HRmax) load intensities were evident during the first 3 weeks of the pre-season, with no significant fluctuations in other load variables. Weekly changes in PL and sRPE-load were negatively associated (p < 0.05) with weekly changes in well-being, albeit weak in magnitudes (R2 = 0.061-0.105). These results highlight that a periodized approach was undertaken across the pre-season predominantly predicated on altering weekly load intensities, which coincided with positive hormonal responses toward the end of the pre-season. In addition, weak relationships were evident between weekly changes in hormonal responses and load measures with well-being, emphasizing that a low commonality may be present between these constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Kamarauskas
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aaron T Scanlan
- School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD, Australia; and
| | | | - Daniele Conte
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Bueno JCA, Silva RB, Diotaiuti P, Andreato LV, Andrade A. Effect of rapid weight loss on mood states and burnout of Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1114816. [PMID: 37205078 PMCID: PMC10185838 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1114816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to analyze the psychological alterations resulting from rapid weight loss in the mood states and burnout of male Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes. For the purpose of this study, 31 Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes participated, divided into two groups (RWLG: rapid weight loss group and CG: control group). Data collections were performed at three moments (1: baseline, before weight loss; 2: weigh-in, during the official competition; and 3: recovery, 7 to 10 days after the competition), with application of the Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS) and Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). Considering the outcomes, for body mass, the athletes from RWLG presented mean reductions of 3.5 kg (4.2% of the initial body mass). For mood states, both groups (RWLG and CG) presented a moment effect for tension and confusion, with higher levels during weigh-in compared to baseline and recovery (p < 0.05). For burnout, both groups showed low levels of burnout, with no effect of moment, group, or interaction in the analyses (p > 0.05). Based on these results, it is concluded that weight loss, in the magnitude performed in this study, did not generate an additional impact on mood or level of burnout in Brazilian jiu-jitsu athletes during a competitive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Carlos Alves Bueno
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- *Correspondence: João Carlos Alves Bueno,
| | - Rodrigo Batalha Silva
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Pierluigi Diotaiuti
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Leonardo Vidal Andreato
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
- School of Health Sciences, University of the State of Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Laboratory of Sport and Exercise Psychology, Center of Health and Sport Science, Santa Catarina State University, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Branco BHM, Marcondes VA, de Paula Ramos S, Badilla PV, Andreato LV. Effects of Supplementary Strength Program on Generic and Specific Physical Fitness in Cadet Judo Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2816-2823. [PMID: 36135031 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Branco, BHM, Marcondes, VA, de Paula Ramos, S, Badilla, PV, and Andreato, LV. Effects of supplementary strength program on generic and specific physical fitness in cadet judo athletes. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2816-2823, 2022-This study aimed to investigate the effects of a supplementary strength program on general and specific physical fitness in under-18 judo athletes. In total, 21 athletes were randomized into 2 groups: experimental group (EG: aged = 15.5 ± 1.2 years; body mass = 71.3 ± 10.6 kg; practice time = 5.1 ± 1.2 years) and control group (aged = 16.6 ± 0.5 years; body mass = 71.7 ± 11.0 kg; practice time = 5.6 ± 0.8 years). Athletes were submitted to anthropometry, generic physical fitness tests (countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum in bench-press, row, and half-squat machine), and specific field tests (isometric and dynamic judogi chin-up and Special Judo Fitness Test [SJFT]). All measurements were presented at baseline, and 8 athletes per group completed pre-training and post-training assessments. Both groups performed the same judo training routine, and the EG also performed 3/weekly/sessions of strength training for 8 weeks. All measurements were conducted during the competitive season. There were no differences in body mass, height, and body fat percentage after the training period (p > 0.05). Improvements were observed in maximal strength for bench press (26.6%), row (17.7%), half-squat machine (29%), dynamic judogi chin-up (33%), and the following SJFT responses: block A (16.7%), block B (11.3%), sum of 3 blocks (8.3%), heart rate after 1 minute (-7.0%), and index (-12.5%), representing performance improvement for the EG. It was concluded that 8 weeks of strength training was positive for general and specific performance. Finally, this strength program may help coaches to develop strength without changes in body mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio H M Branco
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion (PPGPS/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pablo V Badilla
- Physical Education Pedagogy, Faculty of Education. Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Temuco, Chile ; and
| | - Leonardo V Andreato
- Research Group in Physical Education, Physiotherapy, Sports, Nutrition and Performance of the University Center of Maringá (GEFFEND/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Exercise Physiology (PPEP/UniCesumar), Maringa, Brazil
- Sciences Center of Health and Sport, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis-SC, Brazil
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Sánchez I, de la Rubia Ortí JE, Platero JL, Mariscal G, Barrios C. Modification of Diurnal Cortisol Secretion in Women's Professional Basketball. A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:8961. [PMID: 34501551 PMCID: PMC8430658 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18178961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Elite basketball training causes high levels of physiological stress, which can lead to negative physiological disorders in female athletes. The aim of this study was to establish the impact of physical activity on the rhythm of salivary cortisol secretion in elite female basketball players over one week. The population sample included 9 women professional basketball players. The control group was made up of 9 women who did not do any exercise. Saliva samples were collected from all participants at 9:00 a.m. and 11:00 p.m. on training days. Samples from the basketball group showed a significantly higher cortisol secretion. Moreover, from the second night, the pattern of cortisol secretion of these players was reversed, showing higher levels of cortisol in saliva at night than in the morning. The results suggest that the secretion rhythm changed over the course of the week and according to competitive demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Sánchez
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Jose Enrique de la Rubia Ortí
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.d.l.R.O.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Jose Luis Platero
- Department of Nursing, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (J.E.d.l.R.O.); (J.L.P.)
| | - Gonzalo Mariscal
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Carlos Barrios
- Institute for Research on Musculoskeletal Disorders, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, 46001 Valencia, Spain; (I.S.); (C.B.)
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