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Koutouvakis NG, Geladas ND, Mouratidis A, Toubekis AG, Botonis PG. Habitual Nocturnal Sleep, Napping Behavior, and Recovery Following Training and Competition in Elite Water Polo: Sex-Related Effects. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:651-660. [PMID: 38754855 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine nocturnal sleep patterns, napping behaviors, and subjective wellness responses of elite water polo players within an in-season week and to identify whether sleeping patterns differ between men and women. METHODS Sleep characteristics of 10 male and 17 female professional water polo players were objectively assessed during 1 week of the in-season period, including 5 training days, 1 match day, and 1 day of rest. Internal load (rating of perceived exertion × duration of training or match) was assessed 30 minutes posttraining or postmatch, and the total quality of recovery was recorded every morning. A series of multilevel models were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Time in bed and wake-up time were earlier on both training (P < .001) and rest days (P < .001) than on the day of the match. Internal workload did not predict any of the players' sleeping patterns. Midday naps predicted less time in bed (P = .03) and likely less sleep time (P = .08). The total quality of recovery was predicted only by the total sleep time (P < .01). Women exhibited higher sleep efficiency (P < .001), less waking after sleep onset (P = .01), and a lower number of awakenings (P = .02) than men. CONCLUSIONS The current results indicate that the nocturnal sleep patterns of elite water polo players are not associated with internal load and that women display better nocturnal sleep quality compared with men. As long naps interfere with nocturnal sleep, and total nocturnal sleep time predicts total quality of recovery, we suggest that athletes follow hygiene sleep strategies to facilitate adequate nocturnal sleep and next-day recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickos G Koutouvakis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nickos D Geladas
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Mouratidis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros G Botonis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Barrenetxea-García J, Nuell S, Garai S, Murua-Ruiz A, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Calleja-González J, Sáez de Villarreal E. Effect of Foam Roll recovery method on performance in water polo players: a randomized controlled trial. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:262-270. [PMID: 37526535 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2240274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This intervention study aimed to evaluate how the use of Foam Roller (FR) as a recovery strategy affects water polo performance after a seven-week (28-session) program. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. METHODS Thirty water polo players (14 male amateur players and 16 female sub-elite players) were assigned by means of sealed opaque envelopes to the control group (CG) or Foam Roller Group (FRG) and performed the same total number and intensity of training sessions. Test protocols were performed before (pretest), in-test (week 5), and after the intervention period (posttest). These included water polo-specific performance tests such as in-water boost, throwing speed, and 20 m sprint swimming tests. In addition, during the intervention, heart rate (HR), the scale of perceived exertion of the session (sRPE), and total quality recovery scale (TQR) data were recorded. RESULTS There were no differences in the baseline values in any of the variables analyzed between CG and FRG. A small decrease in in-water boost was observed in CG (-2%, ES = -0.35 [-0.95: 0.26], p = 0.016, very likely small) and in FRG (-2%, ES = -0.33 [-0.93: 0.27], p = 0.021, likely small). No significant changes were found in either the 20 m swim test or the throwing test in CG and FRG. No clear differences among groups and weeks were found in sRPE, TQR and HR. CONCLUSION The findings indicate that the use of FR as a recovery tool after training and matches is not useful in water polo players.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Sport Performance Department Escola Universitària de la Salut I l'Esport (EUSES), Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Susana Garai
- Uribe Integrated Health Organization, Sopelana Primary Care Unit, Sopelana, Spain
| | - Antxon Murua-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria, Spain
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Botonis PG, Arsoniadis GG, Smilios I, Toubekis AG. In-Season Training Load Variation - Heart Rate Recovery, Perceived Recovery Status, and Performance in Elite Male Water Polo Players: A Pilot Study. Sports Health 2024:19417381241245348. [PMID: 38616516 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241245348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased training and competition demands of the in-season period may disturb athlete fatigue and recovery balance. The aim of this study was to describe the training load distribution applied in a competitive period and the training adaptations and fatigue/recovery status of elite water polo players. HYPOTHESIS Effective workload management during tapering (TAP) would restore player recovery and enhance performance. STUDY DESIGN Case series. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS Training load, perceived recovery, maximal speed in 100- and 200-meter swim, heart rate (HR) during submaximal swimming (HRsubmax) and HR recovery (HRR) were assessed in 7 outfield water polo players a week before starting a normal training microcycle (NM), after NM, and after congested (CON) and TAP training blocks in the lead-up to the Final Eight of the European Champions League. RESULTS Training load was higher in NM compared with CON and TAP by 28.9 ± 2.6% and 42.8 ± 2.1% (P < 0.01, d = 11.54, and d = 13.45, respectively) and higher in CON than TAP by 19.4 ± 4.2% (P < 0.01, d = 3.78). Perceived recovery was lower in CON compared with NM and TAP (P < 0.01, d = 1.26 and d = 3.11, respectively) but not different between NM and TAP (P = 0.13, d = 0.62). Both 100- and 200-meter swim performance was improved in TAP compared with baseline (P < 0.01, d = 1.34 and d = 1.12, respectively). No differences were detected among other training blocks. HRsubmax and most HRR were similar among the training periods. CONCLUSION Effective management of training load at TAP can restore recovery and improve swimming performance without affecting HR responses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Despite lower workloads, CON training impairs perceived recovery without affecting performance; however, a short-term training load reduction after a CON fixture restores recovery and improves performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gavriil G Arsoniadis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Division of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Croteau F, Gaudet S, Briand J, Clément J. Case study of IMU loads and self-reported fatigue monitoring of water polo goalkeepers preparing for the Olympic games. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1198003. [PMID: 37255727 PMCID: PMC10225700 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1198003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Measurement of training in water polo goalkeepers has focused first on psycho-physiological variables, but also on external volume estimated with wearable sensors. However, there are limited studies exploring training monitoring in water polo goalkeepers longitudinally. Methods Three female senior national team goalkeepers participated in this study from May to August 2021. Internal loads were defined using session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE). Tri-axial accelerations and angular velocities were measured with an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed on the lower back to measure external loads. Relationships between self-reported and IMU-derived metrics were explored using Spearman correlations. Two-way ANOVAs were used to assess differences between session types and between athletes. Results In total, 247 sessions were collected (159 practices, 67 matches and 21 game warm up), with 155 sessions having complete data. IMU metrics, such as number of kicks, number of jumps or player-load showed high correlation with each other (ρ = 0.80-0.88). There was also a moderate correlation (ρ = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.33-0.58) between sRPE and player-load measured with the IMU. ANOVA tests showed that there were significant differences between athletes for sRPE (p < 0.01) but not for player load (p = 0.47). There were no interactions between athletes and training types, except for index score (p < 0.01). Conclusions This study shows that monitoring of training loads can be performed successfully in water polo goalkeepers using a combination of self-reported and IMU measures. Self-reported outcomes can be expected to vary significantly across athletes within the same session, while IMU metrics vary across training situations. Finally, coaches should be mindful of missing data, as they can skew the interpretation of training loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Croteau
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvain Gaudet
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jeremy Briand
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Clément
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Water Polo Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département de Génie des Systèmes, École de Technologie Supérieure, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Perazzetti A, Dopsaj M, Sansone P, Mandorino M, Tessitore A. Effects of Playing Position and Contextual Factors on Internal Match Loads, Post-Match Recovery and Well-Being Responses of Elite Male Water Polo Players. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2023; 8:12. [PMID: 36810496 PMCID: PMC9944869 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk8010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of playing position and contextual factors (match outcome, final score difference, match location, travel duration, number of scored and conceded goals) on the internal match load, players' perceived recovery and players' well-being. The session-RPE (s-RPE), Perceived Recovery Scale (PRS) and Hooper Index (HI) of 17 male elite water polo players were monitored during all matches (regular season and play-out) of the 2021/22 Italian Serie A1 championship. Three separate, mixed linear models for repeated measures showed significant main effects: drawn compared to won matches led to higher s-RPE values (mean ± SE = 277 ± 17.6 vs. 237.3 ± 20.6), while longer travel duration (estimate = -0.148) and goals scored (estimate = -3.598) led to lower s-RPE values; balanced compared to unbalanced matches led to higher PRS values (mean ± SE = 6.8 ± 0.3 vs. 5.1 ± 0.4), while playing time (estimate = -0.041) and goals scored (estimate = -0.180) led to lower PRS values; higher scores of the HI were registered for regular season compared to the play-out (mean ± SE = 15.6 ± 0.9 vs. 13.5 ± 0.8). This study marks the importance of ecological and non-invasive monitoring tools to assess internal match load, recovery and the well-being of elite water polo players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Perazzetti
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Milivoj Dopsaj
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Pierpaolo Sansone
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30830 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mauro Mandorino
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, 00135 Rome, Italy
- Performance and Analytics Department, Parma Calcio 1913, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, 00135 Rome, Italy
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Barrenetxea-Garcia J, Murua-Ruiz A, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Nuell S, Calleja-González J, de Villarreal ES. Recovery in water polo: how much do we have to know? A systematic review. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 18:225-234. [PMID: 36110255 PMCID: PMC9449089 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2244306.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Water polo (WP) is a high-intensity intermittent aquatic sport, with a predominance of swimming skills and nonswimming activities and incomplete recovery periods. Consequently, recovery after exercise is a fundamental part of sports performance. The main purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effects of different recovery strategies in WP performance. The studies were found by searching in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Methodological quality and risk of bias were assessed in accordance with the Cochrane Collaboration Guidelines samples. A summary of results including five studies was followed. The results show that supplementation with cherry juice before training does not imply improvements in recovery; the full-body photobiomodulation therapy reduces muscle damage; reducing training load during the season increased the natural logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences and perceived state of recovery, and the heart rate variability stabilizes and could progressively increase at the end of a tournament; and when an increase in internal training load is less than 60%–70% autonomic cardiac disturbances during preseason training do not occur. Recovery in WP is a very limited field of study that needs future research in active recovery, hydrotherapy, massage, rest and sleep to help coaches formulate recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antxon Murua-Ruiz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,
Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, Burgos,
Spain
| | - Sergi Nuell
- Tecnocampus, Escola Superior de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Mataró,
Spain
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria,
Spain
- Corresponding author: Julio Calleja-Gonzalez, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Portal de Lasarte, 71, 01007 Vitoria, Spain,
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Chirico E, Tessitore A, Demarie S. Physiological swimming test for water polo players in the last twenty years: a systematic review. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2021; 62:921-930. [PMID: 34275260 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.21.12533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Swimming represents a crucial capacity for water polo players. Several studies have proposed different protocols to understand the incidence of this capacity on water polo performance and improve the players' swimming assessment. This work aims to provide a systematic review regarding the current status of physiological swimming tests for water polo players with the purpose to furnish a complete framework to coaches and fully exploit recent advances of scientific research to enhance performance assessment and monitoring of the athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct were searched for relevant studies published from January 2000 to January 2021. The study dealt with a specific water test and performed in a horizontal swimming position without ball were included. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty-three studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate the physiological assessment of water polo players might be divided into two areas concerning the swimming evaluation: swimming sprint tests and endurance swimming test. Furthermore, endurance swimming tests may be split into two subgroups: anaerobic-endurance swimming and aerobic-endurance swimming tests. Each of these areas evaluates a specific conditional capacity through swimming protocols based on the players' individual profile and water polo demands. CONCLUSIONS In the last years, scientific research has studied the typical ability of each water polo rule and of every athletes' level that represents this sport. The results have oriented the researchers to choose different protocols to evaluate each swimming capacity that characterises a particular phase of the water polo match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Chirico
- Human Movement and Sport Science Department, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy -
| | - Antonio Tessitore
- Human Movement and Sport Science Department, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Demarie
- Human Movement and Sport Science Department, University of Rome Foro Italico, Rome, Italy
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Botonis PG, Smilios I, Toubekis AG. Supercompensation in Elite Water Polo: Heart Rate Variability and Perceived Recovery. Sports Med Int Open 2021; 5:E53-E58. [PMID: 34395824 PMCID: PMC8354367 DOI: 10.1055/a-1494-9254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the association of heart rate variability assessed with the logarithm of the root mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD) and perceived recovery status of nine elite water polo players with the fluctuations of the internal training load (ITL). ITL, post-wakening LnRMSSD, and measures of perceived recovery were obtained across one regeneration week, during two mesocycles of intensified preseason training (PR1, PR2) and during two mesocycles of in-season training (IN1, IN2). ITL at PR1 and PR2 was increased by 60–70% compared to regeneration week (p<0.01) and was reduced by 30% at IN1 and IN2 compared to PR1 and PR2 (p<0.01). Weekly averaged LnRMSSD (LnRMSSD
mean
) was higher in IN2 compared to regeneration week and PR2 (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Perceived recovery was higher at IN1 and IN2 compared to PR2 (p=0.01 and p<0.001, respectively). ITL correlated with LnRMSSD in the preseason (r=–0.26, p=0.03). Nonetheless, similar association was not apparent during the in-season period (r=0.02, p=0.88). Cardiac autonomic perturbations may not occur when an increment of internal training load is less than 60–70%. However, the reduction of training load in season by 30% improves both LnRMSSD
mean
and perceived recovery status, implying that training periodization may lead players in supercompensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros G Botonis
- Department of Aquatic Sports, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Athens, Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- Physical Education and Sport Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Argyris G Toubekis
- Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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