1
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Correlation and analysis of smokeless powder, smokeless powder residues, and lab generated pyrolysis products via GC–MS. Forensic Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2021.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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2
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Gassner AL, Weyermann C. Prevalence of organic gunshot residues in police vehicles. Sci Justice 2020; 60:136-144. [PMID: 32111286 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the organic gunshot residue (OGSR) background level of police vehicles in Switzerland. Specimens from 64 vehicles belonging to two regional police services were collected and analysed by LC-MS in positive mode. The driver's and back seats were sampled separately to monitor potential differences between locations and to assess the risks of a suspect being contaminated by OGSR during transportation to a police station. The results showed that most of the 64 vehicles were uncontaminated (44 driver's seats and 38 back seats respectively). Up to six of the seven targeted compounds were detected in a single sample, once on a driver's seat and twice on back seats. The contamination frequency generally decreased as the number of compounds detected together increased. The amounts detected were in the low ng range and less than amounts generally detected just after discharge on a shooter. Our data indicated that detecting a combination of four or more compounds on a police vehicle seat appears to be a relatively rare occurrence. The background contamination observed was most probably due to secondary transfer from police officers (e.g. through recent participation in a shooting session or firearm manipulation) or from firearms stored in the vehicles. The present results might be used as a recommendation to minimize contact of a suspect with contaminated surfaces if OGSR is implemented in routine work in parallel to IGSR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gassner
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Weyermann
- Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne, Batochime, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Manganelli M, Weyermann C, Gassner AL. Surveys of organic gunshot residue prevalence: Comparison between civilian and police populations. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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4
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Gallidabino MD, Barron LP, Weyermann C, Romolo FS. Quantitative profile-profile relationship (QPPR) modelling: a novel machine learning approach to predict and associate chemical characteristics of unspent ammunition from gunshot residue (GSR). Analyst 2019; 144:1128-1139. [PMID: 30474092 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01841c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence association in forensic cases involving gunshot residue (GSR) remains very challenging. Herein, a new in silico approach, called quantitative profile-profile relationship (QPPR) modelling, is reported. This is based on the application of modern machine learning techniques to predict the pre-discharge chemical profiles of selected ammunition components from those of the respective post-discharge GSR. The obtained profiles can then be compared with one another and/or with other measured profiles to make evidential links during forensic investigations. In particular, the approach was optimised and successfully tested for the prediction of GC-MS profiles of smokeless powders (SLPs) from organic GSR in spent cases, for nine ammunition types. Results showed a high degree of similarity between predicted and experimentally measured profiles, after adequate combination and evaluation of fourteen machine learning techniques (median correlation of 0.982). Areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.976 and 0.824 were observed after receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of the results obtained in the comparisons between predicted-predicted and predicted-measured profiles, respectively, in the specific case that the ammunition types of interest were excluded from the training dataset (i.e., extrapolation). Furthermore, AUCs of 0.962 and 0.894 were observed in interpolation mode. These values were close to those of the comparison of the measured SLP profiles between themselves (AUC = 0.998), demonstrating excellent potential to correctly associate evidence in a number of different forensic scenarios. This work represents the first time that a quantitative approach has successfully been applied to associate a GSR to a specific ammunition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo D Gallidabino
- Centre for Forensic Science, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Ellison Building, NE1 8ST Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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5
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Application of hyperspectral imaging and machine learning methods for the detection of gunshot residue patterns. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 290:227-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Williamson R, Gura S, Tarifa A, Almirall JR. The coupling of capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) dynamic air sampling device with DART-MS analysis for the detection of gunshot residues. Forensic Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Maitre M, Kirkbride KP, Horder M, Roux C, Beavis A. Thinking beyond the lab: organic gunshot residues in an investigative perspective. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1457718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Maitre
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - K. P. Kirkbride
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M. Horder
- Forensic Ballistics Investigation Section, Forensic Services Group, NSW Police Force, Surry Hills, Australia
| | - C. Roux
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - A. Beavis
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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8
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Erol ÖÖ, Erdoğan BY, Onar AN. Nitrate and Nitrite Determination in Gunshot Residue Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis in Acidic Run Buffer,. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:423-427. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özge Ö. Erol
- Samsun Criminal Police Laboratory; Istasyon Mah Saadet Cad No:119 İlkadım Samsun Turkey
| | - Behice Y. Erdoğan
- Department of Food Technology Programmes; Technical Vocational School of Higher Education; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Terme Samsun 55600 Turkey
| | - Atiye N. Onar
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Art and Sciences; Ondokuz Mayıs University; Kurupelit Samsun 55139 Turkey
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9
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Perez JJ, Watson DA, Levis RJ. Classification of Gunshot Residue Using Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Offline Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11390-11398. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J. Perez
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - David A. Watson
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Robert J. Levis
- Center
for Advanced Photonics Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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10
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Gassner AL, Ribeiro C, Kobylinska J, Zeichner A, Weyermann C. Organic gunshot residues: Observations about sampling and transfer mechanisms. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:369-378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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LC–MS method development and comparison of sampling materials for the analysis of organic gunshot residues. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 264:47-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Tarifa A, Almirall JR. Fast detection and characterization of organic and inorganic gunshot residues on the hands of suspects by CMV-GC–MS and LIBS. Sci Justice 2015; 55:168-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Farokhcheh A, Alizadeh N. Photochemically induced fluorescence studies of 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea as stabilizer and its quantitative determination. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 240:35-40. [PMID: 24795294 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The photochemically induced fluorescence (PIF) studies of 1,3-diethyl-1,3-diphenylurea or ethyl centralite (EC) as stabilizer have been carried out under various conditions. Influences of solvent type (water, methanol, acetonitrile and chloroform), oxygen dependence and UV irradiation time on the spectroscopic properties of EC were studied. In order to obtain a better understanding of the photochemical mechanism, products were identified by mass spectrometry study. A novel fluorimetric method has been developed for the determination of EC based on the PIF. The method is based on the use of UV irradiation to produce fluorescent derivatives from EC as a non-fluorescent molecule. The determination is carried out by UV irradiation for 4min through measuring the fluorescence intensity in 354nm when an excitation wavelength of 227nm was used. Parameters related to the analytical signal and to the PIF are optimized. The linear range for determination of EC was 4×10(-8) to 2×10(-6)mol L(-1) and the limit of detection (LOD) was 2×10(-8)mol L(-1) with relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of 3% (n=5). Finally, the proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of EC in real propellant samples and the acquired results were favorably compared to those obtained with HPLC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Farokhcheh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-175, Jalale Ale Ahmad, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naader Alizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box 14115-175, Jalale Ale Ahmad, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Abrego Z, Grijalba N, Unceta N, Maguregui M, Sanchez A, Fernández-Isla A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. A novel method for the identification of inorganic and organic gunshot residue particles of lead-free ammunitions from the hands of shooters using scanning laser ablation-ICPMS and Raman micro-spectroscopy. Analyst 2014; 139:6232-41. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01051e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SLA-ICPMS and Raman micro-spectroscopy has been applied to the characterization of GSR using modified tape lifts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuriñe Abrego
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nagore Grijalba
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Nora Unceta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Maite Maguregui
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Isla
- Scientific Police Laboratory, Ertzaintza
- Department of the Interior, Basque Government
- Erandio, Spain
| | - M. Aranzazu Goicolea
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Ramón J. Barrio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- University of the Basque Country
- UPV/EHU
- 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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15
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Chang KH, Jayaprakash PT, Yew CH, Abdullah AFL. Gunshot residue analysis and its evidential values: a review. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2012.691546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Perez JJ, Flanigan PM, Brady JJ, Levis RJ. Classification of Smokeless Powders Using Laser Electrospray Mass Spectrometry and Offline Multivariate Statistical Analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 85:296-302. [DOI: 10.1021/ac302661k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny J. Perez
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Paul M. Flanigan
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - John J. Brady
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Road, Adelphi, Maryland
20783, United States
| | - Robert J. Levis
- Center for
Advanced Photonics
Research, Department of Chemistry, Temple University, 1901 N. 13th St., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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17
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Abstract
A comprehensive review of the scientific literature on gunshot residue (GSR) is presented. Aspects of both inorganic and organic GSR are discussed, from formation and distribution, to sample collection, preparation, and analysis using a variety of techniques. The interpretation of GSR results is also considered including issues surrounding the contamination, distribution, and transfer of GSR. Potential problems with ulterior sources of GSR like particles have been reported in the literature. For example, particles from environmental and occupational sources have been highlighted as exhibiting similar chemical and morphological characteristics to GSR. These findings are put into context with regard to interpreting samples. A move toward a "case by case" approach is argued to be more preferable to a "formal" classification system where possible. The analysis of both inorganic and organic compositions of residue samples as well as morphological considerations is considered to be a more ideal approach to GSR analysis, wherever practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dalby
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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18
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19
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Sharma S, Lahiri S. A preliminary investigation into the use of FTIR microscopy as a probe for the identification of bullet entrance holes and the distance of firing. Sci Justice 2009; 49:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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20
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Scherperel G, Reid GE, Waddell Smith R. Characterization of smokeless powders using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nESI-MS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:2019-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2689-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Martiny A, Campos APC, Sader MS, Pinto AL. SEM/EDS analysis and characterization of gunshot residues from Brazilian lead-free ammunition. Forensic Sci Int 2008; 177:e9-17. [PMID: 17764860 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2007.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2006] [Revised: 06/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exposition to heavy metal-rich airborne due to fire practicing has forced to the development of heavy metal-free environmental ammunition primers all over the world. Here we characterize the GSR elements present in the Brazilian lead-free ammunition produced by Companhia Brasileira de Cartuchos (CBC) and commercialized by MagTech in the U.S. and Europe under the name CleanRange centerfire cartridges. Both first and second generations of CleanRange in calibers 9 mm Luger, .40 S&W, .380 AUTO and .38 SPL were analyzed and compared to regular Brazilian CBC ammunition by scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy. Differences in composition and morphology of GSR particles from the two generations of CleanRange were observed. The first generation ammunition (found in Europe) presented spherical particles, being strontium the only unique element detected. The second generation (found in the U.S.) produced irregular particles composed mostly by potassium, aluminum, silicon and calcium. We can conclude that identification of GSR derived from CBC second generation lead-free ammunition in suspects' hands may be impossible without the addition of a distinct metallic taggant in the primer composition by the manufacturer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Martiny
- Instituto Militar de Engenharia, Seção de Engenharia Mecânica e de Materiais-SE/4, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Praia Vermelha, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22270-290, Brazil
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22
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Mahoney CM, Gillen G, Fahey AJ. Characterization of gunpowder samples using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Forensic Sci Int 2006; 158:39-51. [PMID: 16005590 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2005.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2004] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) was utilized to obtain characteristic mass spectra from three different smokeless powders and six different black powder samples. In these mass spectra, peaks indicative of both the organic and inorganic additive constituents in the gunpowders were observed. TOF-SIMS was able to successfully differentiate between the different black and smokeless gunpowder samples analyzed with the aid of principal components analysis (PCA), a multivariate statistical analysis approach often used to reduce the dimensionality of complex data. TOF-SIMS was also used to obtain information about the spatial distribution of the various additives contained within the gunpowder samples. SIMS imaging demonstrated that that the samples could potentially be characterized by their 2-D structure, which varied from sample to sample. These results clearly demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing TOF-SIMS as a tool for the characterization and differentiation of gunpowder samples for general forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Mahoney
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Surface and Microanalysis Science Division, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8371, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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23
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Brózek-Mucha Z, Zadora G, Dane F. A comparative study of gunshot residue originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition from various producers. Sci Justice 2003; 43:229-35. [PMID: 14714293 DOI: 10.1016/s1355-0306(03)71782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Following previous work on differentiation between gunshot residue according to the type of ammunition used, a specific investigation was undertaken of traces originating from 9 mm Luger ammunition using SEM-EDX. The aim of this study was to determine whether GSR originating from this type of ammunition is similar, or whether differentiation could be made between particular manufacturers of Luger ammunition. The results were collected in the form of counts of particles in each of seven key elemental classes being combinations of lead, antimony and barium. These were then adjusted to a factor known as frequency of occurrence which allows comparison of the distribution of particles within the classes between samples with differences in absolute particle counts. The relationships between the samples were examined using non-parametric statistical tests: R-Spearman and tau-Kendall rank correlation coefficients. It has been found that most of the studied samples of GSR were similar to each other despite their originating from various manufacturers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Brózek-Mucha
- Institute of Forensic Research, Westerplatte 9, 31-033 Cracow, Poland
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25
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26
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Thormann W, Lurie IS, McCord B, Marti U, Cenni B, Malik N. Advances ofcapillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis (1999-2000). Electrophoresis 2001; 22:4216-43. [PMID: 11824639 DOI: 10.1002/1522-2683(200111)22:19<4216::aid-elps4216>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, capillary electrophoresis in clinical and forensic analysis is reviewed on the basis of the literature of 1999, 2000 and the first papers in 2001. An overview of progress relevant examples for each major field of application, namely (i) analysis of drug seizures, explosives residues, gunshot residues and inks, (ii) monitoring of drugs, endogenous small molecules and ions in biofluids and tissues, (iii) general screening for serum proteins and analysis of specific proteins (carbohydrate deficient transferrin, alpha1-antitrypsin, lipoproteins and hemoglobins) in biological fluids, and (iv) analysis of nucleic acids and oligonucleotides in biological samples, including oligonucleotide therapeutics, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Thormann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bern, Switzerland.
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27
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Developing a Quantitative Extraction Technique for Determining the Organic Additives in Smokeless Handgun Powder. J Forensic Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs15051j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Brettell
- Forensic Science Bureau, New Jersey State Police, West Trenton 08628, USA
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29
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Investigating the Effect of Changing Ammunition on the Composition of Organic Additives in Gunshot Residue (OGSR). J Forensic Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.1520/jfs14911j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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