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Gordon RE, Potgieter S, Havemann-Nel L. Nutritional Practices and Body Composition of South African National-Level Spinal Cord-Injured Endurance Hand Cyclists. Nutrients 2022; 14:4949. [PMID: 36500978 PMCID: PMC9739327 DOI: 10.3390/nu14234949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutritional practices and body composition of para-athletes can impact their health and athletic performance. There is a paucity of research on the nutritional practices, including dietary and supplement intake, body composition and bone health of spinal cord-injured (SCI) endurance hand cyclists. This study assessed the body composition and dietary and supplement intake of 12 national-level SCI endurance hand cyclists (age: 44.0 ± 9.3 years). Bone mineral density (BMD) was assessed in a sub-sample of participants (n = 4) using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Estimated body fat percentage was healthy (18.4 ± 5.1%) and lumbar spine BMD for the sub-sample was adequate, however hip BMD was low (Z-score and/or T-scores < −2). Carbohydrate intake for male and female participants was below the recommended intake (3.8 (2.9−4.1) and 2.4 (2.0−2.7) g/kg BW, respectively). Overall protein intake was adequate, whilst fat intake was high for both males and females (39.7 (37.7−41.6) and 42.1 (39.0−45.3)% of total energy, respectively). The reported intakes for a few key micronutrients were also below the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) and/or adequate intake (AI) for males (vitamin D, calcium). The prevalence of supplement use before, during, and after training was 40%, 100%, and 60%, respectively. In conclusion, the hand cyclists could benefit from nutritional guidance to match their daily carbohydrate intake with exercise requirements and optimise their fat intake. Optimal vitamin D and calcium intake is also important especially in the light of poor bone health below the lesion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reno Eron Gordon
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria 0208, South Africa
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Sunita Potgieter
- Division of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
| | - Lize Havemann-Nel
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition (CEN), North-West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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King A, Helms E, Zinn C, Jukic I. The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2691-2712. [PMID: 35809162 PMCID: PMC9584980 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has an ergogenic effect on endurance training performance. Less is known about the effect of acute CHO ingestion on resistance training (RT) performance and equivocal results are reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine if and to what degree CHO ingestion influences RT performance. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles written in English that used a cross-over design to assess the acute effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, power, and endurance) in healthy human participants compared to a placebo or water-only conditions. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and GRADE approaches were used to assess risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for total training session volume and post-exercise blood lactate and glucose. Sub-group meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed for categorical (session and fast durations) and continuous (total number of maximal effort sets, load used, and CHO dose) covariates, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 226 participants). Pooled results revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion in comparison to a placebo or control for total session training volume (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.61). Sub-group analysis revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion during sessions longer than 45 min (SMD = 1.02) and after a fast duration of 8 h or longer (SMD = 0.39). Pooled results revealed elevated post-exercise blood lactate (SMD = 0.58) and blood glucose (SMD = 2.36) with CHO ingestion. Meta-regression indicated that the number of maximal effort sets, but not CHO dose or load used, moderates the effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance (beta co-efficient [b] = 0.11). Carbohydrate dose does not moderate post-exercise lactate accumulation nor do maximal effort sets completed, load used, and CHO dose moderate the effect of CHO ingestion on post-exercise blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate ingestion has an ergogenic effect on RT performance by enhancing volume performance, which is more likely to occur when sessions exceed 45 min and where the fast duration is ≥ 8 h. Further, the effect is moderated by the number of maximal effort sets completed, but not the load used or CHO dose. Post-exercise blood lactate is elevated following CHO ingestion but may come at the expense of an extended time-course of recovery due to the additional training volume performed. Post-exercise blood glucose is elevated when CHO is ingested during RT, but it is presently unclear if it has an impact on RT performance. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (Project identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew King
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand.
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Caryn Zinn
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, 17 Antares Place, Mairangi Bay, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand
- School of Engineering, Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Cardaci TD, Machek SB, Wilburn DT, Heileson JL, Willoughby DS. High-Load Resistance Exercise Augments Androgen Receptor-DNA Binding and Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling without Increases in Serum/Muscle Androgens or Androgen Receptor Content. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3829. [PMID: 33333818 PMCID: PMC7765240 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was (1) to determine the effect of single bouts of volume- and intensity-equated low- (LL) and high-load (HL) full-body resistance exercise (RE) on AR-DNA binding, serum/muscle testosterone and dihydrotestosterone, muscle androgen receptor (AR), and AR-DNA binding; and, (2) to determine the effect of RE on sarcoplasmic and nucleoplasmic β-catenin concentrations in order to determine their impact on mediating AR-DNA binding in the absence/presence of serum/muscle androgen and AR protein. In a cross-over design, 10 resistance-trained males completed volume- and intensity-equated LL and HL full-body RE. Blood and muscle samples were collected at pre-, 3 h-, and 24 h post-exercise. Separate 2 × 3 factorial analyses of variance (ANOVAs) with repeated measures and pairwise comparisons with a Bonferroni adjustment were used to analyze the main effects. No significant differences were observed in muscle AR, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, or serum total testosterone in either condition (p > 0.05). Serum-free testosterone was significantly decreased 3 h post-exercise and remained significantly less than baseline 24 h post-exercise in both conditions (p < 0.05). In response to HL, AR-DNA binding significantly increased at 3 h post-exercise (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were observed at any time in response to LL (p > 0.05). Moreover, sarcoplasmic β-catenin was significantly greater in HL (p < 0.05) without significant changes in nucleoplasmic β-catenin (p > 0.05). In conclusion, increases in AR-DNA binding in response to HL RE indicate AR signaling may be load-dependent. Furthermore, despite the lack of increase in serum and muscle androgens or AR content following HL RE, elevations in AR-DNA binding with elevated sarcoplasmic β-catenin suggests β-catenin may be facilitating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Cardaci
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Steven B. Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Dylan T. Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Jeffery L. Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
| | - Darryn S. Willoughby
- Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; (T.D.C.); (S.B.M.); (D.T.W.); (J.L.H.)
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, Mayborn College of Health Sciences, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, TX 76513, USA
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Effect of carbohydrate mouth rinse on resistance training performance in trained men. TURKISH JOURNAL OF KINESIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.31459/turkjkin.718107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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SANTOS MPPD, SPINELI H, BASTOS-SILVA VJ, LEARSI SK, ARAUJO GGD. Ingestion of a drink containing carbohydrate increases the number of bench press repetitions. REV NUTR 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865201932e180056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of carbohydrate ingestion prior to exercise on the number of bench press repetitions. Methods Eight male physically active (21.3±2.7 years, 176±5cm, 73.12±6.12kg), with a minimum experience of at least one year exercising regularly, visited the laboratory at three moments. During the first visit, candidates went through their anthropometric evaluation and the application of their maximum number of bench press repetitions. The experimental tests were performed during their second and third visits in a crossover and blind study. The participants performed the maximum number of repetitions with an intensity of 70% of their maximum repetition strength. One hour before the experimental trials, participants randomly ingested a solution containing either carbohydrate or a placebo. Results The ingestion of carbohydrate increases muscle resistance in relation to placebo (p=0.014; effect size=0.71). This is evidenced by the increase in the number of repetitions (12.9±2.4 and 11.3±1.9, respectively). The individual’s perception of effort is higher in the carbohydrate group than in the placebo group after exhaustion (4±0.93 and 3.1±0.64, respectively, p=0.006, effect size=0.89). Conclusion It is concluded that a previous intake of carbohydrate is useful in improving performance in resistance exercises, providing an increase in the individual’s perception of effort.
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Orrù S, Imperlini E, Nigro E, Alfieri A, Cevenini A, Polito R, Daniele A, Buono P, Mancini A. Role of Functional Beverages on Sport Performance and Recovery. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1470. [PMID: 30308976 PMCID: PMC6213308 DOI: 10.3390/nu10101470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional beverages represent a palatable and efficient way to hydrate and reintegrate electrolytes, carbohydrates, and other nutrients employed and/or lost during physical training and/or competitions. Bodily hydration during sporting activity is one of the best indicators of health in athletes and can be a limiting factor for sport performance. Indeed, dehydration strongly decreases athletic performance until it is a risk to health. As for other nutrients, each of them is reported to support athletes' needs both during the physical activity and/or in the post-workout. In this study, we review the current knowledge of macronutrient-enriched functional beverages in sport taking into account the athletes' health, sports performance, and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Orrù
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
| | | | - Ersilia Nigro
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina e di Scienze della Salute "Vincenzo Tiberio", Università degli Studi del Molise, 86100 Campobasso, Italy.
| | - Andreina Alfieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Armando Cevenini
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Medicina molecolare e Biotecnologie mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Rita Polito
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Aurora Daniele
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali Biologiche Farmaceutiche, Università della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via G. Vivaldi 42, 81100 Caserta, Italy.
| | - Pasqualina Buono
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- IRCCS SDN, via E. Gianturco 113, 80142 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Mancini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Motorie e del Benessere, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Parthenope", via Medina 40, 80133 Napoli, Italy.
- Ceinge-Biotecnologie Avanzate S.c.a r.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Napoli, Italy.
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Cholewa JM, Newmire DE, Zanchi NE. Carbohydrate restriction: Friend or foe of resistance-based exercise performance? Nutrition 2018; 60:136-146. [PMID: 30586657 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that adequate carbohydrate availability is necessary for optimal endurance performance. However, for strength- and physique-based athletes, sports nutrition research and recommendations have focused on protein ingestion, with far less attention given to carbohydrates. Varying resistance exercise protocols, such as differences in intensity, volume, and intraset rest prescriptions between strength-training and physique-training goals elicit different metabolic responses, which may necessitate different carbohydrate needs. The results of several acute and chronic training studies suggest that although severe carbohydrate restriction may not impair strength adaptations during a resistance training program, consuming an adequate amount of carbohydrate in the days leading up to testing may enhance maximal strength and strength-endurance performance. Although several molecular studies demonstrate no additive increases in postexercise mammalian target of rapamycin 1 phosphorylation with carbohydrate and protein compared with protein ingestion alone, the effects of chronic resistance training with carbohydrate restriction on muscle hypertrophy are conflicting and require further research to determine a minimal carbohydrate threshold necessary to optimize muscle hypertrophy. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding carbohydrate availability and resistance training outcomes and poses new research questions that will better help guide carbohydrate recommendations for strength and physique athletes. In addition, given that success in physique sports is based on subjective appearance, and not objective physical performance, we also review the effects of subchronic carbohydrate ingestion during contest preparation on aesthetic appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Cholewa
- Department of Kinesiology, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, South Carolina, USA.
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Department of Kinesiology and Military Science, University of Texas A&M, Corpus Christi, Texas, USA
| | - Nelo Eidy Zanchi
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology of Skeletal Muscle (LABCEMME), São Luís, Brazil
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Smith JW, Krings BM, Shepherd BD, Waldman HS, Basham SA, McAllister MJ. Effects of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid beverage ingestion during acute upper body resistance exercise on performance and postexercise hormone response. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:504-509. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the individual and combined effects of ingesting carbohydrates (CHO) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) during high-volume upper body resistance exercise (RE) on markers of catabolism and performance. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed 4 experimental trials with supplementation, ingesting beverages containing CHO, BCAA, CHO+BCAA, or placebo (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind design. The beverages were ingested in 118-mL servings 6 times during an ∼60-min RE session consisting of bench press, bent-over row, incline press, and close-grip row. Each RE was performed with 5 sets of repetitions at 65% 1-repetition maximum until volitional fatigue. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, and 60 min postexercise to assess glucose and insulin. Cortisol was assessed immediately and at 60 min postexercise. No significant performance benefits were observed for any RE. CHO+BCAA (152.4 ± 71.4 ng/mL) resulted in the lowest cortisol levels, which was lower than BCAA and PLA (193.7 ± 88.5, 182.8 ± 67.5 ng/mL, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO (165 ± 76.5 ng/mL, p = 0.342). Postexercise insulin concentrations were significantly higher with CHO (4.79 ± 3.4 mU/L) compared with BCAA and PLA (3.7 ± 2.0, 3.5 ± 1.8 mU/L, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO+BCAA (4.3 ± 2.5 mU/L, p = 0.339). There was no treatment effect for glucose, but glucose significantly increased from baseline to immediately postexercise and significantly decreased at 60 min postexercise. Ingesting beverages containing CHO with or without BCAA during upper body resistance exercise may promote a more favorable postexercise less catabolic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JohnEric W. Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Ben M. Krings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brandon D. Shepherd
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Hunter S. Waldman
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Steven A. Basham
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Matthew J. McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
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Efficacy of Carbohydrate Ingestion on CrossFit Exercise Performance. Sports (Basel) 2017; 5:sports5030061. [PMID: 29910421 PMCID: PMC5968949 DOI: 10.3390/sports5030061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion during high-intensity strength and conditioning type exercise has yield mixed results. However, little is known about shorter duration high-intensity exercise such as CrossFit. The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance impact of CHO ingestion during high-intensity exercise sessions lasting approximately 30 min. Eight healthy males participated in a total of four trials; two familiarizations, a CHO trial, and a similarly flavored, non-caloric placebo (PLA) trial. CrossFit's "Fight Gone Bad Five" (FGBF) workout of the day was the exercise model which incorporated five rounds of maximal repetition exercises, wall throw, box jump, sumo deadlift high pull, push press, and rowing, followed by one minute of rest. Total repetitions and calories expended were summated from each round to quantify total work (FGBF score). No difference was found for the total work between CHO (321 ± 51) or PLA (314 ± 52) trials (p = 0.38). There were also no main effects (p > 0.05) for treatment comparing exercise performance across rounds. Based on the findings of this study, it does not appear that ingestion of CHO during short duration, high-intensity CrossFit exercise will provide a beneficial performance effect.
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Krings BM, Rountree JA, McAllister MJ, Cummings PM, Peterson TJ, Fountain BJ, Smith JW. Effects of acute carbohydrate ingestion on anaerobic exercise performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2016; 13:40. [PMID: 27843418 PMCID: PMC5105234 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-016-0152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during endurance exercises has been shown to increase performance, but there is limited research with CHO supplementation during strength and conditioning exercises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various levels of CHO ingestion during acute testing sessions requiring participants to complete a strength and conditioning program designed for collegiate athletes. Methods Participants (n = 7) performed a series of exercises while ingesting an amino-acid electrolyte control (CON) or CON plus varying levels of CHO. The CHO beverages delivered a 2:1 (glucose: fructose) ratio at rates of 15 g/h, 30 g/h, and 60 g/h. The exercise protocol consisted of a series of short sprints, full body resistance training exercises, jumping, and shuttle running. Performance measurements were taken for sprint times, repetitions until failure [bench press, bent over row, biceps curl, overhead triceps extension], summation of total repetitions for all repetitions until failure, repetitions in a set time for two-foot line jumps, and 137-m shuttle times. Results A significant main effect (p < 0.05) was found in relation to CHO dose during the bench press final set repetitions to failure. Pairwise comparison with Bonferroni’s correction identified that there was significant difference (p = 0.0024) between the dosage of 15 g/h and CON during bench press. Inferential statistics identified overall RT performance with a dosage of 15 g/h compared to 60 g/h and CON was 99.2 % (very likely) and 96.7 % (very likely) to have a beneficial effect. Conclusions The results from this study suggest acute ingestion of CHO does not result in decrements in performance and may provide a beneficial effect to strength and conditioning performance. Strength and conditioning coaches may recommend their athletes ingest CHO during training sessions in order to maximize muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Krings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Jaden A Rountree
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Matthew J McAllister
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Patrick M Cummings
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Timothy J Peterson
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - Brent J Fountain
- Department of Food Science, Nutrition, and Health Promotion, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
| | - JohnEric W Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762 USA
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Fairchild TJ, Dillon P, Curtis C, Dempsey AR. Glucose Ingestion Does Not Improve Maximal Isokinetic Force. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:194-9. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Wax B, Kavazis AN, Brown SP. Effects of Supplemental Carbohydrate Ingestion During Superimposed Electromyostimulation Exercise in Elite Weightlifters. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:3084-90. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828c26ec] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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