1
|
Soni J, Pandey R. Single cell genomics based insights into the impact of cell-type specific microbial internalization on disease severity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401320. [PMID: 38835769 PMCID: PMC11148356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-microbe interactions are complex and ever-changing, especially during infections, which can significantly impact human physiology in both health and disease by influencing metabolic and immune functions. Infections caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites are the leading cause of global mortality. Microbes have evolved various immune evasion strategies to survive within their hosts, which presents a multifaceted challenge for detection. Intracellular microbes, in particular, target specific cell types for survival and replication and are influenced by factors such as functional roles, nutrient availability, immune evasion, and replication opportunities. Identifying intracellular microbes can be difficult because of the limitations of traditional culture-based methods. However, advancements in integrated host microbiome single-cell genomics and transcriptomics provide a promising basis for personalized treatment strategies. Understanding host-microbiota interactions at the cellular level may elucidate disease mechanisms and microbial pathogenesis, leading to targeted therapies. This article focuses on how intracellular microbes reside in specific cell types, modulating functions through persistence strategies to evade host immunity and prolong colonization. An improved understanding of the persistent intracellular microbe-induced differential disease outcomes can enhance diagnostics, therapeutics, and preventive measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Soni
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- Division of Immunology and Infectious Disease Biology, INtegrative GENomics of HOst PathogEn (INGEN-HOPE) Laboratory, Council of Scientific & Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Delhi, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ngo QV, Faass L, Sähr A, Hildebrand D, Eigenbrod T, Heeg K, Nurjadi D. Inflammatory Response Against Staphylococcus aureus via Intracellular Sensing of Nucleic Acids in Keratinocytes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828626. [PMID: 35281009 PMCID: PMC8907419 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the clinically most relevant pathogens causing infections. Humans are often exposed to S. aureus. In approximately one-third of the healthy population it can be found on the skin either for long or short periods as colonizing "commensals", without inducing infections or an inflammatory immune response. While tolerating S. aureus seems to be limited to certain individuals and time periods in most cases, Staphylococcus epidermidis is tolerated permanently on the skin of almost all individuals without activating overwhelming skin inflammation. To investigate this, we co-cultured a keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) with viable S. aureus or S. epidermidis to study the differences in the immune activation. S. aureus activated keratinocytes depicted by a profound IL-6 and IL-8 response, whereas S. epidermidis did not. Our data indicate that internalization of S. aureus and the subsequent intracellular sensing of bacterial nucleic acid may be essential for initiating inflammatory response in keratinocytes. Internalized dsRNA activates IL-6 and IL-8 release, but not TNF-α or IFNs by human keratinocytes. This is a non-specific effect of dsRNA, which can be induced using Poly(I:C), as well as RNA from S. aureus and S. epidermidis. However, only viable S. aureus were able to induce this response as these bacteria and not S. epidermidis were actively internalized by HaCaT. The stimulatory effect of S. aureus seems to be independent of the TLR3, -7 and -8 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Quang Vinh Ngo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Larissa Faass
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Chair for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aline Sähr
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Hildebrand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tatjana Eigenbrod
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Heeg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dennis Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ragland SA, Kagan JC. Cytosolic detection of phagosomal bacteria-Mechanisms underlying PAMP exodus from the phagosome into the cytosol. Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:1420-1432. [PMID: 34738270 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The metazoan innate immune system senses bacterial infections by detecting highly conserved bacterial molecules, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). PAMPs are detected by a variety of host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), whose function is to coordinate downstream immune responses. PRR activities are, in part, regulated by their subcellular localizations. Accordingly, professional phagocytes can detect extracellular bacteria and their PAMPs via plasma membrane-oriented PRRs. Conversely, phagocytosed bacteria and their PAMPs are detected by transmembrane PRRs oriented toward the phagosomal lumen. Even though PAMPs are unable to passively diffuse across membranes, phagocytosed bacteria are also detected by PRRs localized within the host cell cytosol. This phenomenon is explained by phagocytosis of bacteria that specialize in phagosomal escape and cytosolic residence. Contrary to this cytosolic lifestyle, most bacteria studied to date spend their entire intracellular lifestyle contained within phagosomes, yet they also stimulate cytosolic PRRs. Herein, we will review our current understanding of how phagosomal PAMPs become accessible to cytosolic PRRs, as well as highlight knowledge gaps that should inspire future investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Ragland
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Staphylococcus aureus secretes immunomodulatory RNA and DNA via membrane vesicles. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18293. [PMID: 33106559 PMCID: PMC7589478 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75108-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial-derived RNA and DNA can function as ligands for intracellular receptor activation and induce downstream signaling to modulate the host response to bacterial infection. The mechanisms underlying the secretion of immunomodulatory RNA and DNA by pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and their delivery to intracellular host cell receptors are not well understood. Recently, extracellular membrane vesicle (MV) production has been proposed as a general secretion mechanism that could facilitate the delivery of functional bacterial nucleic acids into host cells. S. aureus produce membrane-bound, spherical, nano-sized, MVs packaged with a select array of bioactive macromolecules and they have been shown to play important roles in bacterial virulence and in immune modulation through the transmission of biologic signals to host cells. Here we show that S. aureus secretes RNA and DNA molecules that are mostly protected from degradation by their association with MVs. Importantly, we demonstrate that MVs can be delivered into cultured macrophage cells and subsequently stimulate a potent IFN-β response in recipient cells via activation of endosomal Toll-like receptors. These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms by which bacterial nucleic acids traffic extracellularly to trigger the modulation of host immune responses.
Collapse
|
5
|
The role of host molecules in communication with the resident and pathogenic microbiota: A review. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2020.100005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|
6
|
Abstract
Bacteria participate in a wide diversity of symbiotic associations with eukaryotic hosts that require precise interactions for bacterial recognition and persistence. Most commonly, host-associated bacteria interfere with host gene expression to modulate the immune response to the infection. However, many of these bacteria also interfere with host cellular differentiation pathways to create a hospitable niche, resulting in the formation of novel cell types, tissues, and organs. In both of these situations, bacterial symbionts must interact with eukaryotic regulatory pathways. Here, we detail what is known about how bacterial symbionts, from pathogens to mutualists, control host cellular differentiation across the central dogma, from epigenetic chromatin modifications, to transcription and mRNA processing, to translation and protein modifications. We identify four main trends from this survey. First, mechanisms for controlling host gene expression appear to evolve from symbionts co-opting cross-talk between host signaling pathways. Second, symbiont regulatory capacity is constrained by the processes that drive reductive genome evolution in host-associated bacteria. Third, the regulatory mechanisms symbionts exhibit correlate with the cost/benefit nature of the association. And, fourth, symbiont mechanisms for interacting with host genetic regulatory elements are not bound by native bacterial capabilities. Using this knowledge, we explore how the ubiquitous intracellular Wolbachia symbiont of arthropods and nematodes may modulate host cellular differentiation to manipulate host reproduction. Our survey of the literature on how infection alters gene expression in Wolbachia and its hosts revealed that, despite their intermediate-sized genomes, different strains appear capable of a wide diversity of regulatory manipulations. Given this and Wolbachia's diversity of phenotypes and eukaryotic-like proteins, we expect that many symbiont-induced host differentiation mechanisms will be discovered in this system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi L Russell
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dauros-Singorenko P, Blenkiron C, Phillips A, Swift S. The functional RNA cargo of bacterial membrane vesicles. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2018; 365:4830096. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Dauros-Singorenko
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Phillips
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ahmadi Badi S, Moshiri A, Fateh A, Rahimi Jamnani F, Sarshar M, Vaziri F, Siadat SD. Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as New Systemic Regulators. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1610. [PMID: 28883815 PMCID: PMC5573799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad UniversityTehran, Iran
| | - Arfa Moshiri
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehran, Iran
- Experimental Therapy Unit, Laboratory of Oncology, G.Gaslini Children's HospitalGenoa, Italy
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
| | - Meysam Sarshar
- Laboratory affiliated to Instituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Farzam Vaziri
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research Department, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of IranTehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|