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Gobert F, Corneyllie A, Bastuji H, Berthomier C, Thevenet M, Abernot J, Raverot V, Dailler F, Guérin C, Gronfier C, Luauté J, Perrin F. Twenty-four-hour rhythmicities in disorders of consciousness are associated with a favourable outcome. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1213. [PMID: 38030756 PMCID: PMC10687012 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluctuations of consciousness and their rhythmicities have been rarely studied in patients with a disorder of consciousness after acute brain injuries. 24-h assessment of brain (EEG), behaviour (eye-opening), and circadian (clock-controlled hormones secretion from urine) functions was performed in acute brain-injured patients. The distribution, long-term predictability, and rhythmicity (circadian/ultradian) of various EEG features were compared with the initial clinical status, the functional outcome, and the circadian rhythmicities of behaviour and clock-controlled hormones. Here we show that more physiological and favourable patterns of fluctuations are associated with a higher 24 h predictability and sharp up-and-down shape of EEG switches, reminiscent of the Flip-Flop model of sleep. Multimodal rhythmic analysis shows that patients with simultaneous circadian rhythmicity for brain, behaviour, and hormones had a favourable outcome. Finally, both re-emerging EEG fluctuations and homogeneous 24-h cycles for EEG, eye-opening, and hormones appeared as surrogates for preserved functionality in brainstem and basal forebrain, which are key prognostic factors for later improvement. While the recovery of consciousness has previously been related to a high short-term complexity, we suggest in this exploratory study the importance of the high predictability of the 24 h long-term generation of brain rhythms and highlight the importance of circadian body-brain rhythms in awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Gobert
- Neuro-Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
- Trajectoires Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bâtiment Inserm 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron, France.
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France.
| | - Alexandra Corneyllie
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Hélène Bastuji
- Sleep medicine centre, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, F-69677, France
- Neuropain Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | | | - Marc Thevenet
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Jonas Abernot
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Raverot
- Hormone Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Frédéric Dailler
- Neuro-Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Claude Guérin
- Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Croix-Rousse hospital, 103 Grande-Rue de la Croix-Rousse, Lyon, France
- Intensive care unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Édouard Herriot hospital, 5 Place d'Arsonval, 69003, Lyon, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Waking team (Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Luauté
- Trajectoires Team, Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bâtiment Inserm 16 avenue Doyen Lépine, Bron, France
- Neuro-rehabilitation unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, 59 Boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
| | - Fabien Perrin
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), 95 boulevard Pinel, Bron, France
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Chang C, Vivekanandarajah A, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Cell death in the lateral geniculate nucleus, and its possible relationship with nicotinic receptors and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4120-4131. [PMID: 37041306 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The role of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in vision has been extensively studied, yet its extraretinal capacities are still being investigated, including its role in arousal from sleep. The β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit is involved in the laminal organisation of the LGN with magnocellular (MC) and parvocellular (PC) neurons. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) occurs during a sleep period and, neuropathologically, is associated with increased neuronal cell death and altered nAChRs. A recent qualitative pilot study from our group implicates the possibility of increased neuronal death/apoptosis in the SIDS LGN. The present study used quantitative analysis to report the baseline expression of apoptotic and nAChR subunits α7 and β2 in the PC and MC layers of the LGN, to determine correlations amongst these markers within layers and across layers, and to evaluate changes in the expression of these markers in the LGN of SIDS infants, along with associations with SIDS risk factors, such as age, sex, cigarette smoke exposure, bed-sharing, and presence of an upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). Tissue was immunohistochemically stained for cell death markers of active caspase-3 (Casp-3) and TUNEL, and for the α7 and β2 nAChR subunits. Amongst 43 cases of sudden and unexpected deaths in infancy (SUDI), classifications included explained deaths (eSUDI, n = 9), SIDS I (n = 5) and SIDS II (n = 29). Results indicated a strong correlation of the apoptotic markers and β2 nAChR subunit between the LGN layers, but not across the markers within the layers. Amongst the diagnostic groups, compared to eSUDI, the SIDS II cases had decreased Casp-3 expression while β2 nAChR expression was increased in both PC and MC layers. Amongst the SIDS risk factors, URTI and bed-sharing were associated with changes in neuronal death but not in the α7 and β2 markers. In conclusion, our findings do not support a role for the α7 and β2 nAChRs in apoptotic regulation of the LGN layers during infancy. However, for SIDS victims, an inverse correlation between the changes for markers of apoptosis and the β2 nAChR subunit expression suggests altered LGN function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Chang
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Arunnjah Vivekanandarajah
- Discipline of Medicine, Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen A Waters
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Rita Machaalani
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2006, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia.
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Schulz M, Zieglowski L, Kopaczka M, Tolba RH. The Open Field Test as a Tool for Behaviour Analysis in Pigs: Recommendations for Set-Up Standardization - A Systematic Review. Eur Surg Res 2023; 64:7-26. [PMID: 35732140 PMCID: PMC9808745 DOI: 10.1159/000525680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The open field test (OFT) is a common tool to assess anxiety and behavioural changes in rodents. It has been adapted to pigs with no systematic investigation of how environmental changes may alter the performance of pigs. Currently, the number of published studies including the OFT in domestic pig models is increasing without standardization. METHODS Our review aimed to investigate the open field (OF) set-ups in published studies and the similarities between performance and published parameters. RESULTS Following the PRISMA guidelines for reviews, we selected 69 studies for inclusion in this systematic review. We determined the specific set-up conditions such as dimensions, duration, and time of day for most of the included studies; we found high variability across studies with respect to these test specifics. DISCUSSION Our results indicate the inconsistent implementation of the set-up, including dimensions, timing, parameters, and additional combined tests (e.g., new object tests). Based on our findings, we have made recommendations for the performance of the OFT, according to the current literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Schulz
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany,
| | - Leonie Zieglowski
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcin Kopaczka
- Institute of Imaging & Computer Vision, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - René H Tolba
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science and Experimental Surgery, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Brock O, Gelegen C, Sully P, Salgarella I, Jager P, Menage L, Mehta I, Jęczmień-Łazur J, Djama D, Strother L, Coculla A, Vernon AC, Brickley S, Holland P, Cooke SF, Delogu A. A Role for Thalamic Projection GABAergic Neurons in Circadian Responses to Light. J Neurosci 2022; 42:9158-9179. [PMID: 36280260 PMCID: PMC9761691 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0112-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamus is an important hub for sensory information and participates in sensory perception, regulation of attention, arousal and sleep. These functions are executed primarily by glutamatergic thalamocortical neurons that extend axons to the cortex and initiate cortico-thalamocortical connectional loops. However, the thalamus also contains projection GABAergic neurons that do not extend axons toward the cortex. Here, we have harnessed recent insight into the development of the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv) to specifically target and manipulate thalamic projection GABAergic neurons in female and male mice. Our results show that thalamic GABAergic neurons of the IGL and LGv receive retinal input from diverse classes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) but not from the M1 intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell (ipRGC) type. We describe the synergistic role of the photoreceptor melanopsin and the thalamic neurons of the IGL/LGv in circadian entrainment to dim light. We identify a requirement for the thalamic IGL/LGv neurons in the rapid changes in vigilance states associated with circadian light transitions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The intergeniculate leaflet (IGL) and ventral lateral geniculate nucleus (LGv) are part of the extended circadian system and mediate some nonimage-forming visual functions. Here, we show that each of these structures has a thalamic (dorsal) as well as prethalamic (ventral) developmental origin. We map the retinal input to thalamus-derived cells in the IGL/LGv complex and discover that while RGC input is dominant, this is not likely to originate from M1ipRGCs. We implicate thalamic cells in the IGL/LGv in vigilance state transitions at circadian light changes and in overt behavioral entrainment to dim light, the latter exacerbated by concomitant loss of melanopsin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Brock
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Cigdem Gelegen
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Sully
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Irene Salgarella
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Polona Jager
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Menage
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Ishita Mehta
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Jagoda Jęczmień-Łazur
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Deyl Djama
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Strother
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Angelica Coculla
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony C Vernon
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Brickley
- Department of Life Sciences and Centre for Neurotechnology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Holland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Disease, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel F Cooke
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Alessio Delogu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom
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5
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Grant AD, Lewis DM, Kriegsfeld LJ. Multi-Timescale Rhythmicity of Blood Glucose and Insulin Delivery Reveals Key Advantages of Hybrid Closed Loop Therapy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2022; 16:912-920. [PMID: 33719596 PMCID: PMC9264430 DOI: 10.1177/1932296821994825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood glucose and insulin exhibit coordinated daily and hourly rhythms in people without diabetes (nonT1D). Although the presence and stability of these rhythms are associated with euglycemia, it is unknown if they (1) are preserved in individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and (2) vary by therapy type. In particular, Hybrid Closed Loop (HCL) systems improve glycemia in T1D compared to Sensor Augmented Pump (SAP) therapies, but the extent to which either recapitulates coupled glucose and insulin rhythmicity is not well described. In HCL systems, more rapid modulation of glucose via automated insulin delivery may result in greater rhythmic coordination and euglycemia. Such precision may not be possible in SAP systems. We hypothesized that HCL users would exhibit fewer hyperglycemic event, superior rhythmicity, and coordination relative to SAP users. METHODS Wavelet and coherence analyses were used to compare glucose and insulin delivery rate (IDR) within-day and daily rhythms, and their coordination, in 3 datasets: HCL (n = 150), SAP (n = 89), and nonT1D glucose (n = 16). RESULTS Glycemia, correlation between normalized glucose and IDR, daily coherence of glucose and IDR, and amplitude of glucose oscillations differed significantly between SAP and HCL users. Daily glucose rhythms differed significantly between SAP, but not HCL, users and nonT1D individuals. CONCLUSIONS SAP use is associated with greater hyperglycemia, higher amplitude glucose fluctuations, and a less stably coordinated rhythmic phenotype compared to HCL use. Improvements in glucose and IDR rhythmicity may contribute to the overall effectiveness of HCL systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azure D. Grant
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience
Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Lance J. Kriegsfeld
- The Helen Wills Neuroscience
Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology,
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology,
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Graduate Group in Endocrinology,
University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Lance J. Kriegsfeld, PhD, Department
of Psychology, Integrative Biology, Graduate Group in Endocrinology
and The Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California,
2121 Berkeley Way, Mail Code 1650, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Niiro A, Ohno SN, Yamagata KA, Yamagata K, Tomita K, Kuramoto E, Oda Y, Nakamura TJ, Nakamura W, Sugimura M. Diurnal Variation in Trigeminal Pain Sensitivity in Mice. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:703440. [PMID: 34408624 PMCID: PMC8365185 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.703440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of time and circadian disruption is an extremely important factor in basic research on pain and analgesia. Although pain is known to vary throughout the day, the mechanism underlying this circadian variation remains largely unknown. In this study, we hypothesized that the process of pain transmission to the central nervous system (after receiving nociceptive stimuli from outside the body) would show day-night differences. Ten-week-old male mice were kept under a strict 12/12-h light/dark cycle for at least 10 days. Formalin was then injected into the second branch region of the trigeminal nerve and the duration of pain-related behaviors (PRBs) was assessed. Immunohistochemical staining was then performed, and the c-Fos-immunopositive cells in the trigeminal spinal tract subnucleus caudalis (Sp5C) were counted. The results showed that the duration of PRBs was longer and the number of c-Fos immunopositive cells in the Sp5C was higher at nighttime than during the day. In addition, the trigeminal ganglia (TG) were extracted from the mice and examined by quantitative real-time PCR to evaluate the daytime and nighttime expression of nociceptive receptors. The results showed that the mRNA expression of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 in the TG was significantly higher at night than during the day. These results suggest that pain in the trigeminal nerve region is more intense at nighttime, when rodents are active, than during the daytime, partly due to differences in nociceptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Niiro
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Sachi N Ohno
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kanae A Yamagata
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Yamagata
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tomita
- Department of Applied Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eriko Kuramoto
- Department of Oral Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Oda
- Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takahiro J Nakamura
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Wataru Nakamura
- Unit of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Oral Chrono-Physiology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
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Sondereker KB, Stabio ME, Renna JM. Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image-forming and non-image-forming vision. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2044-2067. [PMID: 32003463 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin ganglion cells have defied convention since their discovery almost 20 years ago. In the years following, many types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged. In the mouse retina, there are currently six known types (M1-M6) of melanopsin ganglion cells, each with unique morphology, mosaics, connections, physiology, projections, and functions. While melanopsin-expressing cells are usually associated with behaviors like circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex, the characterization of multiple types has demonstrated a reach that may extend far beyond non-image-forming vision. In fact, studies have shown that individual types of melanopsin ganglion cells have the potential to impact image-forming functions like contrast sensitivity and color opponency. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the morphological and functional aspects of the six known types of melanopsin ganglion cells in the mouse retina and to highlight their respective roles in non-image-forming and image-forming vision. Although many melanopsin ganglion cell types do project to image-forming brain targets, it is important to note that this is only the first step in determining their influence on image-forming vision. Even so, the visual system has canonically been divided into these two functional realms and melanopsin ganglion cells have begun to challenge the boundary between them, providing an overlap of visual information that is complementary rather than redundant. Further studies on these ganglion cell photoreceptors will no doubt continue to illustrate an ever-expanding role for melanopsin ganglion cells in image-forming vision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maureen E Stabio
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Rupp AC, Ren M, Altimus CM, Fernandez DC, Richardson M, Turek F, Hattar S, Schmidt TM. Distinct ipRGC subpopulations mediate light's acute and circadian effects on body temperature and sleep. eLife 2019; 8:e44358. [PMID: 31333190 PMCID: PMC6650245 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The light environment greatly impacts human alertness, mood, and cognition by both acute regulation of physiology and indirect alignment of circadian rhythms. These processes require the melanopsin-expressing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), but the relevant downstream brain areas involved remain elusive. ipRGCs project widely in the brain, including to the central circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Here we show that body temperature and sleep responses to acute light exposure are absent after genetic ablation of all ipRGCs except a subpopulation that projects to the SCN. Furthermore, by chemogenetic activation of the ipRGCs that avoid the SCN, we show that these cells are sufficient for acute changes in body temperature. Our results challenge the idea that the SCN is a major relay for the acute effects of light on non-image forming behaviors and identify the sensory cells that initiate light's profound effects on body temperature and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Rupp
- Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Michelle Ren
- Department of NeurobiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Cara M Altimus
- Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | | | | | - Fred Turek
- Department of NeurobiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Samer Hattar
- Department of BiologyJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Tiffany M Schmidt
- Department of NeurobiologyNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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Nicholls SK, Casiraghi LP, Wang W, Weber ET, Harrington ME. Evidence for Internal Desynchrony Caused by Circadian Clock Resetting. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 92:259-270. [PMID: 31249487 PMCID: PMC6585527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian disruption has been linked to markers for poor health outcomes in humans and animal models. What is it about circadian disruption that is problematic? One hypothesis is that phase resetting of the circadian system, which occurs in response to changes in environmental timing cues, leads to internal desynchrony within the organism. Internal desynchrony is understood as acute changes in phase relationships between biological rhythms from different cell groups, tissues, or organs within the body. Do we have strong evidence for internal desynchrony associated with or caused by circadian clock resetting? Here we review the literature, highlighting several key studies from measures of gene expression in laboratory rodents. We conclude that current evidence offers strong support for the premise that some protocols for light-induced resetting are associated with internal desynchrony. It is important to continue research to test whether internal desynchrony is necessary and/or sufficient for negative health impact of circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wanqi Wang
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - E. Todd Weber
- Department of Biology, Behavioral Neuroscience and Health Sciences, Rider University, Lawrenceville, NJ
| | - Mary E. Harrington
- Neuroscience Program, Smith College, Northampton, MA,To whom all correspondence should be addressed: Mary Harrington, Neuroscience Program, Clark Science Center, 44 College Lane, Smith College, Northampton, MA 01060; Tel: (413) 585-3925; Fax: (413) 585-3786;
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10
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Pagel JF, Pandi-Perumal SR, Monti JM. Treating insomnia with medications. SLEEP SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2018. [DOI: 10.1186/s41606-018-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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11
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Zhang Z, Wang HJ, Wang DR, Qu WM, Huang ZL. Red light at intensities above 10 lx alters sleep-wake behavior in mice. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e16231. [PMID: 30167247 PMCID: PMC6062196 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2016.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is regulated by two mechanisms: the homeostatic process and the circadian clock. Light affects sleep and alertness by entraining the circadian clock, and acutely inducing sleep/alertness, in a manner mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Because intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells are believed to be minimally sensitive to red light, which is widely used for illumination to reduce the photic disturbance to nocturnal animals during the dark phase. However, the appropriate intensity of the red light is unknown. In the present study, we recorded electroencephalograms and electromyograms of freely moving mice to investigate the effects of red light emitted by light-emitting diodes at different intensities and for different durations on the sleep-wake behavior of mice. White light was used as a control. Unexpectedly, red light exerted potent sleep-inducing effects and changed the sleep architecture in terms of the duration and number of sleep episodes, the stage transition, and the EEG power density when the intensity was >20 lx. Subsequently, we lowered the light intensity and demonstrated that red light at or below 10 lx did not affect sleep-wake behavior. White light markedly induced sleep and disrupted sleep architecture even at an intensity as low as 10 lx. Our findings highlight the importance of limiting the intensity of red light (⩽10 lx) to avoid optical influence in nocturnal behavioral experiments, particularly in the field of sleep and circadian research.
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Zelinsky D, Feinberg C. Quantitative electroencephalograms and neuro-optometry: a case study that explores changes in electrophysiology while wearing therapeutic eyeglasses. NEUROPHOTONICS 2017; 4:011013. [PMID: 28386574 PMCID: PMC5350544 DOI: 10.1117/1.nph.4.1.011013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The brain is equipped with a complex system for processing sensory information, including retinal circuitry comprising part of the central nervous system. Retinal stimulation can influence brain function via customized eyeglasses at both subcortical and cortical levels. We investigated cortical effects from wearing therapeutic eyeglasses, hypothesizing that they can create measureable changes in electroencephalogram (EEG) tracings. A Z-BellSM test was performed on a participant to select optimal lenses. An EEG measurement was recorded before and after the participant wore the eyeglasses. Equivalent quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) analyses (statistical analysis on raw EEG recordings) were performed and compared with baseline findings. With glasses on, the participant's readings were found to be closer to the normed database. The original objective of our investigation was met, and additional findings were revealed. The Z-bellSM test identified lenses to influence neurotypical brain activity, supporting the paradigm that eyeglasses can be utilized as a therapeutic intervention. Also, EEG analysis demonstrated that encephalographic techniques can be used to identify channels through which neuro-optomertric treatments work. This case study's preliminary exploration illustrates the potential role of QEEG analysis and EEG-derived brain imaging in neuro-optometric research endeavors to affect brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Zelinsky
- The Mind-Eye Connection, Northbrook, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Deborah Zelinsky, E-mail:
| | - Corey Feinberg
- Meridian Behavioral Health Services, Northbrook, Illinois, United States
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Cajochen C, Chellappa SL. Commentary: Melanopsin Regulates Both Sleep-Promoting and Arousal-Promoting Responses to Light. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:94. [PMID: 27899883 PMCID: PMC5110526 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Transfaculty Research Platform Molecular and Cognitive Neurosciences, Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Basel, University of Basel Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sarah L Chellappa
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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