1
|
Effects on Respiratory Pressures, Spirometry Biomarkers, and Sports Performance after Inspiratory Muscle Training in a Physically Active Population by Powerbreath ®: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:biology12010056. [PMID: 36671748 PMCID: PMC9855123 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sports performance in athletes can be limited by respiratory factors, so it is understandable to propose that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can improve respiratory function and exercise performance. Power-Breathe® (PwB) is a sectorized respiratory muscle training tool that uses a resistive load to train IMT. There is currently a growing interest in respiratory muscle training, so we set out to systematically assess the effects of IMT with PwB on respiratory parameters and athletic performance in physically active, healthy adults. Based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline, the Cochrane and PEDro scales to assess methodological quality, effect size using the Rosenthal formula, and the Cochrane tool for estimation of risk of bias, studies searchable in Medline, Web of Science, and Cochrane. In addition, for the performance of the meta-analysis, the documentation and quantification of the heterogeneity in each meta-analysis were directed through the Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic; in addition, a publication bias analysis was performed using funnel plots. Of the total of 241 studies identified in the search, 11 studies for the systematic review and nine for the meta-analysis met the exclusion and/or inclusion criteria. IMT, with PwB, showed significant improvements in maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and substantial improvements in forced vital capacity (FVC) in the meta-analysis results. Also, sports performance was significantly increased by IMT with PwB. In conclusion, the use of PwB is an IMT tool that improves respiratory and sports performance.
Collapse
|
2
|
Effects of 4-Week Inspiratory Muscle Training on Sport Performance in College 800-Meter Track Runners. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 57:medicina57010072. [PMID: 33467421 PMCID: PMC7830231 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Respiratory muscle fatigue is one of the important factors limiting sports performance due to the metaboreflex. This reflex will cause a decrease in blood flow to the extremities and accelerate exercising limb fatigue. Previous studies found that inspiratory muscle training (IMT) can effectively enhance the respiratory muscle endurance and reduce fatigue during long-duration exercise or aerobic exercise, thereby enhancing athletic performance. However, the mechanism between inspiratory muscle strength, change of limb blood flow and sports performance still requires investigation, especially in short-duration exercise, anaerobic or both aerobic and anaerobic exercise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 4-week inspiratory muscle training on respiratory muscle strength, limb blood flow change rate and sports performance in recreational 800-m college runners. Materials and Methods: Twenty healthy 800-m college runners randomized into the IMT group (11 subjects) and control group (9 subjects). IMT consisted of 30 inspiratory efforts twice daily, 5 days a week, with intensity at 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% of maximum inspiratory pressure (MIP) for 4 weeks, while a control group kept 50% of MIP for 4 weeks. An 800-m trial test, limb blood flow change rate by using Impedance Plethysmography, and MIP were as the outcome measured variables and be evaluated. All measured variables were assessed before and after 4-week IMT training. Two-way ANOVA was conducted for statistical analysis. Results: The results showed significantly interaction between groups and pre-posttest. IMT group significantly decreased limb blood flow change rate from 19.91 ± 11.65% to 9.63 ± 7.62% after received the IMT training program (p < 0.05). The MIP significantly improved from 112.95 ± 27.13 cmH2O to 131.09 ± 28.20 cm H2O in IMT group, and the 800-m trial test also shorted the running time from 162.97 ± 24.96 s to 156.75 ± 20.73 s. But the control group no significantly changed in MIP and 800-m trial test. Conclusions: Our results indicated that the 4-week IMT training (twice a day, 5 days a week) significantly improves participants’ inspiratory muscle strength, 800-m running performance and decreases the limb blood flow change rate.
Collapse
|
3
|
Lorca-Santiago J, Jiménez SL, Pareja-Galeano H, Lorenzo A. Inspiratory Muscle Training in Intermittent Sports Modalities: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124448. [PMID: 32575827 PMCID: PMC7344680 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The fatigue of the respiratory muscles causes the so-called metabolic reflex or metaboreflex, resulting in vasoconstriction of the blood vessels in the peripheral muscles, which leads to a decrease in respiratory performance. Training the respiratory muscles is a possible solution to avoid this type of impairment in intermittent sports. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the results obtained with inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in intermittent sports modalities, intending to determine whether its implementation would be adequate and useful in intermittent sports. A search in the Web of Science (WOS) and Scopus databases was conducted, following the Preferred Reporting Elements for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The methodological quality of the articles was assessed using the PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database) scale. In conclusion, the introduction of specific devices of IMT seems to be a suitable method to improve performance in intermittent sports, mainly due to a reduction of the metaboreflex, fatigue sensation, and dyspnea. The ideal protocol would consist of a combination of acute and chronic treatment, and, even if IMT is done daily, the duration will not exceed one hour per week.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lorca-Santiago
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
| | - Sergio L. Jiménez
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-670-723-696
| | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea De Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (J.L.-S.); (H.P.-G.)
| | - Alberto Lorenzo
- Sport Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Katz LM, Stallard J, Holtby A, Hill EW, Allen K, Sweeney J. Inspiratory muscle training in young, race-fit Thoroughbred racehorses during a period of detraining. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0225559. [PMID: 32275657 PMCID: PMC7147778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is reported to improve inspiratory muscle strength in humans little has been reported for horses. We tested the hypothesis that IMT would maintain and/or improve inspiratory muscle strength variables measured in Thoroughbreds during detraining. Thoroughbreds from one training yard were placed into a control (Con, n = 3 males n = 7 females; median age 2.2±0.4 years) or treatment group (Tr, n = 5 males, n = 5 females; median age 2.1±0.3 years) as they entered a detraining period at the end of the racing/training season. The Tr group underwent eight weeks of IMT twice a day, five days per week using custom-made training masks with resistance valves and an incremental threshold of breath-loading protocol. An inspiratory muscle strength test to fatigue using an incremental threshold of breath-loading was performed in duplicate before (T0) and after four (T1) and eight weeks (T2) of IMT/no IMT using a custom-made testing mask and a commercial testing device. Inspiratory measurements included the total number of breaths achieved during the test, average load, peak power, peak volume, peak flow, energy and the mean peak inspiratory muscle strength index (IMSi). Data were analysed using a linear mixed effects model, P≤0.05 significant. There were no differences for inspiratory measurements between groups at T0. Compared to T0, the total number of breaths achieved (P = 0.02), load (P = 0.003) and IMSi (P = 0.01) at T2 had decreased for the Con group while the total number of breaths achieved (P<0.001), load (P = 0.03), volume (P = 0.004), flow (P = 0.006), energy (P = 0.01) and IMSi (P = 0.002) had increased for the Tr group. At T2 the total number of breaths achieved (P<0.0001), load (P<0.0001), volume (P = 0.02), energy (P = 0.03) and IMSi (P<0.0001) were greater for the Tr than Con group. In conclusion, our results support that IMT can maintain and/or increase aspects of inspiratory muscle strength for horses in a detraining programme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Katz
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
| | - Jessica Stallard
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Emmeline W. Hill
- UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kate Allen
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - James Sweeney
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cavalcante Silva RL, Hall E, Maior AS. Inspiratory muscle training improves performance of a repeated sprints ability test in professional soccer players. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2019; 23:452-455. [PMID: 31563354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is an important method of attenuating both respiratory and peripheral effort perceptions, consequently improving neuromuscular performance and resulting in greater improvements in exercise capacity than exercise training alone. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of IMT on exercise tolerance, repeated sprint ability (RSA) performance, maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP), and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) in a cohort of professional male soccer players. METHODS Twenty-two healthy male professional soccer players (18.3 ± 1.4 years; 174.5 ± 6.1 cm; 70.5 kg ± 4.6 kg; body fat 10.1 ± 4.2%) from a club in the Brazilian first division soccer league participated in this study. IMT consisted of 15 and 30 self-paced inspiratory breaths (each to 50% maximal static inspiratory pressure [P0]) in the 1-and 2-week intervention period, respectively. IMT was performed prior to soccer training (1 sets.d-1; 6 d.wk-1) with repeated sprint ability (RSA) assessed pre- and post- the 2-week period of IMT. RESULTS Statistical analyses identified a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in sprint time post-IMT. Additionally, RSAbest, RSAmean, total sprint time and percentage of RSA performance decrement (RSA % dec) also showed significant decreases (p < 0.0001) post-IMT. Additional measures including MIP and PIF were also significantly elevated (p < 0.0002) following the 2-week period of IMT. CONCLUSION In conclusion, our results raise two important issues. Firstly, IMT demonstrated enhanced inspiratory muscle strength in professional soccer players. Secondly, this increase in inspiratory muscle efficiency led to a decrease in sprint time and improved exercise tolerance. We recommend that a standard training protocol be developed and tested in an experimental and control group with a large representative sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elliott Hall
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tong TK, McConnell AK, Lin H, Nie J, Zhang H, Wang J. "Functional" Inspiratory and Core Muscle Training Enhances Running Performance and Economy. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2942-51. [PMID: 25162653 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Tong, TK, McConnell, AK, Lin, H, Nie, J, Zhang, H, and Wang, J. "Functional" inspiratory and core muscle training enhances running performance and economy. J Strength Cond Res 30(10): 2942-2951, 2016-We compared the effects of two 6-week high-intensity interval training interventions. Under the control condition (CON), only interval training was undertaken, whereas under the intervention condition (ICT), interval training sessions were followed immediately by core training, which was combined with simultaneous inspiratory muscle training (IMT)-"functional" IMT. Sixteen recreational runners were allocated to either ICT or CON groups. Before the intervention phase, both groups undertook a 4-week program of "foundation" IMT to control for the known ergogenic effect of IMT (30 inspiratory efforts at 50% maximal static inspiratory pressure [P0] per set, 2 sets per day, 6 days per week). The subsequent 6-week interval running training phase consisted of 3-4 sessions per week. In addition, the ICT group undertook 4 inspiratory-loaded core exercises (10 repetitions per set, 2 sets per day, inspiratory load set at 50% post-IMT P0) immediately after each interval training session. The CON group received neither core training nor functional IMT. After the intervention phase, global inspiratory and core muscle functions increased in both groups (p ≤ 0.05), as evidenced by P0 and a sport-specific endurance plank test (SEPT) performance, respectively. Compared with CON, the ICT group showed larger improvements in SEPT, running economy at the speed of the onset of blood lactate accumulation, and 1-hour running performance (3.04% vs. 1.57%, p ≤ 0.05). The changes in these variables were interindividually correlated (r ≥ 0.57, n = 16, p ≤ 0.05). Such findings suggest that the addition of inspiratory-loaded core conditioning into a high-intensity interval training program augments the influence of the interval program on endurance running performance and that this may be underpinned by an improvement in running economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomas K Tong
- 1Dr. Stephen Hui Research Centre for Physical Recreation and Wellness, Department of Physical Education, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; 2Centre for Sports Medicine & Human Performance, Brunel University, Uxbridge, United Kingdom; 3Department of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China; 4School of Physical Education and Sports, Macao Polytechnic Institute, Macao, China; and 5Physical Education College, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
HajGhanbari B, Yamabayashi C, Buna TR, Coelho JD, Freedman KD, Morton TA, Palmer SA, Toy MA, Walsh C, Sheel AW, Reid WD. Effects of Respiratory Muscle Training on Performance in Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:1643-63. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318269f73f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
8
|
Delahunt E, Callan L, Donohoe J, Melican R, Holden S. The Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 as a high intensity training tool: aerobic and anaerobic responses. Prev Med 2013; 56:278-82. [PMID: 23370049 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) as a high intensity training tool for sedentary university female students. METHODS Baseline measures were recorded for body fat percentage, Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT) peak power and mean power, and Yo-Yo IR1 performance. Subjects were matched in pairs for body fat percentage and then randomly allocated to the intervention group (INT) (n=12) or control group (CON) (n=13). The INT undertook a 6-week training programme twice a week using the Yo-Yo IR1. The CON undertook no training. RESULTS The INT increased their Yo-Yo IR1 performance (230±38m baseline vs 403±152m post-training), WAnT peak power (970±176 Watts baseline vs 1148±159 Watts post-training), and WAnT mean power (399±55 Watts baseline vs 439±53 Watts post-training) (p<0.05). No changes were observed in the CON (p>0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study show that a 6-week high intensity intermittent training programme using the Yo-Yo IR1 as a training intervention increases both aerobic and anaerobic capacity in a sedentary female population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Delahunt
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of Non-Wingate-based High-intensity Interval Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Aerobic-based Exercise Capacity in Sedentary Subjects: A Preliminary Study. J Exerc Sci Fit 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1728-869x(12)60001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|