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Sessa F, Pomara C, Esposito M, Grassi P, Cocimano G, Salerno M. Indirect DNA Transfer and Forensic Implications: A Literature Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2153. [PMID: 38136975 PMCID: PMC10742555 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in DNA profiling techniques has made it possible to detect even the minimum amount of DNA at a crime scene (i.e., a complete DNA profile can be produced using as little as 100 pg of DNA, equivalent to only 15-20 human cells), leading to new defense strategies. While the evidence of a DNA trace is seldom challenged in court by a defendant's legal team, concerns are often raised about how the DNA was transferred to the location of the crime. This review aims to provide an up-to-date overview of the experimental work carried out focusing on indirect DNA transfer, analyzing each selected paper, the experimental method, the sampling technique, the extraction protocol, and the main results. Scopus and Web of Science databases were used as the search engines, including 49 papers. Based on the results of this review, one of the factors that influence secondary transfer is the amount of DNA shed by different individuals. Another factor is the type and duration of contact between individuals or objects (generally, more intimate or prolonged contact results in more DNA transfer). A third factor is the nature and quality of the DNA source. However, there are exceptions and variations depending on individual characteristics and environmental conditions. Considering that secondary transfer depends on multiple factors that interact with each other in unpredictable ways, it should be considered a complex and dynamic phenomenon that can affect forensic investigation in various ways, for example, placing a subject at a crime scene who has never been there. Correct methods and protocols are required to detect and prevent secondary transfer from compromising forensic evidence, as well as the correct interpretation through Bayesian networks. In this context, the definition of well-designed experimental studies combined with the use of new forensic techniques could improve our knowledge in this challenging field, reinforcing the value of DNA evidence in criminal trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Sessa
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | - Cristoforo Pomara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (C.P.); (M.S.)
| | | | - Patrizia Grassi
- “Vittorio Emanuele” Hospital, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Cocimano
- Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania “Vanvitelli”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Monica Salerno
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Advanced Technologies “G.F. Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95121 Catania, Italy; (C.P.); (M.S.)
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2
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Onofri M, Altomare C, Severini S, Tommolini F, Lancia M, Carlini L, Gambelunghe C, Carnevali E. Direct and Secondary Transfer of Touch DNA on a Credit Card: Evidence Evaluation Given Activity Level Propositions and Application of Bayesian Networks. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14050996. [PMID: 37239356 DOI: 10.3390/genes14050996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In a judiciary setting, questions regarding the mechanisms of transfer, persistence, and recovery of DNA are increasingly more common. The forensic expert is now asked to evaluate the strength of DNA trace evidence at activity level, thus assessing if a trace, given its qualitative and quantitative features, could be the result of an alleged activity. The present study is the reproduction of a real-life casework scenario of illicit credit card use by a co-worker (POI) of its owner (O). After assessing the shedding propensity of the participants, differences in DNA traces' qualitative and quantitative characteristics, given scenarios of primary and secondary transfer of touch DNA on a credit card, a non-porous plastic support, were investigated. A case-specific Bayesian Network to aid statistical evaluation was created and discrete observations, meaning the presence/absence of POI as a major contributor in both traces from direct and secondary transfer, were used to inform the probabilities of disputed activity events. Likelihood Ratios at activity level (LRα) were calculated for each possible outcome resulting from the DNA analysis. In instances where only POI and POI plus an unknown individual are retrieved, the values obtained show moderate to low support in favour of the prosecution proposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Onofri
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristina Altomare
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Simona Severini
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Federica Tommolini
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
| | - Massimo Lancia
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigi Carlini
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Cristiana Gambelunghe
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Carnevali
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Santa Maria Hospital, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy
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3
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Tozzo P, Mazzobel E, Marcante B, Delicati A, Caenazzo L. Touch DNA Sampling Methods: Efficacy Evaluation and Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:15541. [PMID: 36555182 PMCID: PMC9779423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collection and interpretation of "touch DNA" from crime scenes represent crucial steps during criminal investigations, with clear consequences in courtrooms. Although the main aspects of this type of evidence have been extensively studied, some controversial issues remain. For instance, there is no conclusive evidence indicating which sampling method results in the highest rate of biological material recovery. Thus, this study aimed to describe the actual considerations on touch DNA and to compare three different sampling procedures, which were "single-swab", "double-swab", and "other methods" (i.e., cutting out, adhesive tape, FTA® paper scraping), based on the experimental results published in the recent literature. The data analysis performed shows the higher efficiency of the single-swab method in DNA recovery in a wide variety of experimental settings. On the contrary, the double-swab technique and other methods do not seem to improve recovery rates. Despite the apparent discrepancy with previous research, these results underline certain limitations inherent to the sampling procedures investigated. The application of this information to forensic investigations and laboratories could improve operative standard procedures and enhance this almost fundamental investigative tool's probative value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Tozzo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, Legal Medicine Section, University of Padova, 35121 Padova, Italy
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4
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Johannessen H, Gill P, Roseth A, Fonneløp AE. Determination of shedder status: A comparison of two methods involving cell counting in fingerprints and the DNA analysis of handheld tubes. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 53:102541. [PMID: 34090062 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The shedder status of an individual may be important to consider in the context of DNA transfer, persistence and recovery and in Bayesian networks where a person's shedder status may have an impact on the outcome. In this study we compared two methods to determine shedder status: the handheld tube (HH) method and a fluorescent cell count (CC) method. A poor association was observed between the numbers of detected cells in a fingerprint using the CC method and the strength of the DNA result with the HH method. The 20 participants were classified into low (25%), medium (50%) and high (25%) shedders based on the HH method. While the low and high shedders showed a good consistency between the replicates, the medium shedders varied more and have to be considered more carefully as they may act as either a high or a low shedder in an event of DNA transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Johannessen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter Gill
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Arne Roseth
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
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5
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An LR framework incorporating sensitivity analysis to model multiple direct and secondary transfer events on skin surface. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 53:102509. [PMID: 33930816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian logistic regression is used to model the probability of DNA recovery following direct and secondary transfer and persistence over a 24 h period between deposition and sample collection. Sub-source level likelihood ratios provided the raw data for activity-level analysis. Probabilities of secondary transfer are typically low, and there are challenges with small data-sets with low numbers of positive observations. However, the persistence of DNA over time can be modelled by a single logistic regression for both direct and secondary transfer, except that the time since deposition must be compensated by an offset value for the latter. This simplifies the analysis. Probabilities are used to inform an activity-level Bayesian Network that takes account of alternative propositions e.g. time of assault and time of social activities. The model is extended in order to take account of multiple contacts between person of interest and 'victim'. Variables taken into account include probabilities of direct and secondary transfer, along with background DNA from unknown individuals. The logistic regression analysis is Bayesian - for each analysis, 4000 separate simulations were carried out. Quantile assignments enable calculation of a plausible range of probabilities and sensitivity analysis is used to describe the corresponding variation of LRs that occur when modelled by the Bayesian network. It is noted that there is need for consistent experimental design, and analysis, to facilitate inter-laboratory comparisons. Appropriate recommendations are made. The open-source program written in R-code ALTRaP (Activity Level, Transfer, Recovery and Persistence) enables analysis of complex multiple transfer propositions that are commonplace in cases-work e.g. between those who cohabit. A number of case examples are provided. ALTRaP can be used to replicate the results and can easily be modified to incorporate different sets of data and variables.
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Meakin GE, Kokshoorn B, Oorschot RAH, Szkuta B. Evaluating forensic
DNA
evidence: Connecting the dots. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/wfs2.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina E. Meakin
- Centre for Forensic Science University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW Australia
- Centre for the Forensic Sciences, Department of Security and Crime Science University College London London UK
| | - Bas Kokshoorn
- Netherlands Forensic Institute The Hague The Netherlands
| | - Roland A. H. Oorschot
- Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department Macleod Australia
- School of Molecular Sciences La Trobe University Bundoora Australia
| | - Bianca Szkuta
- Office of the Chief Forensic Scientist, Victoria Police Forensic Services Department Macleod Australia
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
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7
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Otten L, Banken S, Schürenkamp M, Schulze-Johann K, Sibbing U, Pfeiffer H, Vennemann M. Secondary DNA transfer by working gloves. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 43:102126. [PMID: 31446345 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the development of highly sensitive STR profiling methods, combined with sound statistical tools, DNA analysis on the (sub-)source level is hardly ever seriously questioned in court. More often, the exact mode of DNA transfer to the crime scene is questioned. In burglary cases, in particular when gloves are worn, secondary DNA transfer is often discussed as explanation for finding a DNA profile matching the accused because it is well known that gloves can act as a potential vector for indirect DNA transfer. In this study we investigated the shedder status as a possible factor influencing the extent of secondary DNA transfer to a crime scene, with the person committing the crime wearing working gloves. Firstly, the shedder status for 40 participants (20 male, 20 female) was determined, following a previously published procedure. Good shedders (n = 12) were found to deposit a higher amount and quality of DNA onto objects, compared to bad shedders (n = 25). Secondly, participants were paired into four groups (good with good; good with bad; bad with good; bad with bad), each group consisting of five pairs. The first participant (P1) of each pair used working gloves to pack and carry a box to simulate a house move. Two days later, the second participant (P2) of the pair wore the same pair of gloves to simulate a burglary, using a screwdriver as a break-in tool. After taking swabs of the outside and inside of a glove (primary DNA transfer) and the handle of the screwdriver (secondary DNA transfer), full DNA analysis was performed. Our experiments show that good shedders, overall, deposit more DNA than bad shedders, both onto the outside and the inside of the glove, regardless of being P1 or P2. When conducting the experiments with two participants sharing the same shedder status, no significant differences occurred in the number of deposited alleles. In six out of 19 cases a DNA profile matching P1 was found (binary LR>106) on the screwdriver and in all six cases P1 was a good shedder. Our results indicate that the shedder status of an individual affects the extent of DNA transfer. They further confirm the possibility of an innocent person's DNA profile being found on an object they never handled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Otten
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Banken
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Marianne Schürenkamp
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Kristina Schulze-Johann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula Sibbing
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Heidi Pfeiffer
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Marielle Vennemann
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University of Münster, Röntgenstraße 23, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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8
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Filetti V, Di Mizio G, Rendine M, Fortarezza P, Ricci P, Pomara C, Messina G, Riezzo I, Zammit C, Messina A, Salerno M, Sessa F. Volatile organic compounds: instrumental and canine detections link an individual to the crime scene. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s41935-019-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Xiao C, Jiang Y, Liang M. Using the information embedded in the mixed profiles to assist in determining the identity of the deceased and the suspect in a deficiency case. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 300:e13-e19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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A review of trace “Touch DNA” deposits: Variability factors and an exploration of cellular composition. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 39:8-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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DNA transfer: DNA acquired by gloves during casework examinations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 38:167-174. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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van Oorschot RA, Szkuta B, Meakin GE, Kokshoorn B, Goray M. DNA transfer in forensic science: A review. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 38:140-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Templeton JE, Taylor D, Handt O, Linacre A. Typing DNA profiles from previously enhanced fingerprints using direct PCR. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 29:276-282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Laundry in a washing machine as a mediator of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer. Int J Legal Med 2017; 132:373-378. [PMID: 28608145 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-017-1617-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of secondary and tertiary DNA transfer during laundry. The modes of transfer tested were mixed and separate laundry of worn and unworn garments in household and public washing machines. In addition, the possibility of a background DNA carry-over from a washing machine's drum was investigated. In the mixed (worn and unworn garments washed together) laundry experiment, 22% of samples from new unworn socks with no traceable DNA prior to experiment produced DNA profiles post-laundry. In the tertiary DNA transfer experiment performed in a public washing machine (unworn garments only), no detectable DNA profiles were observed. Samples collected from the internal drum of 25 washing and drying machines did not produce detectable STR profiles. The implications of these results are discussed in the context of forensic DNA casework analysis. Graphical Abstract ᅟA real-life scenario of secondary DNA transfer between worn and unworn garments during machine washing has been evaluated. Experiments demonstrated this scenario is possible (22% of samples) and may in fact result in high quality DNA profiles. On the contrary, testing washing machine's interior for deposition of biological material between separate washing cycles to serve as a mediator of tertiary DNA transfer resulted in no DNA profiles.
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15
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Helping to distinguish primary from secondary transfer events for trace DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2017; 28:155-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Buckingham AK, Harvey ML, van Oorschot RA. The origin of unknown source DNA from touched objects. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 25:26-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Cale
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
- Strand Analytical Laboratories; 5770 Decatur Blvd Indianapolis IN 46241
| | - Krista E. Latham
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia M. Cale
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
- Strand Analytical Laboratories; 5770 Decatur Blvd Indianapolis IN 46241
| | - Krista E. Latham
- Human Biology Program; University of Indianapolis; 1400 East Hanna Avenue Indianapolis IN 46227
| | - Gay L. Bush
- Strand Analytical Laboratories; 5770 Decatur Blvd Indianapolis IN 46241
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19
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Analyse von Hautkontaktspuren in der forensischen Genetik unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Kontamination und Transferszenarien. Rechtsmedizin (Berl) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00194-016-0115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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20
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A novel cell culture model as a tool for forensic biology experiments and validations. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 24:114-119. [PMID: 27376694 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To improve and advance DNA forensic casework investigation outcomes, extensive field and laboratory experiments are carried out in a broad range of relevant branches, such as touch and trace DNA, secondary DNA transfer and contamination confinement. Moreover, the development of new forensic tools, for example new sampling appliances, by commercial companies requires ongoing validation and assessment by forensic scientists. A frequent challenge in these kinds of experiments and validations is the lack of a stable, reproducible and flexible biological reference material. As a possible solution, we present here a cell culture model based on skin-derived human dermal fibroblasts. Cultured cells were harvested, quantified and dried on glass slides. These slides were used in adhesive tape-lifting experiments and tests of DNA crossover confinement by UV irradiation. The use of this model enabled a simple and concise comparison between four adhesive tapes, as well as a straightforward demonstration of the effect of UV irradiation intensities on DNA quantity and degradation. In conclusion, we believe this model has great potential to serve as an efficient research tool in forensic biology.
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21
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Stabbing simulations and DNA transfer. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2016; 22:73-80. [PMID: 26875110 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Technical developments have made it possible to analyze very low amounts of DNA. This has many advantages, but the drawback of this technological progress is that interpretation of the results becomes increasingly complex: the number of mixed DNA profiles increased relatively to single source DNA profiles and stochastic effects in the DNA profile, such as drop-in and drop-out, are more frequently observed. Moreover, the relevance of low template DNA material regarding the activities alleged is not as straightforward as it was a few years ago, when for example large quantities of blood were recovered. The possibility of secondary and tertiary transfer is now becoming an issue. The purpose of this research is twofold: first, to study the transfer of DNA from the handler and secondly, to observe if handlers would transfer DNA from persons closely connected to them. We chose to mimic cases where the offender would attack a person with a knife. As a first approach, we envisaged that the defense would not give an alternative explanation for the origin of the DNA. In our transfer experiments (4 donors, 16 experiments each, 64 traces), 3% of the traces were single DNA profiles. Most of the time, the DNA profile of the person handling the knife was present as the major profile: in 83% of the traces the major contributor profile corresponded to the stabber's DNA profile (in single stains and mixtures). Mixture with no clear major/minor fraction (12%) were observed. 5% of the traces were considered of insufficient quality (more than 3 contributors, presence of a few minor peaks). In that case, we considered that the stabber's DNA was absent. In our experiments, no traces allowed excluding the stabber, however it must be noted that precautions were taken to minimize background DNA as knives were cleaned before the experiments. DNA profiles of the stabber's colleagues were not observed. We hope that this study will allow for a better understanding of the transfer mechanism and of how to assess and describe results given activity level propositions. In this preliminary research, we have focused on the transfer of DNA on the hand of the person. Besides, more research is needed to assign the probability of the results given an alternative activity proposed by the defense, for instance when the source of the DNA is not contested, but that the activities are.
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22
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Lehmann VJ, Mitchell RJ, Ballantyne KN, Oorschot RAHV. Following the transfer of DNA: How does the presence of background DNA affect the transfer and detection of a target source of DNA? Forensic Sci Int Genet 2015; 19:68-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Adamowicz MS, Labonte RD, Schienman JE. The Potential of Cosmetic Applicators as a Source of DNA for Forensic Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2015; 60:1001-11. [PMID: 25783027 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personal products, such as toothbrushes, have been used as both known reference and evidentiary samples for forensic DNA analysis. This study examined the viability of a broad selection of cosmetic applicators for use as targets for human DNA extraction and short tandem repeat (STR) analysis using standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR) conditions. Applicator types included eyeliner smudgers, pencils and crayons, eye shadow sponges, mascara wands, concealer wands, face makeup sponges, pads and brushes, lipsticks and balms, and lip gloss wands. The quantity and quality of DNA extracted from each type of applicator were examined by assessing the number of loci successfully amplified and the peak balance of the heterozygous alleles in each full STR profile. While degraded DNA, stochastic amplification, and PCR inhibition were observed for some items, full STR profiles were developed for 14 of 76 applicators. The face makeup sponge applicators yielded the highest proportional number of full STR profiles (4/7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Adamowicz
- Forensic Science Department, Henry C. Lee College of Criminal Justice & Forensic Sciences, University of New Haven, 300 Boston Post Road, West Haven, CT
| | - Renáe D Labonte
- Molecular Pathology, Bio-Reference Laboratories Inc., 481 Edward H. Ross Dr., Elmwood Park, NJ
| | - John E Schienman
- Division of Scientific Services, Connecticut Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection, 278 Colony Street, Meriden, CT
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24
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Goray M, van Oorschot RA. The complexities of DNA transfer during a social setting. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2015; 17:82-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Ballantyne KN, Poy AL, van Oorschot RA. Environmental DNA monitoring: beware of the transition to more sensitive typing methodologies. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2013.788683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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DNA transfer: Review and implications for casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2013; 7:434-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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27
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Breathnach M, Moore E. Oral intercourse or secondary transfer? A Bayesian approach of salivary amylase and foreign DNA findings. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 229:52-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Goswami J, Davis MC, Andersen T, Alileche A, Hampikian G. Safeguarding forensic DNA reference samples with nullomer barcodes. J Forensic Leg Med 2013; 20:513-9. [PMID: 23756524 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Unintended transfer of biological material containing DNA is a concern to all laboratories conducting PCR analysis. While forensic laboratories have protocols in place to reduce the possibility of contaminating casework samples, there is no way to detect when a reference sample is mislabeled as evidence, or contaminates a forensic sample. Thus there is public concern regarding the safeguarding of DNA submitted to crime labs. We demonstrate a method of introducing an internal amplification control to reference samples, in the form of a nullomer barcode which is based upon sequences absent or rare from publically accessible DNA databases. The detection of this barcode would indicate that the source of analyzed DNA was from a reference sample provided by an individual, and not from an evidence sample. We demonstrate that the nullomers can be added directly to collection devices (FTA paper) to allow tagging during the process of sample collection. We show that such nullomer oligonucleotides can be added to existing forensic typing and quantification kits, without affecting genotyping or quantification results. Finally, we show that even when diluted a million-fold and spilled on a knife, the nullomer tags can be clearly detected. These tags support the National Research Council of the National Academy recommendation that "Quality control procedures should be designed to identify mistakes, fraud, and bias" in forensic science (National Academy of Sciences, 2009).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Goswami
- Department of Biology, Boise State University, Science-215, 1910 University Dr., Boise, ID 83725-1515, USA
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Nunn S. Touch DNA Collection Versus Firearm Fingerprinting: Comparing Evidence Production and Identification Outcomes. J Forensic Sci 2013; 58:601-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Nunn
- School of Public and Environmental Affair (SPEA); Center for Criminal Justice Research (CCJR); Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis; 801 West Michigan Street; Indianapolis; IN; 46202-5152
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30
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Newton M. The forensic aspects of sexual violence. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2012; 27:77-90. [PMID: 23062592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Complainants of sexual assault may disclose to different agencies, the police and health professionals being the most likely. It is possible for certain evidence types to be collected before a clinical forensic assessment takes place that do not require the need for a Forensic Medical Practitioner. If the time frames after the incident and the nature of assault warrant the need for a forensic medical examination of either a complainant or a suspect, this should only be conducted by doctors and nurses who have received relevant, up-to-date specialist theoretical and practical training. Clear evidence shows that few other criminal offences require as extensive an examination and collection of forensic evidence as that of a sexual assault. The forensic evidence in a case may identify an assailant, eliminate a nominated suspect(s), and assist in the prosecution of a case. The elements of forensic medical examination, reviewed in this chapter, are those that are the most varied across jurisdictions around the world currently. Key focus points of this chapter are considerations for early evidence collection, utilising dedicated medical examination facilities for sample collection, contamination issues associated with evidence collection and certain practical aspects of forensic sampling methods which have evolved given results identified by Forensic Scientists processing evidential samples in sexual assault cases, Some of the problems encountered by the forensic science provider will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Newton
- Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics, Gynaecology 26, Caterham, Surrey CR3 5SY, UK.
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31
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Warshauer DH, Marshall P, Kelley S, King J, Budowle B. An evaluation of the transfer of saliva-derived DNA. Int J Legal Med 2012; 126:851-61. [PMID: 22797945 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-012-0743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of DNA transfer have focused largely on the transfer of sloughed off epithelial cells from individuals' hands. This research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary transfer events involving DNA originating from saliva, a commonly encountered body fluid. More routine human behaviors were simulated to evaluate transfer, and the effects of drying time, moisture, and surface composition were investigated. The results agree with previous findings which indicate that the presence of moisture, as well as a smooth nonporous surface as the primary substrate, increases the efficiency of transfer. Previous transfer studies have found that the last individual to come into contact with an item is usually the major contributor to the resulting DNA mixture, unless conditions are simulated in which a "good shedder" serves as the primary depositor and a poor shedder serves as the secondary depositor. The results of this study indicate that when saliva is the source of the transferred DNA, the primary depositor is often the major contributor. These findings suggest that shedder status is less relevant with regard to touch DNA samples in a forensic setting and emphasize the need for caution when analyzing such samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Warshauer
- Institute of Applied Genetics, Department of Forensic and Investigative Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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32
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French J, Morgan R, Baxendell P, Bull P. Multiple transfers of particulates and their dissemination within contact networks. Sci Justice 2012; 52:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Daly DJ, Murphy C, McDermott SD. The transfer of touch DNA from hands to glass, fabric and wood. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2012; 6:41-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Aditya S, Sharma A, Bhattacharyya C, Chaudhuri K. Generating STR profile from “Touch DNA”. J Forensic Leg Med 2011; 18:295-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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DNA transfer within forensic exhibit packaging: potential for DNA loss and relocation. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2011; 6:158-66. [PMID: 21546329 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Crime scene samples after their collection are packaged and transported to the laboratory for examination and DNA analysis. The amount and location of DNA-containing material retrieved from an exhibit can be critical in acquiring a profile for incrimination or exclusion purposes and for elucidating criminal events. This paper shows that significant quantities of DNA are frequently: (a) transferred from the exhibit to the inside of the packaging and (b) transferred from its area of initial deposit to other areas of the same exhibit and/or to other exhibits within the same package. There is a distinct possibility of failing to generate adequate profiles in instances where the DNA content may otherwise have been adequate, and for the misinterpretation of a result that could impact negatively on the criminal investigation and court outcome. These findings highlight the need for improvements in the collection and packaging of forensic casework exhibits for DNA analysis.
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36
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Vartapetiance Salmasi A, Gillam L. DNA dataveillance: protecting the innocent? JOURNAL OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION & ETHICS IN SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/14779961011071079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to discuss the UK National DNA Database (NDNAD) and some of the controversies surrounding it with reference to legal and ethical issues, focusing particularly on privacy and human rights. Governance of this database involves specific exemptions from the Data Protection Act (DPA), and this gives a rise to concerns regarding both the extent of surveillance on the UK population and the possibility for harm to all citizens. This is of wider importance since every current citizen, and everybody who visits the UK, could become a record in the DNA database. Principally, the paper seeks to explore whether these exemptions would also imply exemptions for software developers from codes of practice and ethics of their professional societies as relate to constructing or maintaining such data and the database.Design/methodology/approachThe paper makes a comparison between the principles of the DPA, as would need to be followed by all other organizations handling personal data, professional responsibilities‐based codes of ethics of professional societies, and the current reality as reported in relation to the NDNAD and the exemptions offered through the DPA.FindingsPrimarily, if NDNAD was not exempted from certain provisions in the DPA, the potential for the kinds of data leakages and other mishandlings could largely be avoided without the need for further considerations over so‐called “data minimization”. It can be seen how the lack of afforded protection allows for a wide range of issues as relate at least to privacy.Originality/valueThe paper provides the first evaluation of the combination of law, codes of ethics, and activities in the real world as related to NDNAD, with concomitant considerations for privacy, liberty, and human rights. Originality is demonstrated through consideration of the implications of certain exemptions in the DPA in relation to crime and taxation and national security and in relating the expected protections for personal data to widely reported evidence that such protections may be variously lacking. In addition, the paper provides a broad overview of controversies over certain newer kinds of DNA analysis, and other relatively recent findings, that seem generally absent from the vast majority of debates over this kind of analysis.
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37
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Goray M, Mitchell RJ, van Oorschot RAH. Investigation of secondary DNA transfer of skin cells under controlled test conditions. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2010; 12:117-20. [PMID: 20206575 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on the relative transfer rates of deposited biological substances which could assist evaluation of the probability of given crime scene scenarios, especially for those relating to objects originally touched by hand. This investigation examines factors that may influence the secondary transfer of DNA from this source, including the freshness of the deposit, the nature of the primary and secondary substrate and the manner of contact between the surfaces. The transfer rates showed that both the primary and secondary type of substrate and the manner of contact are important factors influencing transfer of skin cells, but, unlike other biological fluids, such as blood and saliva, the freshness of the deposit in most instances is not. Skin cells deposited on a non-porous primary substrate transferred more readily to subsequent substrates than those deposited on a porous substrate. Porous secondary substrates, however, facilitated transfer more readily than non-porous secondary substrates, from both porous and non-porous surfaces. Friction as the manner of contact significantly increased the rate of transfer. The findings of this study improve our general understanding of the transfer of DNA material contained in fingerprints that is left on a surface, and assist in the evaluation of the probability of secondary and further DNA transfer under specific conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Goray
- Victoria Police Forensic Service Centre, Vic. 3085, Australia.
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38
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Transfer of biological stains from different surfaces. Int J Legal Med 2010; 125:727-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-010-0424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Secondary DNA transfer of biological substances under varying test conditions. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2010; 4:62-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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van Oorschot RA, Goray M, Eken E, Mitchell RJ. Impact of relevant variables on the transfer of biological substances. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL GENETICS SUPPLEMENT SERIES 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigss.2009.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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41
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McFadden MJ, Friedland DE, Wallace MM. DNA profiles from flip-open cell phones. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00450610902935999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Graham EAM, Rutty GN. Investigation into "normal" background DNA on adult necks: implications for DNA profiling of manual strangulation victims. J Forensic Sci 2008; 53:1074-82. [PMID: 18624892 DOI: 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2008.00800.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Others have investigated the role that DNA profiling could play as a method for identifying the perpetrator of manual strangulation. These studies have demonstrated that it is possible to collect offender DNA from the skin surface of a victim following physical contact. It is not known whether nonself biological material is normally present on the skin surface due to adventitious transfer occurring during innocent everyday interactions. To test the hypothesis that detectable amounts of nonself DNA are normally present on the skin surface of healthy adult individuals due to the adventitious transfer of DNA occurring during normal day-to-day social interactions, we designed an experiment in three phases. Phase 1 was used to deduce which DNA collection, extraction, and amplification methods were suited to investigating this question. During phase 2, the neck surface of 24 healthy adult volunteers was swabbed. DNA was extracted using the QIAamp DNA mini kit and amplified using the SGM Plus PCR amplification kit, using 28 PCR cycles. The work carried out during phase 3 involved a simulated assault to investigate primary and secondary transfer of DNA during physical contact. It was found that 23% of neck areas swabbed during phase 2 of this investigation showed nondonor alleles in the resulting DNA profile, with 5% of areas showing six or more nondonor alleles. The results of phase 3 showed that primary, secondary, and zero transfer of victim and/or offender DNA could be observed after physical contact and that alleles from an unknown source could still be detected in this more controlled experiment. The data presented in this paper demonstrate that DNA profiles generated after swabbing the skin surface of healthy adults can include components of an unknown source, present due to adventitious transfer. These components, if present in large quantities, have the potential to interfere with DNA profile interpretation of swabs taken for the investigation of physical assault by DNA profiling.
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43
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44
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Maguire S, Ellaway B, Bowyer VL, Graham EAM, Rutty GN. Retrieval of DNA from the faces of children aged 0-5 years: a technical note. JOURNAL OF FORENSIC NURSING 2008; 4:40-44. [PMID: 18387008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-3938.2008.00005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 21% of children suffer from some form of physical abuse. It is hypothesized that when an individual hits a child some of that person's DNA will be deposited onto the child's skin. As yet, no one has reported a method of sampling DNA from the skin of this vulnerable group of individuals. We have sampled DNA from several facial areas of 30 children aged 5 years of age and under. The results show that it is possible to swab the faces of this age group without distressing them or contaminating the samples. Additionally the results indicate that the DNA obtained is almost entirely that of the subject, with little nondonor DNA being observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Maguire
- Cardiff University, Wales College of Medicine, Department of Child Health Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom.
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45
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Pang BCM, Cheung BKK. Double swab technique for collecting touched evidence. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2007; 9:181-4. [PMID: 17320457 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2006] [Revised: 12/24/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Touched evidence is often submitted to forensic laboratories for DNA analysis. Classical stain recovery technique, involving one wet cotton swab, is commonly used for recovering the touched evidence. Double swab technique, using a wet cotton swab followed by a dry cotton swab, was compared with the classical technique for recovering the touched evidence. The wet cotton swabs and the dry cotton swabs were individually extracted. DNA extracts were quantified and amplified at 15 polymorphic loci. DNA recovered in some of the second dry swabs contained sufficient amount of DNA to yield a DNA profile. This study shows that the double swab technique improves the quality of the resulting DNA profiles. The double swab technique for recovering touched evidence at crime scenes is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C M Pang
- Forensic Science Division, Hong Kong Government Laboratory, Homantin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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46
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McNevin D, Wilson-Wilde L, Robertson J, Kyd J, Lennard C. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair. Part 2. An optimised genomic DNA extraction procedure reveals donor dependence of STR profiles. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 153:247-59. [PMID: 15998572 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A feasibility study of short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of telogen phase hairs in particular, and hair shaft in general, is presented. A number of extraction procedures in common use were investigated and the quantities of nuclear DNA (nuDNA) delivered were quantified via a real-time PCR assay. The extracts were subjected to two variations on AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus PCR amplification strategies (extended cycles, two rounds of PCR) and the genotypes compared. Nuclear DNA was found to persist in human hair shafts, albeit at very low levels. Full Profiler Plus profiles consistent with the hair donor were obtained from 100 mg hair shaft samples (bleached and unbleached). These were, however, mixed profiles, indicating low copy number (LCN) contamination in the extracts. Single telogen hair clubs and single hair shafts delivered partial profiles with usually only one allele of heterozygous loci. Telogen phase hairs yielded the same amount of nuDNA (and no more) as hair shafts (either anagen or telogen). Whether hair shafts dissolved or not in lysis buffer had no effect on either the quantitated yield of DNA or on the chance of obtaining a correct genotype. These results provide evidence that genomic DNA resides on the exterior of the hair shaft and we use this information to suggest an optimal procedure for nuDNA extraction from keratinised hair samples: soaking hairs in simple digestion buffers containing Tris-HCl, a salt and a chelating agent without prior cleaning of the hair shafts. It is proposed that cleaning removes most of the recoverable DNA. This procedure was applied to obtain genotypes from 3 cm hair shafts which matched reference profiles from the donors at up to 9 out of 10 AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus STR loci. When the genotyping success was measured by counting the number of matches between the two dominant alleles at each locus for each extract with the reference DNA profile of the hair donor, the success was found to be highly dependent on the donor. The number of matching alleles varied between not less than 10 for one donor to no more than two for another donor. These results may well be linked to the environmental experience of the hairs from each donor prior to removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis McNevin
- Division of Health, Design and Science, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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47
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Laird R, Dawkins RL, Gaudieri S. Use of the genomic matching technique to complement multiplex STR profiling reduces DNA profiling costs in high volume crimes and intelligence led screens. Forensic Sci Int 2005; 151:249-57. [PMID: 15939159 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Revised: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 02/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The genomic matching technique (GMT) targets duplicated polymorphic sequences within genomic blocks in the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC), differentiating between individuals at the DNA level using a single primer pair per block. The GMT is currently used to supplement human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing to match donor and recipient pairs for bone marrow transplantation and has the potential to be employed as a powerful exclusion tool in forensic biology. The GMT is highly reproducible, produces DNA profiles from less than 1 ng of DNA and was successfully employed to profile a range of forensic samples including buccal swabs, handled objects and fingerprints. Furthermore, GMT profiles from a single genomic block in the MHC are likely to be more discriminatory than known highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) loci such as ACTBP2. As such, the GMT can reduce the cost of investigations that require profiling of multiple suspects or samples from one or more crime scenes and could be extended to profile genomic blocks in other polymorphic genetic systems in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Laird
- Centre for Forensic Science, School of Anatomy and Human Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley Ave., Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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48
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Hillier E, Dixon P, Stewart P, Yamashita B, Lama D. Recovery of DNA from Shoes. CANADIAN SOCIETY OF FORENSIC SCIENCE JOURNAL 2005. [DOI: 10.1080/00085030.2005.10757588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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49
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Balogh MK, Burger J, Bender K, Schneider PM, Alt KW. STR genotyping and mtDNA sequencing of latent fingerprint on paper. Forensic Sci Int 2004; 137:188-95. [PMID: 14609656 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A systematic study was conducted to investigate whether DNA can be successfully extracted from latent fingerprints deposited on ordinary paper and analysed using short tandem repeat profiling and mitochondrial DNA sequencing. In order to evaluate the performance of latent fingerprint analysis in a criminal case, experiments with varying conditions were carried out to improve our understanding of low copy number (LCN) DNA typing. After optimising the extraction methods to achieve increased sensitivity, the examination of touched paper can routinely yield the STR profile of the individual who has touched it. A fingerprint can therefore be considered as a potential source of DNA for genetic identification. Nevertheless, the findings of our "after enhancement experiment" (using chemically or physically pre-treated fingerprints), and our "mixture experiment" (using fingerprints from three to four people on the same sheet of paper) help to define the limitations of the low copy number PCR technique in forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kinga Balogh
- Molecular Archaeology Group, Institute of Anthropology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Colonel Kleinmann Weg 2, D-55099 Mainz, Germany
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50
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Alessandrini F, Cecati M, Pesaresi M, Turchi C, Carle F, Tagliabracci A. Fingerprints as evidence for a genetic profile: morphological study on fingerprints and analysis of exogenous and individual factors affecting DNA typing. J Forensic Sci 2003; 48:586-592. [PMID: 12762529 DOI: 10.1520/jfs2002260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Material recovered from 374 fingerprints left by eleven laboratory workers on three different substrates (glass, wood, metal) at a standard pressure time of 30 s, with and without preliminary handwashing, was submitted to morphological, quantitative, and type analysis. Morphological and agarose-gel electrophoresis analysis showed that a non-negligible amount of epidermal corneal cells presented apoptotic alterations. The quantity of DNA recovered from fingerprints ranged between 0.04 to 0.2 ng, and in a significant number of experiments no DNA was detected. Handwashing reduced the amount of DNA recovered from fingerprints. The "shedder status" of the donor was a very important factor, causing inter-individual variations in the amount of DNA left by fingerprints. Spurious alleles from laboratory-based and secondary transfer contamination, stutters, and other artifacts described when analyzing low-copy-number DNA and capable of affecting correct profiles were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Alessandrini
- Istituto di Medicina Legale, Università di Ancona, Policlinico Torrette, I-60020 Ancona, Italy
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