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Williams K, Fleck L, Fuchs A, Koenig J, Kaess M. Mother-child interactions in adolescents with borderline personality disorder traits and the impact of early life maltreatment. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2023; 17:96. [PMID: 37563641 PMCID: PMC10416495 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-023-00645-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early detection and intervention of borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescence has become a public health priority. Theoretical models emphasize the role of social interactions and transgenerational mechanisms in the development of the disorder suggesting a closer look at caregiver-child relationships. METHODS The current study investigated mother-adolescent interactions and their association with adolescent BPD traits by using a case-control design. Thirty-eight adolescent patients with ≥ 3 BPD traits and their mothers (BPD-G) were investigated in contrast to 35 healthy control dyads (HC-G). Maternal, adolescent and dyadic behavior was coded using the Coding Interactive Behavior Manual (CIB) during two interactions: a fun day planning and a stress paradigm. Additional effects of maternal and/or adolescent early life maltreatment (ELM) on behavior were also explored. RESULTS BPD-G displayed a significantly lower quality of maternal, adolescent and dyadic behavior than the HC-G during both interactions. Maternal and adolescent behavior was predicted by BPD traits alone, whilst dyadic behavior was also influenced by general adolescent psychopathology. Exploratory analyses of CIB subscales showed that whilst HC-G increased their reciprocal behavior during stress compared to the fun day planning, BPD-G dyads decreased it. Maternal ELM did not differ between groups or have any effect on behavior. Adolescent ELM was correlated with behavioral outcome variables, but did not explain behavioral outcomes above and beyond the effect of clinical status. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION Our data suggest a stronger focus on parent-child interactions in BPD-specific therapies to enhance long-term treatment outcomes in adolescent BPD patients. Further research employing study designs that allow the analyses of bidirectional transactions (e.g. longitudinal design, behavioral microcoding) is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Williams
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Institute of Psychology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Leonie Fleck
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fuchs
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julian Koenig
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre for Psychosocial Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, Heidelberg, Germany
- University Hospital of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Developmental predictors of young adult borderline personality disorder: a prospective, longitudinal study of females with and without childhood ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 36793031 PMCID: PMC9930262 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04515-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the precursors of borderline personality disorder (BPD) reveals numerous child and adolescent risk factors, with impulsivity and trauma among the most salient. Yet few prospective longitudinal studies have examined pathways to BPD, particularly with inclusion of multiple risk domains. METHODS We examined theory-informed predictors of young-adult BPD (a) diagnosis and (b) dimensional features from childhood and late adolescence via a diverse (47% non-white) sample of females with (n = 140) and without (n = 88) carefully diagnosed childhood attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESULTS After adjustment for key covariates, low levels of objectively measured executive functioning in childhood predicted young adult BPD diagnostic status, as did a cumulative history of childhood adverse experiences/trauma. Additionally, both childhood hyperactivity/impulsivity and childhood adverse experiences/trauma predicted young adult BPD dimensional features. Regarding late-adolescent predictors, no significant predictors emerged regarding BPD diagnosis, but internalizing and externalizing symptoms were each significant predictors of BPD dimensional features. Exploratory moderator analyses revealed that predictions to BPD dimensional features from low executive functioning were heightened in the presence of low socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS Given our sample size, caution is needed when drawing implications. Possible future directions include focus on preventive interventions in populations with enhanced risk for BPD, particularly those focused on improving executive functioning skills and reducing risk for trauma (and its manifestations). Replication is required, as are sensitive measures of early emotional invalidation and extensions to male samples.
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Development and Validation of the Young Parenting Inventory (YPI-R3) for Measuring Past Deviant and Normal Variations in Parenting. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9050706. [PMID: 35626883 PMCID: PMC9139321 DOI: 10.3390/children9050706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Most measures of past parenting patterns have a restricted range of about two to three negative parenting constructs. The Young Parenting Inventory (YPI-R2) provides a more nuanced framework that measures a fuller spectrum of these negative parenting patterns and, therefore, holds the potential of being a more useful guide to parents and caretakers. The YPI-R2 is made up of six validated subscales. An additional four were identified but were not sufficiently robust to be included. The purpose of this study is to determine if these four scales can be strengthened through the development of additional items and be empirically validated. Using non-clinical, English-speaking community samples from Singapore (n = 592, 628) and Malaysia (n = 222, 229), these revised scales were tested using multiple exploratory factor analyses with fathers and mothers rated separately. After further scale refinement, the final model, which consisted of 10 subscales and 41 items, was then subjected to confirmatory factor analysis using 4 other non-clinical international samples with separate ratings for fathers and mothers—USA (n = 259, 281), South Africa (n = 318, 372), Nigeria (n = 328, 344) and India (n = 277, 289). The results show that the YPI-R3 with 10 subscales is a robust and cross-culturally acceptable model. Correlations and hierarchical multiple regression analyses showed that the YPI-R3 has good convergent validity and predictive capabilities with measures of psychopathology, personality traits, emotional distress, negative schemas and other distal measures of functioning in everyday life—gratitude, humor and satisfaction with life.
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Armour JA, Joussemet M, Mageau GA, Varin R. Perceived Parenting and Borderline Personality Features during Adolescence. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022:10.1007/s10578-021-01295-3. [PMID: 35013846 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the associations between perceived parenting and borderline personality disorder (BPD) in adolescents. The relations between components of parenting and BPD features were explored. Participants (N = 270; mean age = 15.3) assessed their own BPD features (Personality Assessment Inventory) and both of their parents' parenting practices (Parents as Social Context Questionnaire; Perceived Parental Autonomy Support Scale). SEM results suggest that controlling, rejecting and chaotic parenting all predicted global BPD, and all these parenting components were significantly associated with at least one BPD feature. Chaotic parenting, a relatively neglected construct in the BPD literature, seems to play an important role in early BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie-Ann Armour
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Mireille Joussemet
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Geneviève A Mageau
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Rose Varin
- Department of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Ball Cooper E, Anderson JL, Sharp C, Langley HA, Venta A. Attachment, Mentalization, and Criterion B of the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2021; 8:23. [PMID: 34334129 PMCID: PMC8327423 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-021-00163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mentalization theory posits that interpersonal difficulties and maladaptive personality traits develop from an insecure attachment pattern with one's caregiver and corresponding deficits in mentalizing-the ability to understand others' and one's own mental states. Mentalizing deficits have been theorized as the basis for all psychopathology, with the paradigmatic case being Borderline Personality Disorder. Nevertheless, developments in the personality field indicate personality pathology is best represented dimensionally, and such a proposal was outlined by the Alternative DSM-5 Model for Personality Disorders (AMPD). Despite evidence linking the mentalization theory to personality disorders, however, it has yet to be applied to Criterion B of the AMPD. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the moderating role of mentalizing in the relation between attachment and Criterion B maladaptive trait function in a sample of undergraduates. We hypothesized a model in which: (1) attachment insecurity would be positively associated with the Negative Affectivity, Antagonism, and Disinhibition personality domains; (2) mentalizing ability would be negatively associated with these domains; and, (3) there would be an interaction effect between attachment and mentalizing when predicting these same domains. METHODS Personality domains were measured dimensionally via the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5-SF), while the dependence and avoidance domains of attachment were assessed via the Relationship Questionnaire (RQ). Mentalizing ability was tapped by the Movie for the Assessment of Social Cognition (MASC). The AMPD personality domains and trait facets were examined as dependent variables; attachment dependence, attachment avoidance, and overall mentalizing ability were entered as independent variables; and interaction terms between mentalizing and each attachment dimension were used to test moderation via MANCOVAs. RESULTS Consistent with expectations, results indicated overall mentalizing moderated the relation between attachment avoidance and Negative Affectivity. Posthoc analyses revealed similar effects on the relations between attachment avoidance and the Emotional Lability, Hostility, and Perseveration trait facets; however, there were no significant moderation findings related to attachment dependence. CONCLUSIONS These results support the mentalization theory's application to Criterion B of the AMPD, particularly in relation to the links between Negative Affectivity and borderline-related traits, and encourage future research of dimensional maladaptive personality. They further bolster support for understanding maladaptive personality as a dimensional construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Ball Cooper
- Psychology Department, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA.,NextSTEPS Worldwide, PLLC, McKinney, TX, USA
| | - Jaime L Anderson
- Psychology Department, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- Psychology Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hillary A Langley
- Psychology Department, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Amanda Venta
- Psychology Department, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Su Q, Liu G. A cross-temporal meta-analysis review of the personality of Chinese military personnel, 1991-2017. Personal Ment Health 2021; 15:124-135. [PMID: 33283471 DOI: 10.1002/pmh.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The personality of military personnel is an important factor for their mental health. It has been revealed that military personnel's mental health has changed over the past decades. The objective of the present study was to examine the birth cohort changes in the personality of Chinese military personnel. METHODS To examine the birth cohort changes in the personality of Chinese military personnel, a cross-temporal meta-analysis of 53 studies that measured the personality of Chinese military personnel with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire from 1991 to 2017 was conducted (61 data points, N = 55 708). RESULTS The results showed that during this period, the respondents' personality traits changed significantly. Specifically, their levels of neuroticism and psychoticism decreased by 0.84 and 0.62 standard deviations respectively, and the younger participants exhibited higher levels of extraversion. CONCLUSIONS This study found that Chinese military personnel showed decreasing neuroticism and psychoticism from 1991 to 2017 and that younger participants exhibited higher levels of extraversion. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Su
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Guofang Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 201306, China
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Marsh NP, Balda KE, McQuade JD. Parent Emotion Socialization and Child Emotional Vulnerability as Predictors of Borderline Personality Features. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 48:135-147. [PMID: 31388862 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although parent emotion socialization and child temperament are theorized to interact in the prediction of borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, few studies have directly examined these relationships. The present study examined whether parental emotion socialization interacted with behavioral ratings and physiological indicators of emotional vulnerability in the prediction of BPD features among preadolescent children. Participants were 125 children (10-12 years; 55% female) and their parents recruited from the community. Parents and children reported on children's BPD features and parents completed a measure of supportive and non-supportive emotion socialization. Children's emotional vulnerability was assessed based on parent-rated negativity/lability and emotion regulation skills and children's respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and skin conductance level (SCL) reactivity to a social stressor. Several significant interactions of parent supportive reactions, non-supportive reactions, and child emotional reactivity emerged. Children were lowest in BPD features when parents were high in supportive reactions and/or low in non-supportive reactions and the child was low in emotional vulnerability (e.g., low negativity/lability, good emotion regulation skills, or low SCL reactivity to stress). These findings suggest that specific emotion socialization factors in interaction with children's emotional reactivity may predict risk for BPD features in preadolescence. Future research is needed to replicate these findings and examine whether this interaction prospectively predicts trajectories of BPD features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nicholas P Marsh
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Campus Box 2236, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Kayla E Balda
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Campus Box 2236, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA
| | - Julia D McQuade
- Department of Psychology, Amherst College, Campus Box 2236, Amherst, MA, 01002, USA.
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Louis JP, Ortiz V, Barlas J, Lee JS, Lockwood G, Chong WF, Louis KM, Sim P. The Good Enough Parenting early intervention schema therapy based program: Participant experience. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243508. [PMID: 33481822 PMCID: PMC7822299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives Schema therapy (ST) has become a mainstream therapy for the treatment of psychopathology and has been validated through a series of large scale, international randomized control trials. Among other things, schema therapy emphasizes the meeting of core emotional needs in children by primary caregivers as these unmet needs continue to adversely affect their lives into adulthood. An early intervention parenting program has been developed to help parents meet these core emotional needs in order to prevent the development of psychopathology in the first place. The program, Good Enough Parenting, is equally focused on reducing problems and strengthening parenting practices, regardless of where the child is on the “disordered to well-being continuum”. This study aims to explore “patient experience” by users of this program. Best clinical research guidelines advocate that participants should be used as collaborators rather than pure recipients; this process should predate large scale trials. Design An exploratory qualitative study with 55 parent-participants of Good Enough Parenting was conducted. Methods One-to-one interviews were conducted with participants, using critical incident technique and guided by semi-structured interview schedule, to explore their experiences with the program. Transcripts were then analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Coding showed a high degree of inter-rater reliability (kappa value of 0.78). The themes that emerged were Cultivating Awareness of Parents’ Own Schemas, Cultivating Intentionality, Working through Developmental Issues, Responses to Challenges at Home, Performing Multiple Roles, and the Learning Process. Participants overwhelmingly reported satisfaction within these key themes. Conclusions The results support the development of the program and the choice of “participant reported outcome measures” for use in subsequent randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Philip Louis
- Persatuan Kebajikan HOPE Worldwide Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Vida Ortiz
- HOPE Worldwide Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - George Lockwood
- Schema Therapy Institute Midwest, Kalamazoo, Michigan, United States of America
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Zortea TC, Dickson A, Gray CM, O'Connor RC. Associations between experiences of disrupted attachments and suicidal thoughts and behaviours: An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Soc Sci Med 2019; 235:112408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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A systematic review of negative parenting practices predicting borderline personality disorder: Are we measuring biosocial theory's ‘invalidating environment’? Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ball Cooper E, Venta A, Sharp C. The role of maternal care in borderline personality disorder and dependent life stress. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2018; 5:5. [PMID: 29588857 PMCID: PMC5861727 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-018-0083-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) affects 0.9%-3.2% of adolescents, and more than 20% of inpatient adolescents. Life stress has been linked to BPD across the lifespan, and previous research in adults has linked BPD to dependent stress (i.e., stress induced by the individual). However, prior research has not examined dependent stress alongside BPD in adolescents. Additionally, the potential protective effect of maternal care has not been considered in this relation. This study tested a moderation model expecting that (1) BPD would be positively associated with dependent life stress, (2) maternal care would be negatively associated with BPD, and (3) maternal care would moderate the relation between BPD and dependent life stress. METHOD The sample consisted of 184 adolescents recruited from an inpatient psychiatric facility serving a diverse population in the Southwestern United States. Dependent life stress, BPD, and maternal care were measured using the UCLA Life Stress Interview, DSM-IV Childhood Interview for BPD, and Kerns Security Scale, respectively. RESULTS Results supported the first two hypotheses; BPD diagnosis was significantly, positively associated with dependent life stress, and negatively associated with maternal availability and dependability. Contrary to the third hypothesis, no significant evidence that maternal care acts as a buffer in the relation between BPD and dependent life stress was found. CONCLUSIONS Although maternal care was not found to moderate the association between BPD and dependent life stress, results supported previously found relations between BPD, dependent life stress, and maternal care, and did so within a diverse inpatient adolescent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ericka Ball Cooper
- 1Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, 77341-2447 TX USA
| | - Amanda Venta
- 1Department of Psychology & Philosophy, Sam Houston State University, Campus Box 2447, Huntsville, 77341-2447 TX USA
| | - Carla Sharp
- 2Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX USA
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Infurna MR, Fuchs A, Fischer-Waldschmidt G, Reichl C, Holz B, Resch F, Brunner R, Kaess M. Parents' childhood experiences of bonding and parental psychopathology predict borderline personality disorder during adolescence in offspring. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246:373-378. [PMID: 27788455 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on borderline personality disorder (BPD) development suggest a transgenerational transmission of parent-child relationship quality, which may also be influenced by parents' mental health status. The aim of this study was twofold. First, we aimed to investigate the transgenerational effect of parental bonding experiences on the development of BPD in their offspring. Second, we examined the association between parents' mental health status and BPD in offspring. Ninety-one female adolescent psychiatric inpatients along with 87 mothers and 59 fathers were enrolled in the study. Adolescent BPD was assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-II, parental bonding with the Parental Bonding Instrument, and parents´ psychiatric symptoms with the Patient Health Questionnaire. We found that low parental care produced a transgenerational effect from mother to BPD in offspring. Further, significant associations were found between paternal psychiatric symptoms and adolescent BPD. High paternal stress levels mediated the association between maternal affect reported by fathers and BPD in daughters. There is evidence of a transgenerational effect of parental bonding specifically for female adolescents with BPD, compared with other clinical control subjects. Our findings highlight the importance of including both parents in future research and in early clinical treatment in adolescents with BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rita Infurna
- Section for "Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anna Fuchs
- Section for "Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gloria Fischer-Waldschmidt
- Section for "Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Corinna Reichl
- Section for "Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birger Holz
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franz Resch
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Romuald Brunner
- Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Kaess
- Section for "Translational Psychobiology in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry", Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Clinic of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Centre of Psychosocial Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Dixon-Gordon KL, Whalen DJ, Scott LN, Cummins ND, Stepp SD. The Main and Interactive Effects of Maternal Interpersonal Emotion Regulation and Negative Affect on Adolescent Girls' Borderline Personality Disorder Symptoms. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2015; 40:381-393. [PMID: 27185969 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9706-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The transaction of adolescent's expressed negative affect and parental interpersonal emotion regulation are theoretically implicated in the development of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Although problem solving and support/validation are interpersonal strategies that foster emotion regulation, little is known about whether these strategies are associated with less BPD severity among adolescents. Adolescent girls (age 16; N = 74) and their mothers completed a conflict discussion task, and maternal problem solving, support/validation, and girls' negative affect were coded. Girls' BPD symptoms were assessed at four time points. A 3-way interaction of girls' negative affect, problem solving, and support/validation indicated that girls' negative affect was only associated with BPD severity in the context of low maternal support/validation and high maternal problem solving. These variables did not predict changes in BPD symptoms over time. Although high negative affect is a risk for BPD severity in adolescent girls, maternal interpersonal emotion regulation strategies moderate this link. Whereas maternal problem solving coupled with low support/validation is associated with a stronger negative affect-BPD relation, maternal problem solving paired with high support/validation is associated with an attenuated relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Diana J Whalen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Box 8511, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Lori N Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nicole D Cummins
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, 1227 University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, USA
| | - Stephanie D Stepp
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O'Hara St., Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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