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Gouvêa-E-Silva LF, Brito ERD, Sol NCC, Fernandes EV, Xavier MB. Relationship of handgrip strength with health indicators of people living with HIV in west Pará, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 2023; 34:932-939. [PMID: 37436258 DOI: 10.1177/09564624231188749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Handgrip strength (HGS) is an important health indicator that can be influenced by body composition and biochemical markers of people living with HIV, contributing to better understanding of health-related outcomes. OBJECTIVE To analyze the relationship between HGS and health indicators in people living with HIV. METHODS Cross-sectional study, with 207 people living with HIV, attending a reference center, located in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Data collection covered sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, physical activity level, body composition, and HGS information. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting p < .05. RESULTS There was a predominance of men (60%), aged 33-47 years (42%). A relationship was observed between adequate HGS and the male sex (p < .001), and adequate values for body mass index (p = .003), abdominal circumference (p < .001), and total cholesterol (p = .012). In addition, higher values of fat mass (p < .001), and lower lean mass (p = .006) were observed for people living with HIV with low HGS. CONCLUSION People living with HIV present an association between lean body mass and high HGS. On the other hand, low HGS favored obesity and hypercholesterolemia. Thus, monitoring HGS is an important indicator of body, laboratory, and functional capacity changes, with HGS being an additional element in the clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Fernando Gouvêa-E-Silva
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Jataí, Jataí, Brazil
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Marília Brasil Xavier
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, Brazil
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Ghayomzadeh M, Mirzapour P, Maroufi SF, Pashaei Z, Ali Z, Tantuoyir MM, Aghaie N, Vahedi F, Salmani R, MohsseniPour M, Qaderi K, Shahidi R, Peyman A, Varshochi S, Afzalian A, Maroufi SP, Mehraeen E, Dadras O, Hackett D. A systematic review of sarcopenia prevalence and associated factors in people living with human immunodeficiency virus. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023. [PMID: 36929581 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
People living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLWH) appear to be at an increased risk of sarcopenia, which can have a devastating effect on their life due to consequences such as physical disability, poor quality of life, and finally death. This systematic review examined sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. A systematic search was conducted using the keywords in the online databases including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases from the dates of inception up to May 2022. The retrieved articles underwent a two-step title/abstract and full-text review process, and the eligible papers were selected and included in the qualitative synthesis. Data relating to the study population, purpose of study, gender, age, race, body mass index, medical history, paraclinical results and antiretroviral therapy as associated factors of sarcopenia were extracted. In addition, the prevalence of sarcopenia in PLWH and its promoting and reducing factors were also extracted. We reviewed the 14 related studies for identifying of sarcopenia prevalence and its associated factors in PLWH. The total number of PLWH in all the reviewed studies was 2592. There was no criterion for the minimum number of people with HIV and the lowest number of PLWH was 27, and the highest number was 860. Some studies reported a significantly higher prevalence of sarcopenia in HIV-infected individuals compared with HIV-negative controls as follows: 24.2-6.7%, 15-4% and 10-6%, respectively. We showed that, age (30-50 years), being female, >5 years post-HIV diagnosis, multiple vertebral fractures, cocaine/heroin use and lower gamma-glutamyl transferase level were the main promoting factors of sarcopenia. Higher educational level, employment, physical exercise, calf circumference >31 cm, and gait speed >0.8 m/s were also factors to reduce sarcopenia. Sarcopenia prevalence in PLWH is higher than HIV-negative population. Given the importance and prevalence of sarcopenia among PLWH and its associated consequences (i.e., mortality and disability), determining its risk factors is of great importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Ghayomzadeh
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zoha Ali
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marcarious M Tantuoyir
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Biomedical Engineering Unit, University of Ghana Medical Center (UGMC), Accra, Ghana
| | - Narjes Aghaie
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzin Vahedi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Salmani
- Department of Midwifery, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kowsar Qaderi
- Department of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ramin Shahidi
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Akram Peyman
- Department of Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sanaz Varshochi
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Afzalian
- School of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Weight gain has emerged as an important problem in people with HIV (PWH). When dealing with obesity, PWH face additional challenges to those without HIV. Understanding the nature of the problem and the modern evidence is essential to optimize management and identify knowledge gaps. RECENT FINDINGS Some PWH treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) gain unhealthy amounts of weight and develop consequences of obesity. Newer agents have been consistently associated with excessive weight gain. Key studies are underway to inform the optimal use of specific ART in PWH dealing with obesity. For weight management, behavioral interventions fostering a healthier and active lifestyle, coupled with pharmacological therapies such as glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists may be effective strategies in PWH, as recently demonstrated in those without HIV, although data in this regard is pending. SUMMARY A growing body of research has come to light in recent years regarding weight gain and obesity in PWH. However, much of the knowledge that inform current practices is extrapolated from studies in people without HIV. Modern ART regimens may promote excessive weight gain in some, and more research is needed to optimize ART selection and the use of weight loss medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Parra-Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Soares WF, Soares VL, Zanetti HR, Neves FF, Silva-Vergara ML, Mendes EL. Effects of Two Different Exercise Training Programs Periodization on Anthropometric and Functional Parameters in People Living with HIV: A Randomized Clinical Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2022; 15:733-746. [PMID: 35991348 PMCID: PMC9365107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two different exercise training programs periodization on anthropometric and functional parameters in people living with HIV (PLHIV). This was a randomized clinical trial that involved participants (n = 31) living with HIV aged over 18 years and undergoing antiretroviral therapy which were randomized to periodized exercise training (PET; n = 13), non-periodized exercise training (NPET; n = 13), or control group (CON; n = 15). The PET and NPET groups performed 12 weeks of combined training while the CON group maintained the usual activities. Before and after 12 weeks of intervention were measured body composition and perimeters, muscle strength, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) test time. RESULTS The PET and NPET groups increased fat-free mass (p < 0,001), right (p < 0,001) and left thigh perimeter (p < 0,001), muscle strength (p < 0,001), handgrip force (p < 0,001), and reduced the fat mass (p < 0,001), neck perimeter (p < 0,001), chair stand (p < 0,001), and time-up and go test time (p < 0,001) compared to CON. Furthermore, PET was significantly different to increase right thigh and muscle strength (p < 0,05) compared to NPET. CONCLUSION Both exercise training periodization protocols were effective to improve body composition and functional outcomes; however, seems that PET presents better results compare to NPET in PLHIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weverton F Soares
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
| | - Vitor L Soares
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
| | - Hugo R Zanetti
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
- Department of Physical Education, IMEPAC University Center, Araguari/MG, BRAZIL
| | - Fernando F Neves
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
| | - Mário L Silva-Vergara
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
| | - Edmar L Mendes
- Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, BRAZIL
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Ghayomzadeh M, Hackett D, SeyedAlinaghi S, Gholami M, Hosseini Rouzbahani N, Azevedo Voltarelli F. Combined training improves the diagnostic measures of sarcopenia and decreases the inflammation in HIV-infected individuals. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1024-1035. [PMID: 35142082 PMCID: PMC8977956 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-related sarcopenia is an emerging health issue that often remains undiagnosed and can lead to reduced quality of life, independence, and premature death if untreated. This study investigated the effects of a 6 month combined training (resistance plus aerobic exercise) (CT) intervention on diagnostic measures of sarcopenia, including grip strength, appendicular lean mass index (ALMI), and gait speed. METHODS Forty participants were randomized into either a CT group (n = 20; age = 38.3 ± 4.9 years) or a control group (CON; n = 20; age = 37.9 ± 5.1 years). Participants in the CT group performed three supervised sessions per week for 6 months, consisting of weekly reverse linear periodized resistance training followed by 20 min aerobic training. Participants in the CON group were instructed to continue with their current lifestyle habits. Assessments were completed at baseline and after 6 months. Statistical analyses were performed using a two-way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) adjusted for sex and preintervention values. Primary outcomes included grip strength, ALMI, and gait speed. Secondary outcomes were changes in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α), IGF-1, and myostatin. Associations were explored between changes in inflammatory markers (IL-6 and TNF-α), gait speed, and ALMI with grip strength. RESULTS A significant increase in ALMI was found for CT compared with CON (0.29 ± 0.13 kg/m2 vs. -0.11 ± 0.14 kg/m2 , respectively; P < 0.001). Significant improvements in grip strength (7.86 ± 8.50 kg for CT vs. -1.58 ± 2.47 kg for CON) and gait speed (0.16 ± 0.07 m/s2 for CT vs. -0.06 ± 0.52 m/s2 for CON; both P < 0.001) were also observed in CT compared with CON. Reduction in inflammatory biomarkers was found in CT compared with CON (IL-6; TNF-α, both P < 0.001). An increase in IGF-1 (74.36 ± 56.64 pg/mm3 for CT vs. 7.19 ± 99 pg/mm3 for CON; P < 0.001) and a decrease in myostatin (-158.90 ± 62.03 pg/mm3 for CT vs. -43.33 ± 146.60 pg/mm3 for CON; P < 0.001) was found following CT compared with the CON group. Change in grip strength was correlated with changes in IL-6 (r = -0.65, P < 0.001), TNF-α (r = -0.63, P < 0.001), gait speed (r = 0.63, P < 0.001), and ALMI (r = 0.54, P = 0.001), but not IGF-1 and myostatin. No adverse events were recorded, and compliance with the CT exercise sessions was high (>85%). CONCLUSIONS Combined training appears to be an effective means to counteract sarcopenia and improve various inflammatory markers and growth hormones in people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Ghayomzadeh
- Department of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Gholami
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Hosseini Rouzbahani
- Department of Medical Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiab'a, Brazil
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Moesgaard L, Beck MM, Christiansen L, Aagaard P, Lundbye-Jensen J. Effects of Periodization on Strength and Muscle Hypertrophy in Volume-Equated Resistance Training Programs: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:1647-1666. [PMID: 35044672 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01636-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In resistance training, periodization is often used in an attempt to promote development of strength and muscle hypertrophy. However, it remains unclear how resistance training variables are most effectively periodized to maximize gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to examine the current body of literature to determine whether there is an effect of periodization of training volume and intensity on maximal strength and muscle hypertrophy, and, if so, to determine how these variables are more effectively periodized to promote increases in strength and muscle hypertrophy, when volume is equated between conditions from pre to post intervention. METHODS Systematic searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and SPORTDiscus databases. Data from the individual studies were extracted and coded. Meta-analyses using the inverse-variance random effects model were performed to compare 1-repetition maximum (1RM) and muscle hypertrophy outcomes in (a) non-periodized (NP) versus periodized training and (b) in linear periodization (LP) versus undulating periodization (UP). Subgroup analyses examining whether results were affected by training status were performed. Meta-analyses of other periodization model comparisons were not performed, due to a low number of studies. RESULTS Thirty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Results of the meta-analyses comparing NP and periodized training demonstrated an overall effect on 1RM strength favoring periodized training (ES 0.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.04, 0.57]; Z = 2.28, P = 0.02). In contrast, muscle hypertrophy did not differ between NP and periodized training (ES 0.13, 95% CI [-0.10, 0.36]; Z = 1.10, P = 0.27). Results of the meta-analyses comparing LP and UP indicated an overall effect on 1RM favoring UP (ES 0.31, 95% CI [0.02, 0.61]; Z = 2.06, P = 0.04). Subgroup analyses indicated an effect on 1RM favoring UP in trained participants (ES 0.61, 95% CI [0.00, 1.22]; Z = 1.97 (P = 0.05)), whereas changes in 1RM did not differ between LP and UP in untrained participants (ES 0.06, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.31]; Z = 0.43 (P = 0.67)). The meta-analyses showed that muscle hypertrophy did not differ between LP and UP (ES 0.05, 95% CI [-0.20, 0.29]; Z = 0.36 (P = 0.72)). CONCLUSION The results suggest that when volume is equated between conditions, periodized resistance training has a greater effect on 1RM strength compared to NP resistance training. Also, UP resulted in greater increases in 1RM compared to LP. However, subgroup analyses revealed that this was only the case for trained and not previously untrained individuals, indicating that trained individuals benefit from daily or weekly undulations in volume and intensity, when the aim is maximal strength. Periodization of volume and intensity does not seem to affect muscle hypertrophy in volume-equated pre-post designs. Based on this, we propose that the effects of periodization on maximal strength may instead be related to the neurophysiological adaptations accompanying resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Moesgaard
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Alle 51, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Malling Beck
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Alle 51, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Christiansen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Research Unit for Muscle Physiology and Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jesper Lundbye-Jensen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Noerre Alle 51, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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