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Modric T, Esco M, Perkovic S, Basic Z, Versic S, Morgans R, Sekulic D. Artificial Turf Increases the Physical Demand of Soccer by Heightening Match Running Performance Compared with Natural Grass. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2222-2228. [PMID: 37883399 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Modric, T, Esco, M, Perkovic, S, Basic, Z, Versic, S, Morgans, R, and Sekulic, D. Artificial turf increases the physical demand of soccer by heightening match running performance compared with natural grass. J Strength Cond Res 37(11): 2222-2228, 2023-This study aimed to determine differences in match running performance (MRP) of elite soccer players (n = 31) during matches played on artificial turf (AT) and natural grass (NG). The players' MRP (AT; 131 observations, NG; 135 observations) were collected during official matches (n = 32) using global positioning system and classified according to their playing positions as central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks, forwards, and wingers. The MRP variables included total distance covered (TD), low-intensity running (LIR), moderate-intensity running (MIR), high-intensity running (HIR), total (Tacc) and high-intensity accelerations (Hacc), and total (Tdec) and high-intensity decelerations (Hdec). The influence of match outcome, location, and opponent quality was controlled for as contextual factors. Playing matches on AT resulted in (a) increased TD (Cohen's d (d) = 0.55, 0.61, and 0.28, respectively), MIR (d = 0.91, 0.79, and 0.49, respectively), and HIR (d = 0.67, 0.44, and 0.38, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, fullbacks; (b) increased Tacc (d = 0.38, 0.37, and 0.4, respectively) and Tdec (d = 0.31, 0.34, and 0.31, respectively) for central defenders, central midfielders, and wingers; and (c) decreased Hdec (d = -1.5) for forwards. These results show that playing on AT is more physically demanding for defensive and midfield players than playing on NG. Soccer coaches should consider implementing preparatory strategies that mitigate the increased demands of playing on AT for these players, especially before a competitive period when transitions between pitch surfaces routinely occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Modric
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club Riga FC, Riga, Latvia
| | - Michael Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | | | | | - Sime Versic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Football Club HNK Hajduk Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Ryland Morgans
- Football Performance Hub, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, United Kingdom; and
| | - Damir Sekulic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- High Performance Sport Center, Croatian Olympic Committee, Zagreb, Croatia
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Dann E, Quinn S, Russell M, Kilduff LP, Turner AN, Hills SP. Alternate Leg Bounding Acutely Improves Change of Direction Performance in Women's Team Sports Players Irrespective of Ground Type. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 37:1199-1203. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Schrøder Jakobsen L, Madeleine P, Pavailler S, Lefebvre F, Giandolini M. The effects of unstable surface conditions on lower limb biomechanical parameters during running. J Biomech 2022; 141:111214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Dasa MS, Friborg O, Kristoffersen M, Pettersen G, Sundgot-Borgen J, Rosenvinge JH. Accuracy of Tracking Devices' Ability to Assess Exercise Energy Expenditure in Professional Female Soccer Players: Implications for Quantifying Energy Availability. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4770. [PMID: 35457635 PMCID: PMC9028776 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the accuracy of commonly used GPS/accelerometer-based tracking devices in the estimation of exercise energy expenditure (EEE) during high-intensity intermittent exercise. A total of 13 female soccer players competing at the highest level in Norway (age 20.5 ± 4.3 years; height 168.4 ± 5.1 cm; weight 64.1 ± 5.3 kg; fat free mass 49.7 ± 4.2 kg) completed a single visit test protocol on an artificial grass surface. The test course consisted of walking, jogging, high-speed running, and sprinting, mimicking the physical requirements in soccer. Three commonly used tracking devices were compared against indirect calorimetry as the criterion measure to determine their accuracy in estimating the total energy expenditure. The anaerobic energy consumption (i.e., excess post-exercise oxygen consumption, EPOC) and resting time were examined as adjustment factors possibly improving accuracy. All three devices significantly underestimated the total energy consumption, as compared to the criterion measure (p = 0.022, p = 0.002, p = 0.017; absolute ICC = 0.39, 0.24 and 0.30, respectively), and showed a systematic pattern with increasing underestimation for higher energy consumption. Excluding EPOC from EEE reduced the bias substantially (all p's becoming non-significant; absolute ICC = 0.49, 0.54 and 0.49, respectively); however, bias was still present for all tracking devices. All GPS trackers were biased by showing a general tendency to underestimate the exercise energy consumption during high intensity intermittent exercising, which in addition showed a systematic pattern by over- or underestimation during lower or higher exercising intensity. Adjusting for EPOC reduced the bias and provided a more acceptable accuracy. For a more correct EEE estimation further calibration of these devices by the manufacturers is strongly advised by possibly addressing biases caused by EPOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus S. Dasa
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromso, Norway;
| | - Oddgeir Friborg
- Department of Psychology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromso, Norway; (O.F.); (J.H.R.)
| | - Morten Kristoffersen
- Department of Sport, Food and Natural Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, 5063 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Gunn Pettersen
- Department of Health and Care Sciences, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromso, Norway;
| | - Jorunn Sundgot-Borgen
- Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, 0863 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Jan H. Rosenvinge
- Department of Psychology, UiT, The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Tromso, Norway; (O.F.); (J.H.R.)
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Modulators of Change-of-Direction Economy After Repeated Sprints in Elite Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:1649-1655. [PMID: 33873152 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the acute effect of repeated-sprint activity (RSA) on change-of-direction economy (assessed using shuttle running economy [SRE]) in soccer players and explore neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory characteristics that may modulate this effect. METHODS Eleven young elite male soccer players (18.5 [1.4] y old) were tested on 2 different days during a 2-week period in their preseason. On day 1, lower-body stiffness, power and force were assessed via countermovement jumps, followed by an incremental treadmill test to exhaustion to measure maximal aerobic capacity. On day 2, 2 SRE tests were performed before and after a repeated-sprint protocol with heart rate, minute ventilation, and blood lactate measured. RESULTS Pooled group analysis indicated no significant changes for SRE following RSA due to variability in individual responses, with a potentiation or impairment effect of up to 4.5% evident across soccer players. The SRE responses to RSA were significantly and largely correlated to players' lower-body stiffness (r = .670; P = .024), and moderately (but not significantly) correlated to players' force production (r = -.455; P = .237) and blood lactate after RSA (r = .327; P = .326). CONCLUSIONS In summary, SRE response to RSA in elite male soccer players appears to be highly individual. Higher lower-body stiffness appears as a relevant physical contributor to preserve or improve SRE following RSA.
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Savoia C, Padulo J, Colli R, Marra E, McRobert A, Chester N, Azzone V, Pullinger SA, Doran DA. The Validity of an Updated Metabolic Power Algorithm Based upon di Prampero's Theoretical Model in Elite Soccer Players. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249554. [PMID: 33419381 PMCID: PMC7766422 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to update the metabolic power (MP) algorithm (PV˙O2, W·kg−1) related to the kinematics data (PGPS, W·kg−1) in a soccer-specific performance model. For this aim, seventeen professional (Serie A) male soccer players (V˙O2max 55.7 ± 3.4 mL·min−1·kg−1) performed a 6 min run at 10.29 km·h−1 to determine linear-running energy cost (Cr). On a separate day, thirteen also performed an 8 min soccer-specific intermittent exercise protocol. For both procedures, a portable Cosmed K4b2 gas-analyzer and GPS (10 Hz) was used to assess the energy cost above resting (C). From this aim, the MP was estimated through a newly derived C equation (PGPSn) and compared with both the commonly used (PGPSo) equation and direct measurement (PV˙O2). Both PGPSn and PGPSo correlated with PV˙O2 (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Estimates of fixed bias were negligible (PGPSn = −0.80 W·kg−1 and PGPSo = −1.59 W·kg−1), and the bounds of the 95% CIs show that they were not statistically significant from 0. Proportional bias estimates were negligible (absolute differences from one being 0.03 W·kg−1 for PGPSn and 0.01 W·kg−1 for PGPSo) and not statistically significant as both 95% CIs span 1. All variables were distributed around the line of unity and resulted in an under- or overestimation of PGPSn, while PGPSo routinely underestimated MP across ranges. Repeated-measures ANOVA showed differences over MP conditions (F1,38 = 16.929 and p < 0.001). Following Bonferroni post hoc test significant differences regarding the MP between PGPSo and PV˙O2/PGPSn (p < 0.001) were established, while no differences were found between PV˙O2 and PGPSn (p = 0.853). The new approach showed it can help the coaches and the soccer trainers to better monitor external training load during the training seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Savoia
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roberto Colli
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy;
| | - Emanuele Marra
- School of Sport Sciences and Exercise, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Allistair McRobert
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Neil Chester
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Vito Azzone
- Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (F.I.G.C.), 00198 Rome, Italy;
| | - Samuel A. Pullinger
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
| | - Dominic A. Doran
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Tom Reilly Building, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L2 2ER, UK; (C.S.); (A.M.); (N.C.); (S.A.P.); (D.A.D.)
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Sanchez-Sanchez J, Martinez-Rodriguez A, Felipe JL, Hernandez-Martin A, Ubago-Guisado E, Bangsbo J, Gallardo L, Garcia-Unanue J. Effect of Natural Turf, Artificial Turf, and Sand Surfaces on Sprint Performance. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9478. [PMID: 33348874 PMCID: PMC7767268 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of natural turf, artificial turf, and sand on sprint performance in different sports and to determine how the sport surface affects sprint performance. A systematic search was conducted in Pubmed, Web of Sciences, and SPORTDiscus databases. Out of 5644 studies, 11 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The studies were very heterogeneous, as they examined different structural characteristics or quality parameters. The studies on natural turf and sand showed significant improvements on sprint speed during training. On the other hand, the analysis of fatigue did not reveal significant differences in the deterioration of sprint speed on both natural and artificial turf. Significance was set at p < 0.05. In conclusion, although lower performance in sprint was reported on sand, further studies are needed to explain the differences in sprint on natural and artificial turf.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Antonio Hernandez-Martin
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Esther Ubago-Guisado
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jens Bangsbo
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhaguen, 2177 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (E.U.-G.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
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Polglaze T, Dawson B, Buttfield A, Peeling P. Using the interaction of speed and acceleration to detect repeated-sprint activity in team sports. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:2186-2192. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1776464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ted Polglaze
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
| | | | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Western Australia
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Colino E, Felipe JL, Van Hooren B, Gallardo L, Meijer K, Lucia A, Lopez-Fernandez J, Garcia-Unanue J. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143822. [PMID: 32659884 PMCID: PMC7412192 DOI: 10.3390/s20143822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Colino
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-26-88-00
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge Lopez-Fernandez
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
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A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092724. [PMID: 32397664 PMCID: PMC7249199 DOI: 10.3390/s20092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define a reliable and sensitive test method for assessing Shock Absorption (SA), Vertical Deformation (VD), and Energy Restitution (ER) in treadmill surfaces. A total of 42 treadmills belonging to four different models were included in the study: (a) Technogym Jog700 Excite (n = 10), (b) Technogym Artis Run (n = 12), (c) LifeFitness Integrity Series 97T (n = 11), and (d) LifeFitness Integrity Series DX (n = 9). An advanced artificial athlete (AAA) device was used to assess SA, VD, and ER at three different locations along the longitudinal axis of each treadmill and in the support area of the athletes’ feet. For each location, our results show that the error assumed when performing one impact with the AAA instead of three (SA ≤ |0.1|%, VD ≤ |0.0| mm, and ER ≤ |0.2|%) is lower than the smallest changes that can be detected by the measuring device (SA = 0.4%, VD = 0.2 mm, and ER = 0.9%). Also, our results show the ability of the test method to detect meaningful differences between locations once the one-impact criterium is adopted, since absolute minimum differences between zones (SA: |0.6|%, VD: |0.3| mm, and ER: |1.2|%) were above the uncertainty of the measuring device. Therefore, performing a single impact with the AAA in each of the three locations described in this study can be considered a representative and reliable method for assessing SA, VD, and ER in treadmill surfaces.
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Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces and Their Effects on Endurance Running. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:685-689. [PMID: 32000139 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize, for the first time, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces along with a practical interpretation of their influence on physiological and perceived demands during endurance running compared with other widely used surfaces such as asphalt and tartan tracks. METHODS Ten experienced male endurance runners performed a 40-minute running bout at a preferred constant speed on 3 different surfaces (after a randomized, counterbalanced order with a 7-d interval between trials): asphalt, tartan, or treadmill. Shock absorption, vertical deformation, and energy restitution were measured for the 3 surfaces. Intensity (based on heart rate data) and rating of perceived exertion were monitored. RESULTS The values of shock absorption averaged 0.0% (asphalt), 37.4% (tartan), and 71.3% (treadmill), while those of vertical deformation and energy restitution averaged 0.3, 2.2, and 6.5 mm and 90.8%, 62.6%, and 37.0%, respectively. Running intensity (as determined by heart rate data) was higher overall on the treadmill than tartan but not asphalt running. Except for the first 10 minutes, all mean rating of perceived exertion values were significantly higher in asphalt and treadmill than in tartan. No significant differences were identified between treadmill and asphalt. CONCLUSIONS The considerably higher shock absorption of the treadmill than the tartan surface leads to a reduction in the amount of energy returned to the athlete, which in turn increases physiological stress and rating of perceived exertion during endurance running.
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Strutzenberger G, Edmunds R, Nokes LDM, Mitchell ID, Mellalieu SD, Irwin G. Player–surface interactions: perception in elite soccer and rugby players on artificial and natural turf. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:1021-1031. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1720279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerda Strutzenberger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology/USI, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Rob Edmunds
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Ian D. Mitchell
- People and Team Development, the Football Association, Burton Upon Trent, UK
| | - Stephen D. Mellalieu
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
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Ammar A, Bailey SJ, Hammouda O, Trabelsi K, Merzigui N, El Abed K, Driss T, Hökelmann A, Ayadi F, Chtourou H, Gharbi A, Turki M. Effects of Playing Surface on Physical, Physiological, and Perceptual Responses to a Repeated-Sprint Ability Test: Natural Grass Versus Artificial Turf. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1219-1226. [PMID: 30860407 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effect of playing surface on physical performance during a repeated-sprint ability (RSA) test and the mechanisms for any potential playing-surface-dependent effects on RSA performance are equivocal. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT) on physical performance, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and blood biomarkers related to anaerobic contribution (blood lactate [Lac]), muscle damage (creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase), inflammation (C-reactive protein), and immune function (neutrophils [NEU], lymphocytes [LYM], and monocytes) in response to an RSA test. METHODS A total of 9 male professional football players from the same regional team completed 2 sessions of RSA testing (6 × 30 s interspersed with a 35-s recovery) on NG and AT in a randomized order. During the RSA test, total (sum of distances) and peak (highest distance covered in a single repetition) distance covered were determined using a measuring tape, and the decrement in sprinting performance from the first to the last repetition was calculated. Before and after the RSA test, ratings of perceived exertion, feeling scale, and Lac, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein, NEU, LYM, and monocytes were recorded in both NG and AT conditions. RESULTS Although physical performance declined during the RSA blocks on both surfaces (P = .001), the distance covered declined more on NG (15%) than on AT (11%; P = .04; effect size [ES] = -0.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.21 to 0.56) with a higher total distance covered (+6% [2%]) on AT (P = .018; ES = 1.15; 95% CI, 0.16 to 2.04). In addition, lower ratings of perceived exertion (P = .04; ES = -0.49; 95% CI, -1.36 to 0.42), Lac, NEU, and LYM (P = .03; ES = -0.80; 95% CI, -1.67 to 0.14; ES = -0.16; 95% CI, -1.03 to 0.72; and ES = -0.94; 95% CI, -1.82 to 0.02, respectively) and more positive feelings (P = .02; ES = 0.81; 95% CI, -0.13 to 1.69) were observed after the RSA test performed on AT than on NG. No differences were observed in the remaining physical and blood markers. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that RSA performance is enhanced on AT compared with NG. This effect was accompanied by lower fatigue perception and Lac, NEU, and LYM and a more pleasurable feeling. These observations might have implications for physical performance in intermittent team-sport athletes who train and compete on different playing surfaces.
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Goto H, Saward C. The Running and Technical Performance of U13 to U18 Elite Japanese Soccer Players During Match Play. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 34:1564-1573. [PMID: 31498224 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Goto, H and Saward, C. The running and technical performance of U13 to U18 elite Japanese soccer players during match play. J Strength Cond Res 34(6): 1564-1573, 2020-The aims of the current study were (a) to examine age-related differences in match running performance with 2 different approaches (speed vs. metabolic power) in U13-U18 Japanese elite soccer players and (b) to examine age-related differences in technical match performance in U13-U18 Japanese elite soccer players. Participants were 110 outfield players from academies of 2 professional soccer clubs in Japan. Forty-eight 11-a-side official league matches (13, 6, 9, 7, 6, and 7 matches for U13, U14, U15, U16, U17, and U18 age-groups, respectively) were analyzed (152 complete match files). Global positioning system (15 Hz) and video analysis were used to analyze running and technical performance during matches, respectively. Total distance covered in absolute terms (U13 < [U14 and U15] < [U16-U18]; p < 0.05 for all), high-intensity running distance ([U13-U15] < [U16-U18]; p < 0.05 for all), and distance covered during the metabolic power zone of ≥35 W·kg relative to match playing time ([U13 < U16], [U13-U15] < [U17 and U18]; p < 0.05 for all) increased with age. The speed zone based approach (high-intensity running distance, ≥4.0 m·s) underestimated high-intensity demands compared with the metabolic power zone based approach (≥20 W·kg) by ∼33 to ∼57% (p < 0.01 for all), with the underestimation declining with age (p < 0.001). Pass accuracy improved with age from 73% at U13 to 85% at U18 (p < 0.001). Therefore, distance covered at high speeds and at high metabolic powers, and pass accuracy increase with age. Moreover, the speed zone based approach underestimates the demands of match play in Japanese elite youth soccer players. The current results could support coaches to develop players, identify talent, and produce age-specific training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heita Goto
- Faculty of Sports Science, Kyusyu Kyoritsu University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan; and
| | - Chris Saward
- Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement (SHAPE) Research Group, Department of Sport Science, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Zhou B, Li B, Bai L. The effect of the change of football turf on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2019; 59:2040-2044. [PMID: 31113179 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.09774-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the change of football turf on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. METHODS Thirteen adolescent male football players were tested by a portable infrared motion analysis system based on markers. The angular displacements of flexion/extension,valgus/varus and internal/external rotation were calculated respectively when players performed 90° shuttle running on artificial turf and natural turf. RESULTS The maximum valgus angle and range of valgus/varus were larger when they were changed from artificial turf to natural turf (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the maximum flexion angle, maximum extension angle, range of flexion/extension, maximum varus angle, maximum internal rotation angle, maximum external rotation angle and range of internal/external rotation (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The change of football turf has a significant effect on knee kinematics of adolescent male football players. The risk of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is increased when players who are changed from artificial turf to natural turf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzheng Zhou
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lunhao Bai
- Department of Joint Surgery/Sports Medicine, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China -
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Shi H, Li H, Liu H, Yu B. Effects of treadmill cushion and running speed on plantar force and metabolic energy consumption in running. Gait Posture 2019; 69:79-84. [PMID: 30682642 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Repetitive loading with high impact forces are considered as a primary risk factor for overuse injuries. Cushion was proposed in running surface and shoe manufacturing to reduce impact forces and prevent injuries in running. RESEARCH QUESTION To investigate the effects of treadmill cushion and running speed on plantar force and metabolic energy consumption in treadmill running. METHODS Plantar force data and metabolic data were collected for 20 men during running at 8 km/h and 10 km/h on the treadmill with and without cushion. Two-way ANOVAs with repeated measures were performed to determine the treadmill effects and the speed effects. RESULTS Participants significantly decreased peak plantar force on the fore foot at both 10 km/h (P = 0.001) and 8 km/h (P = 0.001) and peak plantar force on the mid foot only at 10 km/h (P = 0.011) while running on the treadmill with cushion compared to the treadmill without cushion. The reduction of peak plantar force at 10 km/h was greater than that at 8 km/h while running on the treadmill with cushion. Participants significantly increased metabolic energy consumption while running on the treadmill with cushion compared to the treadmill without cushion (P = 0.007). SIGNIFICANCE Running on the treadmill with cushion significantly decreased plantar force on the fore foot and mid foot, and increased metabolic energy consumption. Running on the treadmill with cushion may be a useful method in the prevention of fore foot injuries and increasing exercise effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Shi
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Sport Biomechanics, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Division of Sport Biomechanics, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- Center for Human Movement Science, Division of Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Hatfield DL, Murphy KM, Nicoll JX, Sullivan WM, Henderson J. Effects of Different Athletic Playing Surfaces on Jump Height, Force, and Power. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:965-973. [PMID: 30741878 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Hatfield, DL, Murphy, KM, Nicoll, JX, Sullivan, WM, and Henderson, J. Effects of different athletic playing surfaces on jump height, force, and power. J Strength Cond Res 33(4): 965-973, 2019-Artificial turfs (ATs) have become more commonplace. Some aspects of performance such as speed seem to be better on ATs, but there are few published studies on the effects of playing surfaces on performance. Furthermore, there is no research that compares performance on ATs, hard surfaces (HSs), and different composite natural surfaces. Forty-three subjects, 21 men (age: 20 ± 1.82 years; height: 177.53 ± 5.87 cm; body mass: 78.44 ± 11.59 kg; and body fat: 11.17 ± 4.45%) and 22 women (age: 25 ± 1.32 years; height: 161.37 ± 6.47 cm; body mass: 60.94 ± 10.24 kg; and body fat: 27.16 ± 7.08%) performed a single countermovement jump (SCMJ), repeated CMJs (RCMJs), and single depth jump (SDJ) on 4 different playing surfaces (peat soil composition turf [NT1], sandy loam composition turf [NT2], 1 AT, and 1 HS. Repeated-measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc was used to calculate differences in performance across playing surfaces. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. Force and jump height were not different across different surfaces. Men had significantly higher force, power, and jump height on all surfaces. Only SCMJ power was lower on NT1 compared with all other surfaces. The difference in power between surfaces was not reproduced when RCMJ and SDJ were performed, and may be due to the increased reactiveness of the stretch-shortening cycle during those jumps. Because of marginal differences between athletic performance and playing surface type, future research comparing playing surface type and other aspects of athletic success such as rate of injury should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disa L Hatfield
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Kelly M Murphy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Justin X Nicoll
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - William M Sullivan
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Jason Henderson
- Turfgrass and Soil Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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Abstract
PURPOSE The purposes of the present study were to examine high-intensity running distance during 6-a-side small-sided games (SSGs) and 11-a-side matches (11M) in youth soccer players using speed and metabolic power approaches and the magnitude of difference between the high-intensity running distance calculated with the 2 approaches. METHOD A total of 11 outfield players (age = 16.3 [0.6] y) performed SSGs with 3 pitch sizes (small SSG [SSGS], medium SSG, and large SSG [SSGL]) and 11M. A Global Positioning System (15 Hz) was employed to calculate total distance covered, distance covered at a speed ≥4.3 m·s-1 (TS), and metabolic power of ≥20 W·kg-1 (TP). RESULTS The total distance covered increased from SSGS through to SSGL (P < .001) and was greater during 11M and SSGL compared with other SSGs (P < .01). TS and TP increased from SSGS (TS vs TP = 98 [55] vs 547 [181] m) through to SSGL (538 [167] vs 1050 [234] m; P < .001). TS and TP during 11M (370 [122] vs 869 [233] m) was greater than SSGS (P < .001 for both) and less than SSGL (P < .05 for both). The magnitude of difference between TS and TP (as a percentage) was lower with an increase in pitch size during SSGs and was greater in SSGS (615% [404%]; P < .001), medium SSG (195% [76%]; P < .05), and smaller in SSGL (102% [33%]; P < .01) compared with 11M (145% [53%]). CONCLUSION SSGs can replicate the high-intensity demands of 11M and the speed approach underestimates the high-intensity demands of SSGs and 11M compared with the metabolic power approach.
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Hales ME, Johnson JD. The Influence of Sport-Field Properties on Muscle-Recruitment Patterns and Metabolic Response. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:83-90. [PMID: 29893589 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate different sport-field properties' influence on muscle-recruitment patterns and metabolic response during a series of running and agility drills. METHODS Eleven male athletes were fitted with a standard multipurpose training shoe. The test protocol consisting of 4 high-intensity trials with 60-s rests between trials performed on 2 fields with different properties. Time-dependent field properties were measured using the American Standards for Testing and Materials protocol (F-1936). A 30-m pretest and posttest sprint determined fatigue and player performance. Electromyography (EMG) recorded muscle activity for vastus medialis, biceps femoris, gastrocnemius medial head, and tibialis anterior, and metabolic activity analyzed maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, metabolic equivalent, and energy expenditure. RESULTS A difference was calculated for muscle activity across trials (P = .01) for both surfaces. Muscle activity was <13% on the field with less energy return (P = .01). Metabolic components (maximal oxygen consumption, heart rate, respiratory exchange ratio, metabolic equivalent, and energy expenditure) were significantly different across trials (P = .01) but not significantly different between fields. The participants completed the agility course (5.2%) faster on the field with greater energy return, while caloric expenditure was similar between fields. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that field mechanical properties influence muscle-activation patterns. The field demonstrating the greatest magnitude of energy return produces the lowest sprint and agility course times; however, performing on a field exhibiting unfamiliar mechanical properties could cause the athlete to produce atypical movement patterns that might contribute to overuse of the neuromuscular system.
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21
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Marcotte RT, Bassett DR, Weinhandl JT, Crouter SE. Application of the ActiGraph GT9X IMU for the assessment of turning during walking and running. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/aad0d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Vescovi JD, Falenchuk O. Contextual factors on physical demands in professional women's soccer: Female Athletes in Motion study. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:141-146. [PMID: 29961405 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1491628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the impact of contextual factors on relative locomotor and metabolic power distances during professional female soccer matches. Twenty-eight players (forwards, n = 4; midfielders, n = 12; defenders, n = 12) that competed in a 90-min home and away match (regular season only). The generalised estimating equations (GEE) was used to evaluate relative locomotor and metabolic power distances for three contextual factors: location (home vs. away), type of turf (natural vs. artificial), and match outcome (win, loss and draw). No differences were observed for home vs. away matches. Moderate-intensity running (20.0 ± 1.0 m min-1 and 16.4 ± 0.9 m min-1), high-intensity running (8.6 ± 0.4 m min-1 and 7.3 ± 0.4 m min-1) and high-metabolic power (16.3 ± 0.5 m min-1 and 14.4 ± 0.5 m min-1) distances were elevated on artificial turf compared to natural grass, respectively. Relative sprint distance was greater during losses compared with draws (4.3 ± 0.4 m min-1 and 3.4 ± 0.3 m min-1). Overall physical demands of professional women's soccer were not impacted by match location. However, the elevation of moderate and high-intensity demands while playing on artificial turf may have implications on match preparations as well as recovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Vescovi
- a Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, Graduate School of Exercise Science , University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
| | - Olesya Falenchuk
- b Ontario Institute of Secondary Education, University of Toronto , Toronto , Canada
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23
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Diniz da Silva C, Braga CP, Pollard R. The effect on home advantage when a team changes from grass to artificial turf – a worldwide study in professional football. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2018.1475196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Diniz da Silva
- Research Group in Applied Soccer Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cícero Paschoal Braga
- Research Group in Applied Soccer Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Richard Pollard
- Statistics Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
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Physiological and Physical Responses According to the Game Surface in a Soccer Simulation Protocol. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:612-619. [PMID: 29283689 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Recent studies have shown that soccer players' responses are similar on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT), but they did not control the mechanical properties of these surfaces. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the game surface on amateur soccer players' physical and physiological responses using a soccer simulation protocol. METHODS A total of 16 amateur players performed 3 bouts of the soccer simulation protocol on AT, and, on another day, 3 bouts on NG. The mechanical properties of both surfaces were recorded. The order of surfaces was randomly established for each participant. Physiological responses of players were assessed before and after the 6-repeated-sprints test existing at the midpoint of each bout. Fatigue (% best; % diff) and general variables (total time; best time, mean time; maximum speed) for both the repeated sprint test (RST) and the agility tests (nonlinear actions at maximum speed) incorporated into the soccer simulation protocol were also analyzed. RESULTS The 2 surfaces displayed different mechanical properties. Physical responses were found similar for both surfaces (P > .05) before and after the RST. There were no surface differences in sprint times or fatigue variables for the RST (P > .05). The agility test was faster on AT than on NG in bout 1 (average speed [+1.17 km/h;P = .037]; agility test cut time [-0.31 s; P = .027] and best time [-0.52 s; P = .042]). CONCLUSIONS The differences in the mechanical properties of the 2 surfaces are not sufficient to cause differences in the physiological and physical responses of soccer players, although they may affect turns and cuts.
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Rago V, Silva JR, Brito J, Barreira D, Mohr M, Krustrup P, Rebelo AN. Switching between pitch surfaces: practical applications and future perspectives for soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:510-519. [PMID: 29619795 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08278-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Soccer training and completion is conventionally practiced on natural grass (NG) or artificial turf (AT). Recently, AT pitches for training/competition, and of unstable surfaces for injury prevention training has increased. Therefore, soccer players are frequently exposed to variations in pitch surface during either training or competition. These ground changes may impact physical and physiological responses, adaptations as well as the injury. The aim of this review was to summarize the acute physical and physiological responses, chronic adaptations, and injury risk associated with exercising on different pitch surfaces in soccer. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Eligible studies were published in English, had pitch surface as an independent variable, and had physical, physiological or epidemiological information as outcome variables. Specific data extracted from the articles included the training response, training adaptations or injury outcomes according to different pitch surfaces. A total of 224 studies were retrieved from a literature search. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Twenty articles met the inclusion criteria: 9 for acute physical and physiological responses, 2 for training adaptations and 9 for injury assessment. The literature lacks consistent evidence regarding the effects of pitch surface on performance and health outcomes in soccer players. However, it seems that occasionally switching training surfaces seems a valuable strategy for focusing on specific musculoskeletal queries and enhancing players' fitness. For instance, sand training may be occasionally proposed as complementary training strategy, given the recruitment of additional musculature probably not involved on firmer surfaces, but the possible training-induced adaptations of non-conventional soccer surfaces (e.g., sand) might potentially result into a negative transfer on AT or NG. CONCLUSIONS Since the specific physical demands of soccer can differ between surfaces, coaches should resort to the use of non-traditional surfaces with parsimony, emphasizing the specific surface-related motor tasks, normally observed on natural grass or artificial turf. Further studies are required to better understand the physiological effects induced by systematic surface-specific training, or switching between pitch surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rago
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal - .,Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal -
| | - João R Silva
- National Sports Medicine Programme Excellence in Football Project, Aspetar-Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - João Brito
- Unit of Health and Performance, Portuguese Football Federation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniel Barreira
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Magni Mohr
- Center of Health Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Health Sciences Tórshavn, University of the Faroe Islands, Tórshavn, Faroe Islands.,Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center of Health and Human Performance, Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Krustrup
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SDU Sport and Health Sciences Cluster (SHSC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - António N Rebelo
- Center of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Effects of Bout Duration on Players’ Internal and External Loads During Small-Sided Games in Young Soccer Players. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2017; 12:1370-1377. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2016-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To investigate the effects of different bout durations on internal and external loads of young soccer players during different small-sided games (SSGs). Methods: Fifteen young male soccer players (average age 17 ± 1 y) participated in 2 vs 2, 3 vs 3, and 4 vs 4 SSGs. All games lasted 12 min playing time in total, but each SSG format further consisted of 4 bout durations: continuous (CON: 1 bout × 12 min) or interval with short (SBD: 6 bouts × 2 min), medium (MBD: 3 bouts × 4 min), or long (LBD: 2 bouts × 6 min) bout durations. During the SSGs, heart-rate (HR) responses and distance covered in different speed zones (walking and low-intensity, moderate-intensity, and high-intensity running) were measured. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and blood lactate (La−) were determined at the end of each SSG. Results: The SBD format elicited significantly lower %HRmax responses compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). The SBD format also showed significantly shorter distances covered in walking and greater distances covered in moderate-intensity running, as well as significantly greater total distance covered compared to LBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). In addition, LBD produced significantly lower La− and RPE responses than SBD and CON in all formats (P < .05). Conclusions: These results suggest that coaches and sport scientists who want to achieve higher internal loads could use SBD and CON timing protocols, while those who want to achieve higher external loads might prefer to use SBD and MBD when planning all SSG formats.
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Pruitt KA, Hill JM. Optimal pacing and carbohydrate intake strategies for ultramarathons. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2527-2545. [PMID: 29043500 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this research is to determine the pacing and nutrition strategies which minimize completion time and carbohydrate intake for athletes competing in ultramarathon races. METHODS We present the formulation of a two-phase optimization model. The first-phase mixed-integer nonlinear program (MINLP) determines the minimum completion time subject to the altitude, terrain, and distance of the race, as well as the mass and cardiovascular fitness of the athlete. The second-phase MINLP determines the minimum carbohydrate intake required for the athlete to achieve the completion time prescribed by the first-phase subject to the flow of carbohydrates through the stomach, liver, and muscles. Consequently, the second-phase model provides the optimal pacing and nutrition strategies for a particular athlete for each kilometer of a particular race. RESULTS We validate model results for a wide range of athlete parameters by comparing completion times to those reported for two case-study events. We also compare the kilometer-by-kilometer pacing and nutrition strategies prescribed by the model to those of a particular athlete. In all cases, the model results closely match those witnessed in the actual events. CONCLUSION We have developed a baseline metabolic model that provides athletes prescriptive guidance regarding optimal pacing and carbohydrate intake strategies prior to competing in ultramarathon races. Given the highly variable topographical characteristics common to many ultramarathon courses and the potential inexperience of many athletes with such courses, our model provides valuable insight to competitors who might otherwise fail to complete the event due to exhaustion or carbohydrate depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher A Pruitt
- United States Air Force Academy, 2354 Fairchild Drive, Suite 6D-104, USAFA, CO, 80840, USA.
| | - Justin M Hill
- United States Air Force Academy, 2354 Fairchild Drive, Suite 6D-186, USAFA, CO, 80840, USA
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López-Fernández J, García-Unanue J, Sánchez-Sánchez J, León M, Hernando E, Gallardo L. Neuromuscular responses and physiological patterns during a soccer simulation protocol. Artificial turf versus natural grass. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2017; 58:1602-1610. [PMID: 28944649 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.17.07768-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latest studies suggest similar performance of soccer players either on artificial turf (AT) or natural grass (NG). However, it is not clear if their muscular and physiological responses are also similar on both surfaces. This research aims to assess the influence of game surface on physiological patterns and neuromuscular responses of soccer players during a soccer simulation protocol (SSP) that incorporates repeated sprints and nonlinear actions at maximum speed. METHODS Sixteen amateur soccer players completed three bouts of the SSP on both AT and NG. The mechanical behaviour of both surfaces was recorded and the order was randomly established for each player. The physiological responses were measured during the SSP. A contra-movement jump and a tensiomyography analysis of the rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) were assessed right before and right after the SSP. RESULTS Both surfaces presented different mechanical properties. No differences among either surfaces or bouts were found for heart rate (HR) peak and HR mean (P>0.05). While the half-relaxation time of the RF on NG decreased after the SSP (right-leg: -44.430 ms; P=0.049; left-leg: -52.131 ms; P=0.008), the sustain time of the BF decreased after the SSP on AT (right-leg: +64.868 ms; P=0.007; left-leg: +87.564 ms; P<0.001). No differences between surfaces were found for the contra-movement jump. CONCLUSIONS The mechanical behaviour of both surfaces does not differ enough to cause different physiological and neuromuscular responses. Playing on AT should cause similar neuromuscular responses to NG.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Manuel León
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Enrique Hernando
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
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Stevens TGA, de Ruiter CJ, Twisk JWR, Savelsbergh GJP, Beek PJ. Quantification of in-season training load relative to match load in professional Dutch Eredivisie football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2017.1282163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom G. A. Stevens
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Sport Science, Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. de Ruiter
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W. R. Twisk
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert J. P. Savelsbergh
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Sports and Nutrition, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Beek
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Meyers MC. Incidence, Mechanisms, and Severity of Match-Related Collegiate Men's Soccer Injuries on FieldTurf and Natural Grass Surfaces: A 6-Year Prospective Study. Am J Sports Med 2017; 45:708-718. [PMID: 27872124 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516671715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. More recently, newer generations of artificial turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although artificial turf has been deemed safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. HYPOTHESIS Collegiate male soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, or severity of match-related injuries between FieldTurf and natural grass. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Male soccer athletes from 11 universities were evaluated over 6 seasons. Demographic features and predictors included player position, cleat design, player weight, turf age, and environmental factors. Outcomes of interest included injury incidence, injury category, time loss, injury mechanism and situation, type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, injury severity, head and lower extremity trauma, and elective medical procedures. All match-related injuries were evaluated by the attending head athletic trainer and team physicians on site and subsequently in the physician's office when further follow-up and treatment were deemed necessary. In sum, 765 collegiate games were evaluated for match-related soccer injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 6 seasons. RESULTS Overall, 380 team games (49.7%) were played on FieldTurf versus 385 team games (50.3%) played on natural grass. A total of 722 injuries were documented, with 268 (37.1%) occurring on FieldTurf and 454 (62.9%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated a significant playing surface effect: F2,720 = 7.260, P = .001. A significantly lower total injury incidence rate (IIR) of 7.1 (95% CI, 6.6-7.5) versus 11.8 (95% CI, 11.3-12.2; P < .0001) and lower rate of substantial injuries, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) versus 1.9 (95% CI, 1.5-2.3; P < .03), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury category, time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, injuries under various environmental conditions, cleat design, turf age, anatomic location, and elective medical procedures. No significant difference (F11,710 = 0.822, P = .618) between surfaces by knee injury was observed, with the majority of knee injuries involving patellar tendinopathies/syndromes followed by medial collateral ligament injuries on both surfaces. CONCLUSION Although similarities existed between FieldTurf and natural grass during competitive match play, FieldTurf is, in many cases, safer than natural grass when comparing injuries in collegiate men's soccer. The findings of this study, however, may not be generalizable to other levels of competition or to other artificial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Meyers
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
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Polglaze T, Dawson B, Buttfield A, Peeling P. Metabolic power and energy expenditure in an international men's hockey tournament. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:140-148. [PMID: 28282747 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1287933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to ascertain the typical metabolic power characteristics of elite men's hockey, and whether changes occur within matches and throughout an international tournament. National team players (n = 16), divided into 3 positional groups (strikers, midfielders, defenders), wore Global Positioning System devices in 6 matches. Energetic (metabolic power, energy expenditure) and displacement (distance, speed, acceleration) variables were determined, and intensity was classified utilising speed, acceleration and metabolic power thresholds. Midfielder's average metabolic power (11.8 ± 1.0 W · kg-1) was similar to strikers (11.1 ± 1.3 W · kg-1) and higher than defenders (10.8 ± 1.2 W · kg-1, P = 0.001). Strikers (29.71 ± 3.39 kJ · kg-1) expended less energy than midfielders (32.18 ± 2.67 kJ · kg-1, P = 0.014) and defenders (33.23 ± 3.96 kJ · kg-1, P < 0.001). Energetic variables did not change between halves or across matches. Across all positions, over 45% of energy expenditure was at high intensity (>20 W · kg-1). International hockey matches are intense and highly intermittent; however, intensity is maintained throughout matches and over a tournament. In isolation, displacement measures underestimate the amount of high-intensity activity, whereas the integration of instantaneous speed and acceleration provides a more comprehensive assessment of the demands for variable-speed activity typically occurring in hockey matches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Polglaze
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Brian Dawson
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia
| | - Alec Buttfield
- b College of Sport and Exercise Science , Victoria University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- a Department of Sport Science, Exercise and Health , School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia , Perth , Australia.,c Western Australian Institute of Sport , Perth , Australia
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Stevens TGA, De Ruiter CJ, Beek PJ, Savelsbergh GJP. Validity and reliability of 6-a-side small-sided game locomotor performance in assessing physical fitness in football players. J Sports Sci 2015; 34:527-34. [PMID: 26630259 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1116709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine whether small-sided game (SSG) locomotor performance can serve as a fitness indicator, we (1) compared 6-a-side (6v6) SSG-intensity of players varying in fitness and skill, (2) examined the relationship of the 6v6-SSG and Yo-Yo IR2 and (3) assessed the reliability of the 6v6-SSG. Thirty-three professional senior, 30 professional youth, 62 amateur and 16 professional woman football players performed 4 × 7 min 6v6-SSGs recorded by a Local Position Measurement system. A substantial subgroup (N = 113) also performed the Yo-Yo IR2. Forty-seven amateur players performed two or three 6v6-SSGs. No differences in 6v6-SSG time-motion variables were found between professional senior and professional youth players. Amateurs showed lower values than professional seniors on almost all time-motion variables (ES = 0.59-1.19). Women displayed lower high-intensity time-motion variables than all other subgroups. Total distance run during 6v6-SSG was only moderately related to Yo-Yo IR2 distance (r = 0.45), but estimated metabolic power, high speed (>14.4 km · h(-1)), high acceleration (>2 m · s(-2)), high power (>20 W · kg(-1)) and very high (35 W · kg(-1)) power showed higher correlations (r = 0.59-0.70) with Yo-Yo IR2 distance. Intraclass correlation coefficient values were higher for total distance (0.84) than other time-motion variables (0.74‒0.78). Although total distance and metabolic power during 6v6-SSG showed good reproducibility (coefficient of variation (CV) < 5%), CV was higher (8-14%) for all high-intensity time-motion variables. It was therefore concluded that standardised SSG locomotor performance cannot serve used as a valid and reliable fitness indicator for individual players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gerardus Antonia Stevens
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis Johannes De Ruiter
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jan Beek
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Geert Jozef Peter Savelsbergh
- a Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,b Academy of Physical Education , Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Rennie DJ, Vanrenterghem J, Littlewood M, Drust B. Can the natural turf pitch be viewed as a risk factor for injury within Association Football? J Sci Med Sport 2015. [PMID: 26209426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A review of the current literature is used to propose a 'conceptual model for relative pitch hardness' and how this may affect incidence of injury within Association Football. Based upon the injury risk and causation model of Meeuwisse et al. (Clin J Sport Med 2007; 17(3):215), it may provide researchers a necessary framework to guide future research investigations. DESIGN A literature review. METHODS A comprehensive search of electronic databases available until October 2014, and supplemental hand searching was conducted to identify relevant studies. Studies were deemed relevant if they met the following criteria: published in English, presented or referenced in an epidemiological study or provided data directly and/or related to the surface of the football pitch, ball or boot to surface interaction and injury. Further information was sourced on surface hardness, players' movement patterns and physiological demands within football. RESULTS Papers varied in methodological quality, with comparative studies examining injury rates on artificial versus natural turf pitches being most prevalent. No prospective studies were found that objectively measured the relationship between hardness of natural turf and injury risk within football. CONCLUSIONS The literature review into natural turf pitches and injury within football has largely been unable to confirm that pitch hardness can be viewed as a significant extrinsic risk factor. Methodological concerns, including objectivity in pitch assessment and uniformity in defining injuries undermine the efficacy of available work. Future studies are needed utilising objective assessment tools to draw more definitive conclusions regarding pitch hardness as an extrinsic factor for injury within football.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rennie
- Leicester City Football Club, Department of Medicine and Sports Science, King Power Stadium, England.
| | | | | | - Barry Drust
- Applied Physiology, Liverpool John Moores University, England
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STEVENS TOMGERARDUSANTONIA, DE RUITER CORNELISJOHANNES, VAN MAURIK DAVID, VAN LIEROP CHRISJOANNESWILHELMUS, SAVELSBERGH GEERTJOZEFPETER, BEEK PETERJAN. Measured and Estimated Energy Cost of Constant and Shuttle Running in Soccer Players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1219-24. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Köklü Y, Sert Ö, Alemdaroğlu U, Arslan Y. Comparison of the Physiological Responses and Time-Motion Characteristics of Young Soccer Players in Small-Sided Games. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:964-71. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a744a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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HÉBERT-LOSIER KIM, MOUROT LAURENT, HOLMBERG HANSCHRISTER. Elite and Amateur Orienteers’ Running Biomechanics on Three Surfaces at Three Speeds. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:381-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Loures JP, Chamari K, Ferreira EC, Campos EZ, Zagatto AM, Milioni F, da Silva AS, Papoti M. Specific Determination of Maximal Lactate Steady State in Soccer Players. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:101-6. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Stone KJ, Hughes MG, Stembridge MR, Meyers RW, Newcombe DJ, Oliver JL. The influence of playing surface on physiological and performance responses during and after soccer simulation. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 16:42-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.984768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Buchheit M, Laursen PB. High-intensity interval training, solutions to the programming puzzle. Part II: anaerobic energy, neuromuscular load and practical applications. Sports Med 2014; 43:927-54. [PMID: 23832851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-013-0066-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIT) is a well-known, time-efficient training method for improving cardiorespiratory and metabolic function and, in turn, physical performance in athletes. HIT involves repeated short (<45 s) to long (2-4 min) bouts of rather high-intensity exercise interspersed with recovery periods (refer to the previously published first part of this review). While athletes have used 'classical' HIT formats for nearly a century (e.g. repetitions of 30 s of exercise interspersed with 30 s of rest, or 2-4-min interval repetitions ran at high but still submaximal intensities), there is today a surge of research interest focused on examining the effects of short sprints and all-out efforts, both in the field and in the laboratory. Prescription of HIT consists of the manipulation of at least nine variables (e.g. work interval intensity and duration, relief interval intensity and duration, exercise modality, number of repetitions, number of series, between-series recovery duration and intensity); any of which has a likely effect on the acute physiological response. Manipulating HIT appropriately is important, not only with respect to the expected middle- to long-term physiological and performance adaptations, but also to maximize daily and/or weekly training periodization. Cardiopulmonary responses are typically the first variables to consider when programming HIT (refer to Part I). However, anaerobic glycolytic energy contribution and neuromuscular load should also be considered to maximize the training outcome. Contrasting HIT formats that elicit similar (and maximal) cardiorespiratory responses have been associated with distinctly different anaerobic energy contributions. The high locomotor speed/power requirements of HIT (i.e. ≥95 % of the minimal velocity/power that elicits maximal oxygen uptake [v/p(·)VO(2max)] to 100 % of maximal sprinting speed or power) and the accumulation of high-training volumes at high-exercise intensity (runners can cover up to 6-8 km at v(·)VO(2max) per session) can cause significant strain on the neuromuscular/musculoskeletal system. For athletes training twice a day, and/or in team sport players training a number of metabolic and neuromuscular systems within a weekly microcycle, this added physiological strain should be considered in light of the other physical and technical/tactical sessions, so as to avoid overload and optimize adaptation (i.e. maximize a given training stimulus and minimize musculoskeletal pain and/or injury risk). In this part of the review, the different aspects of HIT programming are discussed, from work/relief interval manipulation to HIT periodization, using different examples of training cycles from different sports, with continued reference to the cardiorespiratory adaptations outlined in Part I, as well as to anaerobic glycolytic contribution and neuromuscular/musculoskeletal load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Buchheit
- Physiology Unit, Football Performance and Science Department, ASPIRE, Academy for Sports Excellence, P.O. Box 22287, Doha, Qatar,
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Meyers MC. Incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related collegiate women's soccer injuries on FieldTurf and natural grass surfaces: a 5-year prospective study. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:2409-20. [PMID: 23942283 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513498994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous injuries have been attributed to playing on artificial turf. Over the past 2 decades, however, newer generations of synthetic turf have been developed to duplicate the playing characteristics of natural grass. Although synthetic turf has been determined to be safer than natural grass in some studies, few long-term studies have been conducted comparing match-related collegiate soccer injuries between the 2 playing surfaces. HYPOTHESIS Collegiate female soccer athletes do not experience any difference in the incidence, mechanisms, and severity of match-related injuries on FieldTurf and on natural grass. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study: Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Female soccer athletes from 13 universities were evaluated over 5 competitive seasons for injury incidence, injury category, time of injury, injury time loss, player position, injury mechanism and situation, primary type of injury, injury grade and anatomic location, field location at the time of injury, injury severity, head and lower extremity trauma, cleat design, turf age, and environmental factors. In sum, 797 collegiate games were evaluated for match-related soccer injuries sustained on FieldTurf or natural grass during 5 seasons. RESULTS Overall, 355 team games (44.5%) were played on FieldTurf versus 442 team games (55.5%) on natural grass. A total of 693 injuries were documented, with 272 (39.2%) occurring during play on FieldTurf and 421 (60.8%) on natural grass. Multivariate analysis per 10 team games indicated a significant playing surface effect: F₂,₆₉₀ = 6.435, P = .002, n-β = .904. A significantly lower total injury incidence rate (IIR) of 7.7 (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.2-8.1) versus 9.5 (95% CI, 9.3-9.7) (P = .0001) and lower rate of substantial injuries, 0.7 (95% CI, 0.5-1.0) versus 1.5 (95% CI, 1.2-1.9) (P = .001), were documented on FieldTurf versus natural grass, respectively. Analyses also indicated significantly less trauma on FieldTurf when comparing injury time loss, player position, injury grade, injuries under various field conditions and temperatures, cleat design, and turf age. CONCLUSION Although similarities existed between FieldTurf and natural grass during competitive match play, FieldTurf is a practical alternative when comparing injuries in collegiate women's soccer. It must be reiterated that the findings of this study may be generalizable to only collegiate competition and this specific artificial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Meyers
- Michael C. Meyers, FACSM, Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Idaho State University, 921 South 8th Avenue, Stop 8105, Pocatello, ID 83209-8105.
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A Meta-Analysis of Soccer Injuries on Artificial Turf and Natural Grass. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2013:380523. [PMID: 26464877 PMCID: PMC4590909 DOI: 10.1155/2013/380523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this investigation was to determine if playing or training on third-generation artificial turf (AT) surfaces increases the incidence rate of injuries compared to natural grass (NG) surfaces. This was accomplished by a meta-analysis performed on previously published research. Eight studies met the criteria of competitive soccer players, participation on both surfaces, and presentation of both exposure time and injury occurrence. Exposure time and injury incidence values were used to generate injury rate ratios (IRRs, AT/NG) for all injuries as well as specific injuries. Subgroup analyses were also performed by condition (match or training), gender, and age (youth or adult). The overall IRR was 0.86 (P < 0.05) suggesting a lower injury risk on AT than NG. However, there was considerable heterogeneity between studies. Analyses of individual injuries and subgroups found that in many cases IRR values were significantly less than 1.0. In no case was the IRR significantly greater than 1.0. Based on this, it appears that the risk of sustaining an injury on AT under some conditions might be lowered compared to NG. However, until more is known about how issues such as altered playing styles affect injury incidence, it is difficult to make firm conclusions regarding the influence of AT on player safety.
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Kalva-Filho CA, Loures JP, Franco VH, Kaminagakura EI, Zagatto AM, Papoti M. Correlações entre parâmetros aeróbios e desempenho em esforços intermitentes de alta intensidade. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742013000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar as possíveis correlações entre parâmetros provenientes de um esforço intermitente de alta intensidade (RAST) e variáveis relacionadas ao metabolismo aeróbio (limiar anaeróbio; LAN, consumo máximo de oxigênio;VO2MAX e intensidade correspondente ao VO2MAX;iVO2MAX). Oito jogadores de futebol (16±1 anos) participaram do estudo. Os atletas foram submetidos a um teste progressivo para a determinação dos índices aeróbios e a seis esforços máximos de 35m separados por 10s de recuperação (RAST). As variáveis do RAST não foram correlacionadas ao VO2MAX e ao LAN. Entretanto, as potência média absoluta e relativa ao peso corporal, apresentaram correlações significativas com a iVO2MAX (r=0,79 e r= 0,85, respectivamente). O índice de fadiga e a potência pico relativa também foram significativamente correlacionados com a iVO2MAX (r=-0,57 e r=0,73, respectivamente). Pode-se concluir que em esforços como o RAST, com breves períodos de recuperação, a única variável aeróbia correlacionada ao desempenho foi a iVO2MAX.
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Kalva-Filho CA, Loures JP, Franco VH, Kaminagakura EI, Zagatto AM, Papoti M. Comparação da potência anaeróbia mensurada pelo teste de RAST em diferentes condições de calçado e superfícies. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s1517-86922013000200014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: O Running Anaerobic Sprint Test (RAST) tem sido considerado um teste válido para avaliação anaeróbia. Entretanto, como a superfície e o calçado podem afetar alguns parâmetros mensurados durante o exercício, isso pode modificar os parâmetros do RAST. OBJETIVO: Comparar as variáveis do RAST mensuradas utilizando chuteiras na grama (RAST CG) e tênis na pista (RAST TP). MÉTODOS: Oito jogadores de futebol (da categoria sub-17) participaram do estudo. Os participantes realizaram dois RAST (intervalo > 24 h). O RAST consistiu em seis corridas máximas de 35m com 10s de intervalo passivo entre cada corrida. O tempo de cada esforço foi registrado para determinação da potência pico (PP), potência média (PM) e índice de fadiga (IF). Após o sexto esforço, amostras sanguíneas foram coletadas para determinação da lactacidemia ([Lac]). RESULTADOS: Durante o RAST TP, a PP (763,1 ± 87,2 W) e PM (621,6 ± 68,1 W) foram significativamente superiores às PP e PM mensuradas em RAST CG (PP = 667,3 ± 67,0 W e PM = 555,9 ± 74,7 W), enquanto que as [Lac] observadas em RAST TP (7,3 ± 1,8 mmol.L-1) foram significativamente inferiores às mensuradas em RAST CG (9,9 ± 3,2 mmol.L-1). No entanto, o IF não foi significativamente diferente (RAST TP = 32,5 ± 8,3%; RAST CG = 34,1 ± 6,6%). Significativas correlações foram observadas entre as PM (r = 0,90) e as [Lac] (r = 0,72). CONCLUSÃO: Podemos concluir que as variáveis do RAST são influenciadas pela superfície e calçado utilizados, com valores superiores observados em RAST TP.
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Hughes MG, Birdsey L, Meyers R, Newcombe D, Oliver JL, Smith PM, Stembridge M, Stone K, Kerwin DG. Effects of playing surface on physiological responses and performance variables in a controlled football simulation. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:878-86. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.757340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Nédélec M, McCall A, Carling C, Le Gall F, Berthoin S, Dupont G. Physical performance and subjective ratings after a soccer-specific exercise simulation: Comparison of natural grass versus artificial turf. J Sports Sci 2013; 31:529-36. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2012.738923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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