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Harrison K, Williams DSB, Darter BJ, Zernicke RF, Shall M, Finucane S. Effect of Strength and Plyometric Training on Kinematics in Female Novice Runners. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1048-1055. [PMID: 38489659 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Harrison, K, Williams, DSB III, Darter, BJ, Zernicke, RF, Shall, M, and Finucane, S. Effect of strength and plyometric training on kinematics in female novice runners. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1048-1055, 2024-Both running performance and injury have been associated with running kinematics. Plyometric training improves run performance and reduces injury risk in court-sport and field-sport athletes. The aim of this study was to assess longitudinal changes in kinematics in novice runners before and after a typical beginners' running program, compared with those who perform a plyometric intervention before running. Fifty-seven novice female runners were assigned to the control group (8 weeks walking +8 weeks running) or the intervention group (8 weeks strength or plyometric training +8 weeks running). Kinematics were assessed at baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. Joint angles throughout the stride of those who completed the training ( n = 21) were compared between groups and assessment time points using a statistical parametric mapping 2-way analysis of variance, with group and study time point as independent variables. There was no interaction effect of group and study time point ( p > 0.05), indicating that both training programs had similar effects on running kinematics. There was a main effect of time for sagittal plane knee and hip kinematics ( p < 0.001); after training, subjects ran with a more extended leg, particularly during swing. Programs of 8 weeks of preparatory training, followed by 8 weeks of running, resulted in altered sagittal plane biomechanics, which have previously been related to improved running economy. A greater volume of plyometric, run training or concurrent plyometric and run training may be required to elicit changes in running form associated with lower injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Harrison
- Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Benjamin J Darter
- Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Ronald F Zernicke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mary Shall
- Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sheryl Finucane
- Department of Physical Therapy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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Pechlivanos RG, Amiridis IG, Anastasiadis N, Kannas T, Sahinis C, Duchateau J, Enoka RM. Effects of plyometric training techniques on vertical jump performance of basketball players. Eur J Sport Sci 2024; 24:682-692. [PMID: 38874937 PMCID: PMC11235879 DOI: 10.1002/ejsc.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The aim of our study was to compare the effects of two different plyometric training programs (targeting knee extensors or plantar flexors) on jump height and strength of leg muscles. Twenty-nine male basketball players were assigned to the knee-flexed (KF), knee-extended (KE), or control groups. In addition to regular training, the KF group performed plyometric jumps (10 sets of 10 jumps, 3 sessions/week, 4 weeks) from 50 cm boxes with the knee flexed (90°-120°), whereas the KE group performed the jumps from 30 cm boxes with the knee much more extended (130°-170°). Jumping ability was evaluated with squat jumps (SJs), countermovement jumps (CMJs), and drop jumps from 20 cm (DJ20) and 40 cm (DJ40). Knee and ankle muscles were assessed during maximal isokinetic and isometric tests, and EMG activity was recorded from vastus lateralis and medial gastrocnemius. The KF group increased SJ (+10%, d = 0.86) and CMJ (+11%, d = 0.70) but decreased DJ40 height (-7%, d = -0.40). Conversely, the KE group increased DJ20 (+10%, d = 0.74) and DJ40 (+12%, d = 0.77) but decreased SJ height (-4%, d = -0.23). The reactivity index during DJs increased (+10% for DJ20, d = 0.47; +20% for DJ40, d = 0.91) for the KE group but decreased (-10%, d = -0.48) for the KF group during DJ40. Plantar flexor strength increased for the KE group (d = 0.72-1.00) but not for the KF group. Negative transfer across jumps is consistent with the principle of training specificity. Basketball players interested to perform fast rebounds in their training should avoid plyometric jumps with large knee flexions and long contact times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafail Georgios Pechlivanos
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres)Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Ioannis G. Amiridis
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres)Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Nikolaos Anastasiadis
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres)Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Theodoros Kannas
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres)Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Chrysostomos Sahinis
- Laboratory of NeuromechanicsSchool of Physical Education and Sport Science (Serres)Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessalonikiGreece
| | - Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and NeurophysiologyUniversité Libre de BruxellesBruxellesBelgium
| | - Roger M. Enoka
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of ColoradoBoulderColoradoUSA
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Duchateau J, Amiridis IG. Plyometric Exercises: Optimizing the Transfer of Training Gains to Sport Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2023; 51:117-127. [PMID: 37560939 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid force production and its transmission to the skeleton are important factors in movements that involve the stretch-shortening cycle. Plyometric exercises are known to augment this cycle and thereby improve the neuromechanical function of the muscle. However, the training exercises that maximize translation of these gains to sports performance are not well defined. We discuss ways to improve this transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Duchateau
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, and Centre d'Aide à la Performance Sportive (CAPS), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ioannis G Amiridis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Barrio ED, Thapa RK, Villanueva-Flores F, Garcia-Atutxa I, Santibañez-Gutierrez A, Fernández-Landa J, Ramirez-Campillo R. Plyometric Jump Training Exercise Optimization for Maximizing Human Performance: A Systematic Scoping Review and Identification of Gaps in the Existing Literature. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:150. [PMID: 37624130 PMCID: PMC10457889 DOI: 10.3390/sports11080150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric jump training (PJT) encompasses a range of different exercises that may offer advantages over other training methods to improve human physical capabilities (HPC). However, no systematic scoping review has analyzed either the role of the type of PJT exercise as an independent prescription variable or the gaps in the literature regarding PJT exercises to maximize HPC. OBJECTIVE This systematic scoping review aims to summarize the published scientific literature and its gaps related to HPC adaptations (e.g., jumping) to PJT, focusing on the role of the type of PJT exercise as an independent prescription variable. METHODS Computerized literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, Web of Science, and SCOPUS electronic databases. Design (PICOS) framework: (P) Healthy participants of any age, sex, fitness level, or sports background; (I) Chronic interventions exclusively using any form of PJT exercise type (e.g., vertical, unilateral). Multimodal interventions (e.g., PJT + heavy load resistance training) will be considered only if studies included two experimental groups under the same multimodal intervention, with the only difference between groups being the type of PJT exercise. (C) Comparators include PJT exercises with different modes (e.g., vertical vs. horizontal; vertical vs. horizontal combined with vertical); (O) Considered outcomes (but not limited to): physiological, biomechanical, biochemical, psychological, performance-related outcomes/adaptations, or data on injury risk (from prevention-focused studies); (S) Single- or multi-arm, randomized (parallel, crossover, cluster, other) or non-randomized. RESULTS Through database searching, 10,546 records were initially identified, and 69 studies (154 study groups) were included in the qualitative synthesis. The DJ (counter, bounce, weighted, and modified) was the most studied type of jump, included in 43 study groups, followed by the CMJ (standard CMJ or modified) in 19 study groups, and the SJ (standard SJ or modified) in 17 study groups. Strength and vertical jump were the most analyzed HPC outcomes in 38 and 54 studies, respectively. The effects of vertical PJT versus horizontal PJT on different HPC were compared in 21 studies. The effects of bounce DJ versus counter DJ (or DJ from different box heights) on different HPC were compared in 26 studies. CONCLUSIONS Although 69 studies analyzed the effects of PJT exercise type on different HPC, several gaps were identified in the literature. Indeed, the potential effect of the PJT exercise type on a considerable number of HPC outcomes (e.g., aerobic capacity, flexibility, asymmetries) are virtually unexplored. Future studies are needed, including greater number of participants, particularly in groups of females, senior athletes, and youths according to maturity. Moreover, long-term (e.g., >12 weeks) PJT interventions are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rohit K. Thapa
- Symbiosis School of Sports Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune 412115, India;
| | - Francisca Villanueva-Flores
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida Heroico Colegio Militar 4700, Nombre de Dios, Chihuahua 31300, Mexico;
| | - Igor Garcia-Atutxa
- Máster en Bioinformática y Bioestadística, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou 156, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
| | | | - Julen Fernández-Landa
- Health, Physical Activity and Sports Science Laboratory, Department of Physical Activity and Sports, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbo, Spain;
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
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Montoro-Bombú R, Sarmento H, Buzzichelli C, Moura NA, Gonzáles Badillo JJ, Santos A, Rama L. Methodological considerations for determining the volume and intensity of drop jump training. A systematic, critical and prepositive review. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1181781. [PMID: 37153219 PMCID: PMC10160442 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1181781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review provides critical and propositional information on criteria for determining the volume and intensity of drop jumps during plyometric training programs. Eligibility criteria were defined according to PICOS: Participants: male or female athletes, trained or recreationally active (16-40 years). Intervention duration: more than 4 weeks. COMPARATORS passive or active control group during a plyometric training program. OUTCOMES information on improvement with Drop Jump or Depth Jump, with other jumps, acceleration, sprint, strength, and power output. DESIGN randomized controlled trials. We searched articles published in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and Scopus. The search was conducted until 10 September 2022 for English-language articles only. The risk of bias was assessed using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) for randomized controlled studies. We identified 31495 studies, of which only 22 were included. We found that six groups presented results with women, 15 presented results with men, and the remaining four presented mixed studies. Of the 686 people recruited, 329 participants aged 25.79 ± 4.76 years were involved in training. Methodological problems in training intensity, volume distribution, and individualization were noted, but methodological recommendations for their solution are also provided. It is concluded that the drop height should not be understood as the intensity determinant of plyometric training. Intensity is determined by ground reaction forces, power output, and jump height, among other factors. Furthermore, the athletes' experience level selection should be based on the formulas recommended within this research. These results could be helpful for those who intend to conduct new plyometric training programs and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raynier Montoro-Bombú
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlo Buzzichelli
- Faculty of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Amândio Santos
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Rama
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
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Effects of Plyometric Jump Training on the Reactive Strength Index in Healthy Individuals Across the Lifespan: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2023; 53:1029-1053. [PMID: 36906633 PMCID: PMC10115703 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01825-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactive strength index (RSI) is meaningfully associated with independent markers of athletic (e.g., linear sprint speed) and neuromuscular performance [e.g., stretch-shortening cycle (SSC)]. Plyometric jump training (PJT) is particularly suitable to improve the RSI due to exercises performed in the SSC. However, no literature review has attempted to meta-analyse the large number of studies regarding the potential effects of PJT on the RSI in healthy individuals across the lifespan. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review with meta-analysis was to examine the effects of PJT on the RSI of healthy individuals across the lifespan compared with active/specific-active controls. METHODS Three electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) were searched up to May 2022. According to the PICOS approach, the eligibility criteria were: (1) healthy participants, (2) PJT interventions of ≥ 3 weeks, (3) active (e.g., athletes involved in standard training) and specific-active (e.g., individuals using heavy resistance training) control group(s), (4) a measure of jump-based RSI pre-post training, and (5) controlled studies with multi-groups in randomised and non-randomised designs. The Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale was used to assess the risk of bias. The random-effects model was used to compute the meta-analyses, reporting Hedges' g effect sizes (ES) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Subgroup analyses were performed (chronological age; PJT duration, frequency, number of sessions, total number of jumps; randomization). A meta-regression was conducted to verify if PJT frequency, duration, and total number of sessions predicted the effects of PJT on the RSI. Certainty or confidence in the body of evidence was assessed using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Potential adverse health effects derived from PJT were researched and reported. RESULTS Sixty-one articles were meta-analysed, with a median PEDro score of 6.0, a low risk of bias and good methodological quality, comprising 2576 participants with an age range of 8.1-73.1 years (males, ~ 78%; aged under 18 years, ~ 60%); 42 studies included participants with a sport background (e.g., soccer, runners). The PJT duration ranged from 4 to 96 weeks, with one to three weekly exercise sessions. The RSI testing protocols involved the use of contact mats (n = 42) and force platforms (n = 19). Most studies reported RSI as mm/ms (n = 25 studies) from drop jump analysis (n = 47 studies). In general, PJT groups improved RSI compared to controls: ES = 0.54, 95% CI 0.46-0.62, p < 0.001. Training-induced RSI changes were greater (p = 0.023) for adults [i.e., age ≥ 18 years (group mean)] compared with youth. PJT was more effective with a duration of > 7 weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, > 14 total PJT sessions versus ≤ 14 sessions, and three weekly sessions versus < three sessions (p = 0.027-0.060). Similar RSI improvements were noted after ≤ 1080 versus > 1080 total jumps, and for non-randomised versus randomised studies. Heterogeneity (I2) was low (0.0-22.2%) in nine analyses and moderate in three analyses (29.1-58.1%). According to the meta-regression, none of the analysed training variables explained the effects of PJT on RSI (p = 0.714-0.984, R2 = 0.0). The certainty of the evidence was moderate for the main analysis, and low-to-moderate across the moderator analyses. Most studies did not report soreness, pain, injury or related adverse effects related to PJT. CONCLUSIONS The effects of PJT on the RSI were greater compared with active/specific-active controls, including traditional sport-specific training as well as alternative training interventions (e.g., high-load slow-speed resistance training). This conclusion is derived from 61 articles with low risk of bias (good methodological quality), low heterogeneity, and moderate certainty of evidence, comprising 2576 participants. PJT-related improvements on RSI were greater for adults versus youths, after > 7 training weeks versus ≤ 7 weeks, with > 14 total PJT versus ≤ 14 sessions, and with three versus < three weekly sessions.
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Moran J, Liew B, Ramirez-Campillo R, Granacher U, Negra Y, Chaabene H. The effects of plyometric jump training on lower-limb stiffness in healthy individuals: A meta-analytical comparison. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:236-245. [PMID: 34033984 PMCID: PMC10105022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of plyometric jump training (PJT) on lower-limb stiffness. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Study participants included healthy males and females who undertook a PJT programme isolated from any other training type. RESULTS There was a small effect size (ES) of PJT on lower-limb stiffness (ES = 0.33, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 0.07-0.60, z = 2.47, p = 0.01). Untrained individuals exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.08-0.84, p = 0.02) than trained individuals (ES = 0.15, 95%CI: ‒0.23 to 0.53, p = 0.45). Interventions lasting a greater number of weeks (>7 weeks) had a larger ES (ES = 0.47, 95%CI: 0.06-0.88, p = 0.03) than those lasting fewer weeks (ES = 0.22, 95%CI: ‒0.12 to 0.55, p = 0.20). Programmes with ≤2 sessions per week exhibited a larger ES (ES = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.01-0.77, p = 0.04) than programmes that incorporated >2 sessions per week (ES = 0.20, 95%CI: -0.10 to 0.50, p = 0.18). Programmes with <250 jumps per week (ES = 0.50, 95%CI: 0.02-0.97, p = 0.04) showed a larger effect than programmes with 250-500 jumps per week (ES = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.00-0.72, p = 0.05). Programmes with >500 jumps per week had negative effects (ES = -0.22, 95%CI: -1.10 to 0.67, p = 0.63). Programmes with >7.5 jumps per set showed larger effect sizes (ES = 0.55, 95%CI: 0.02-1.08, p = 0.04) than those with <7.5 jumps per set (ES = 0.32, 95%CI: 0.01-0.62, p = 0.04). CONCLUSION PJT enhances lower-body stiffness, which can be optimised with lower volumes (<250 jumps per week) over a relatively long period of time (>7 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK.
| | - Bernard Liew
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex CO43SQ, UK
| | | | - Urs Granacher
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany
| | - Yassine Negra
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Saïd University of Manouba, Tunis 2037, Tunisia
| | - Helmi Chaabene
- Division of Training and Movement Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam 14469, Germany; High Institute of Sports and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba 8189 , Tunisia
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Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Báez-San Martín E, Thapa RK, Ramirez-Campillo R. A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Plyometric-Jump Training on the Physical Fitness of Combat Sport Athletes. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:33. [PMID: 36828318 PMCID: PMC9965890 DOI: 10.3390/sports11020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to assess the athletic performance changes in combat sport athletes (CoSAs) after plyometric-jump training (PJT), compared to control conditions, through a systematic review with meta-analysis. Following PRISMA guidelines, three electronic databases were searched for includable articles, according to a PICOS approach. Using a random-effects model, Hedges' g effects sizes (ES) were calculated. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic, with values of <25%, 25-75%, and >75% representing low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Twelve eligible articles were identified for systematic review, seven of high quality and five of moderate quality, according to the PEDro scale. The studies recruited taekwondo, silat, wrestling, judo, fencing, and karate athletes (292 total participants), including specific-active and active controls. Most participants had a mean age of <18 years and were males (n = 225). Compared to the control, PJT programmes, involving 4-12 weeks and 2-3 sessions per week, induced small to moderate improvements (ES = 0.47 to 1.04) in athletes' maximal strength (e.g., 1RM squat), vertical jump height, change-of-direction speed, and specific performance (e.g., fencing movement velocity), although without meaningful effects on body mass, fat mass, and muscle mass (ES = 0.02 to -0.06). Most (7 of 8) outcomes attained low heterogeneity. The outcome-level GRADE analysis indicated a certainty of evidence from low to moderate. In conclusion, PJT, when compared to control conditions, may improve CoSA athletic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Department of Physical Activity, Sports and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Education Sciences, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3530000, Chile
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Sports Coach Career, School of Education, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile
| | - Rohit K. Thapa
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Rashtriya Raksha University, Gandhinagar 382305, India
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
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Lazarczuk SL, Maniar N, Opar DA, Duhig SJ, Shield A, Barrett RS, Bourne MN. Mechanical, Material and Morphological Adaptations of Healthy Lower Limb Tendons to Mechanical Loading: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2405-2429. [PMID: 35657492 PMCID: PMC9474511 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to increased mechanical loading during physical training can lead to increased tendon stiffness. However, the loading regimen that maximises tendon adaptation and the extent to which adaptation is driven by changes in tendon material properties or tendon geometry is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To determine (1) the effect of mechanical loading on tendon stiffness, modulus and cross-sectional area (CSA); (2) whether adaptations in stiffness are driven primarily by changes in CSA or modulus; (3) the effect of training type and associated loading parameters (relative intensity; localised strain, load duration, load volume and contraction mode) on stiffness, modulus or CSA; and (4) whether the magnitude of adaptation in tendon properties differs between age groups. METHODS Five databases (PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, EMBASE) were searched for studies detailing load-induced adaptations in tendon morphological, material or mechanical properties. Standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated and data were pooled using a random effects model to estimate variance. Meta regression was used to examine the moderating effects of changes in tendon CSA and modulus on tendon stiffness. RESULTS Sixty-one articles met the inclusion criteria. The total number of participants in the included studies was 763. The Achilles tendon (33 studies) and the patella tendon (24 studies) were the most commonly studied regions. Resistance training was the main type of intervention (49 studies). Mechanical loading produced moderate increases in stiffness (standardised mean difference (SMD) 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.62-0.86), large increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.58-1.07), and small increases in CSA (SMD 0.22; 95% CI 0.12-0.33). Meta-regression revealed that the main moderator of increased stiffness was modulus. Resistance training interventions induced greater increases in modulus than other training types (SMD 0.90; 95% CI 0.65-1.15) and higher strain resistance training protocols induced greater increases in modulus (SMD 0.82; 95% CI 0.44-1.20; p = 0.009) and stiffness (SMD 1.04; 95% CI 0.65-1.43; p = 0.007) than low-strain protocols. The magnitude of stiffness and modulus differences were greater in adult participants. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical loading leads to positive adaptation in lower limb tendon stiffness, modulus and CSA. Studies to date indicate that the main mechanism of increased tendon stiffness due to physical training is increased tendon modulus, and that resistance training performed at high compared to low localised tendon strains is associated with the greatest positive tendon adaptation. PROSPERO registration no.: CRD42019141299.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Lazarczuk
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Nirav Maniar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven J Duhig
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Anthony Shield
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rod S Barrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew N Bourne
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
- Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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Pereira Rodriguez JE, De Marcos Sanchez JS, Ceballos Portilla LF, Avendaño-Luque EM, Parra Rojas GL, Corrales FA. Efectos de los ejercicios pliométricos en pacientes postoperatorio de rotura del tendón calcáneo. REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y EL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.24310/riccafd.2022.v11i2.14675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De la ruptura del tendón Aquileo se tiene conocimiento desde la antigua Grecia, la cual ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, por ende, se busca implementar mejores herramientas para el tratamiento de la misma, siendo una de ellas los ejercicios pliométricos. Estudios tipo meta-análisis, ensayos controlados aleatorizados y experimentales observaron que la aplicación de ejercicios pliométricos en la mayoría de los participantes mejoraba la calidad del tendón, aumentando elasticidad y disminuyendo su rigidez (p<0.01) en 14 estudios y en los 3 estudios restantes, no mejoraba la estructura del tendón, sin embargo, mejoraba la sintomatología y funcionalidad del mismo en estudios tardíos (p<0.01). La aplicación de ejercicios pliométricos es una herramienta adicional para tratar a los sujetos sometidos a una operación de ruptura de tendón Aquileo, el cual debe ser aplicado en estadios finales en rehabilitación, mejorando la rigidez del tejido, aumentando la funcionalidad y disminuyendo el dolor crónico.
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11
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Ramírez-delaCruz M, Bravo-Sánchez A, Esteban-García P, Jiménez F, Abián-Vicén J. Effects of Plyometric Training on Lower Body Muscle Architecture, Tendon Structure, Stiffness and Physical Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35312884 PMCID: PMC8938535 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plyometric training (PT) has been widely studied in sport science. However, there is no review that determines the impact of PT on the structural variables and mechanical properties of the lower limbs and physical performance. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the effects of PT on lower body muscle architecture, tendon structure, stiffness and physical performance. METHODS Five electronic databases were analysed. The inclusion criteria were: (1) Availability in English; (2) Experimental studies that included a PT of at least eight sessions; and (3) Healthy adults subjects. Four meta-analyses were performed using Review Manager software: (1) muscle architecture; (2) tendon structure; (3) muscle and tendon stiffness; (4) physical performance. RESULTS From 1008 search records, 32 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Muscle architecture meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on muscle thickness (Standard Mean Difference (SMD): 0.59; [95% Confidence Interval (CI) 0.47, 0.71]) and fascicle length (SMD: 0.51; [95% CI 0.26, 0.76]), and a small effect of PT on pennation angle (SMD: 0.29; [95% CI 0.02, 0.57]). The meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on tendon stiffness (SMD: 0.55; [95% CI 0.28, 0.82]). The lower body physical performance meta-analysis found a moderate effect of PT on jumping (SMD: 0.61; [95% CI 0.47, 0.74]) and strength (SMD: 0.57; [95% CI 0.42, 0.73]). CONCLUSION PT increased the thickness, pennation angle and fascicle length of the evaluated muscles. In addition, plyometrics is an effective tool for increasing tendon stiffness and improving jump and strength performance of the lower body.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Paula Esteban-García
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Fernando Jiménez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Carlos III S/N, 45071, Toledo, Spain.
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Rice PE, Nishikawa K, Nimphius S. Isolated Joint Block Progression Training Improves Leaping Performance in Dancers. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:779824. [PMID: 34970645 PMCID: PMC8712483 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.779824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a 12-week ankle-specific block progression training program on saut de chat leaping performance [leap height, peak power (PP), joint kinetics and kinematics], maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion (MVIP) strength, and Achilles tendon (AT) stiffness. Dancers (training group n = 7, control group n = 7) performed MVIP at plantarflexed (10◦) and neutral ankle positions (0◦) followed by ramping isometric contractions equipped with ultrasound to assess strength and AT stiffness, respectively. Dancers also performed saut de chat leaps surrounded by 3-D motion capture atop force platforms to determine center of mass and joint kinematics and kinetics. The training group then followed a 12-week ankle-focused program including isometric, dynamic constant external resistance, accentuated eccentric loading, and plyometric training modalities, while the control group continued dancing normally. We found that the training group's saut de chat ankle PP (59.8%), braking ankle stiffness (69.6%), center of mass PP (11.4%), and leap height (12.1%) significantly increased following training. We further found that the training group's MVIP significantly increased at 10◦ (17.0%) and 0◦ (12.2%) along with AT stiffness (29.6%), while aesthetic leaping measures were unchanged (peak split angle, mean trunk angle, trunk angle range). Ankle-specific block progression training appears to benefit saut de chat leaping performance, PP output, ankle-joint kinetics, maximal strength, and AT stiffness, while not affecting kinematic aesthetic measures. We speculate that the combined training blocks elicited physiological changes and enhanced neuromuscular synchronization for increased saut de chat leaping performance in this cohort of dancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige E Rice
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia.,Department of Health and Exercise Science, Wake Forest University, Winston Salem, NC, United States.,Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Kiisa Nishikawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Sophia Nimphius
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
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13
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Variable Heights Influence Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Reactive Strength Index during Drop Jump: An Experimental Study of Male High Jumpers. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2021; 2021:5185758. [PMID: 34900192 PMCID: PMC8654526 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5185758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study finds the lower limbs' reactive strength index and biomechanical parameters on variable heights. Objective This research aims to reveal the effects of drop height on lower limbs' reactive strength index and biomechanical parameters. Methods Two AMTI force platforms and Vicon motion capture system were used to collect kinematic and dynamic signals of the lower limbs. Results The drop height had significant effects on peak vertical ground reaction force and peak vertical ground reaction force in the extension phase, lower limbs' support moment, eccentric power of the hip joint, eccentric power of the knee joint, eccentric power of the ankle joint, and concentric power of the hip joint. The drop height had no significant effects on the reactive strength index. Reactive strength index (RSI) had no significant correlations with the personal best of high jumpers. The optimal loading height for the maximum reactive strength index was 0.45 m. Conclusion The optimal loading height for the reactive strength index can be used for explosive power training and lower extremity injury prevention.
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Ando R, Sato S, Hirata N, Tanimoto H, Imaizumi N, Suzuki Y, Hirata K, Akagi R. Relationship Between Drop Jump Training–Induced Changes in Passive Plantar Flexor Stiffness and Explosive Performance. Front Physiol 2021; 12:777268. [PMID: 35035358 PMCID: PMC8753453 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.777268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive muscle stiffness is positively associated with explosive performance. Drop jump training may be a strategy to increase passive muscle stiffness in the lower limb muscles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8-week drop jump training on the passive stiffness in the plantar flexor muscles and the association between training-induced changes in passive muscle stiffness and explosive performance. This study was a randomized controlled trial. Twenty-four healthy young men were divided into two groups, control and training. The participants in the training group performed drop jumps (five sets of 20 repetitions each) 3days per week for 8weeks. As an index of passive muscle stiffness, the shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured by shear wave elastography before and after the intervention. The participants performed maximal voluntary isometric plantar flexion at an ankle joint angle of 0° and maximal drop jumps from a 15cm high box. The rate of torque development during isometric contraction was calculated. The shear modulus of the medial gastrocnemius decreased for the training group (before: 13.5±2.1kPa, after: 10.6±2.1kPa); however, such a reduction was not observed in the control group. There was no significant group (control and training groups)×time (before and after the intervention) interaction for the shear modulus of the soleus. The drop jump performance for the training group improved, while the rate of torque development did not change. Relative changes in these measurements were not correlated with each other in the training group. These results suggest that drop jump training decreases the passive stiffness in the medial gastrocnemius, and training-induced improvement in explosive performance cannot be attributed to change in passive muscle stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Ando
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryosuke Ando,
| | - Shinya Sato
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoya Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanimoto
- Graduate School of Health Management, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Naoto Imaizumi
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Suzuki
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences (JISS), Tokyo, Japan
- Center for General Education, Tokyo Keizai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hirata
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
- College of System Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
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Relationship between resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness and drop jump performance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 58:102549. [PMID: 33915270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the influence of the series elastic element of the muscle-tendon unit on jump performance has been investigated, the corresponding effect of the parallel elastic element remains unclear. This study examined the relationship between the resting calf muscle stiffness and drop jump performance. Twenty-four healthy men participated in this study. The shear moduli of the medial gastrocnemius and the soleus were measured at rest as an index of muscle stiffness using ultrasound shear wave elastography. The participants performed drop jumps from a 15 cm high box. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships between shear moduli of the muscles and drop jump performance. The medial gastrocnemius shear modulus showed a significant correlation with the drop jump index (jump height/contact time) (r = 0.414, P = 0.044) and jump height (r = 0.411, P = 0.046), but not with contact time (P > 0.05). The soleus shear modulus did not correlate with these jump parameters (P > 0.05). These results suggest that the resting medial gastrocnemius stiffness can be considered as one of the factors that influence drop jump performance. Therefore, increase in resting muscle stiffness should enhance explosive athletic performance in training regimens.
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Duchateau J, Stragier S, Baudry S, Carpentier A. Strength Training: In Search of Optimal Strategies to Maximize Neuromuscular Performance. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2021; 49:2-14. [PMID: 33044332 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Training with low-load exercise performed under blood flow restriction can augment muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength to a similar extent as the classical high-load strength training method. However, the blood flow restriction method elicits only minor neural adaptations. In an attempt to maximize training-related gains, we propose using other protocols that combine high voluntary activation, mechanical tension, and metabolic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Alain Carpentier
- Laboratory for Biometry and Exercise Nutrition, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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