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Wilbrecht L, Lin WC, Callahan K, Bateson M, Myers K, Ross R. Experimental biology can inform our understanding of food insecurity. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb246215. [PMID: 38449329 PMCID: PMC10949070 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.246215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Food insecurity is a major public health issue. Millions of households worldwide have intermittent and unpredictable access to food and this experience is associated with greater risk for a host of negative health outcomes. While food insecurity is a contemporary concern, we can understand its effects better if we acknowledge that there are ancient biological programs that evolved to respond to the experience of food scarcity and uncertainty, and they may be particularly sensitive to food insecurity during development. Support for this conjecture comes from common findings in several recent animal studies that have modeled insecurity by manipulating predictability of food access in various ways. Using different experimental paradigms in different species, these studies have shown that experience of insecure access to food can lead to changes in weight, motivation and cognition. Some of these studies account for changes in weight through changes in metabolism, while others observe increases in feeding and motivation to work for food. It has been proposed that weight gain is an adaptive response to the experience of food insecurity as 'insurance' in an uncertain future, while changes in motivation and cognition may reflect strategic adjustments in foraging behavior. Animal studies also offer the opportunity to make in-depth controlled studies of mechanisms and behavior. So far, there is evidence that the experience of food insecurity can impact metabolic efficiency, reproductive capacity and dopamine neuron synapses. Further work on behavior, the central and peripheral nervous system, the gut and liver, along with variation in age of exposure, will be needed to better understand the full body impacts of food insecurity at different stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wan Chen Lin
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kathryn Callahan
- Psychiatric Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Melissa Bateson
- Bioscience Institute, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Kevin Myers
- Department of Psychology and Programs in Animal Behavior and Neuroscience, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA
| | - Rachel Ross
- Psychiatric Research Institute of Montefiore and Einstein, Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, NY 10467, USA
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2
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Xu Y, Jiang Z, Li H, Cai J, Jiang Y, Otiz-Guzman J, Xu Y, Arenkiel BR, Tong Q. Lateral septum as a melanocortin downstream site in obesity development. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112502. [PMID: 37171957 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanocortin pathway is well established to be critical for body-weight regulation in both rodents and humans. Despite extensive studies focusing on this pathway, the downstream brain sites that mediate its action are not clear. Here, we found that, among the known paraventricular hypothalamic (PVH) neuron groups, those expressing melanocortin receptors 4 (PVHMc4R) preferably project to the ventral part of the lateral septum (LSv), a brain region known to be involved in emotional behaviors. Photostimulation of PVHMc4R neuron terminals in the LSv reduces feeding and causes aversion, whereas deletion of Mc4Rs or disruption of glutamate release from LSv-projecting PVH neurons causes obesity. In addition, disruption of AMPA receptor function in PVH-projected LSv neurons causes obesity. Importantly, chronic inhibition of PVH- or PVHMc4R-projected LSv neurons causes obesity associated with reduced energy expenditure. Thus, the LSv functions as an important node in mediating melanocortin action on body-weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhong Xu
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Zhiying Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongli Li
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Cai
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Houston Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joshua Otiz-Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yong Xu
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arenkiel
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, and Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qingchun Tong
- Brown Foundation of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center & UTHealth Houston Graduate School for Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy of McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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The regulatory role of AP-2β in monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems: insights on its signalling pathway, linked disorders and theragnostic potential. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:151. [PMID: 36076256 PMCID: PMC9461128 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMonoaminergic neurotransmitter systems play a central role in neuronal function and behaviour. Dysregulation of these systems gives rise to neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders with high prevalence and societal burden, collectively termed monoamine neurotransmitter disorders (MNDs). Despite extensive research, the transcriptional regulation of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems is not fully explored. Interestingly, certain drugs that act on these systems have been shown to modulate central levels of the transcription factor AP-2 beta (AP-2β, gene: TFAP2Β). AP-2β regulates multiple key genes within these systems and thereby its levels correlate with monoamine neurotransmitters measures; yet, its signalling pathways are not well understood. Moreover, although dysregulation of TFAP2Β has been associated with MNDs, the underlying mechanisms for these associations remain elusive. In this context, this review addresses AP-2β, considering its basic structural aspects, regulation and signalling pathways in the controlling of monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems, and possible mechanisms underpinning associated MNDS. It also underscores the significance of AP-2β as a potential diagnostic biomarker and its potential and limitations as a therapeutic target for specific MNDs as well as possible pharmaceutical interventions for targeting it. In essence, this review emphasizes the role of AP-2β as a key regulator of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems and its importance for understanding the pathogenesis and improving the management of MNDs.
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Speakman JR, Elmquist JK. Obesity: an evolutionary context. LIFE METABOLISM 2022; 1:10-24. [PMID: 36394061 PMCID: PMC9642988 DOI: 10.1093/lifemeta/loac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
People completely lacking body fat (lipodystrophy/lipoatrophy) and those with severe obesity both show profound metabolic and other health issues. Regulating levels of body fat somewhere between these limits would, therefore, appear to be adaptive. Two different models might be contemplated. More traditional is a set point (SP) where the levels are regulated around a fixed level. Alternatively, dual-intervention point (DIP) is a system that tolerates fairly wide variation but is activated when critically high or low levels are breached. The DIP system seems to fit our experience much better than an SP, and models suggest that it is more likely to have evolved. A DIP system may have evolved because of two contrasting selection pressures. At the lower end, we may have been selected to avoid low levels of fat as a buffer against starvation, to avoid disease-induced anorexia, and to support reproduction. At the upper end, we may have been selected to avoid excess storage because of the elevated risks of predation. This upper limit of control seems to have malfunctioned because some of us deposit large fat stores, with important negative health effects. Why has evolution not protected us against this problem? One possibility is that the protective system slowly fell apart due to random mutations after we dramatically reduced the risk of being predated during our evolutionary history. By chance, it fell apart more in some people than others, and these people are now unable to effectively manage their weight in the face of the modern food glut. To understand the evolutionary context of obesity, it is important to separate the adaptive reason for storing some fat (i.e. the lower intervention point), from the nonadaptive reason for storing lots of fat (a broken upper intervention point). The DIP model has several consequences, showing how we understand the obesity problem and what happens when we attempt to treat it.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Speakman
- Corresponding author. John R Speakman, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Metabolic Health, Center for Energy Metabolism and Reproduction, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen, China. E-mail:
| | - Joel K Elmquist
- Joel K. Elmquist, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, Center for Hypothalamic Research, University of Texas Southwestern, 5323 Harry Hines blvd., Dallas, TX 75390, USA. E-mail:
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Ghosh-Swaby OR, Reichelt AC, Sheppard PAS, Davies J, Bussey TJ, Saksida LM. Metabolic hormones mediate cognition. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 66:101009. [PMID: 35679900 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent biochemical and behavioural evidence indicates that metabolic hormones not only regulate energy intake and nutrient content, but also modulate plasticity and cognition in the central nervous system. Disruptions in metabolic hormone signalling may provide a link between metabolic syndromes like obesity and diabetes, and cognitive impairment. For example, altered metabolic homeostasis in obesity is a strong determinant of the severity of age-related cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. Here we review the evidence that eating behaviours and metabolic hormones-particularly ghrelin, leptin, and insulin-are key players in the delicate regulation of neural plasticity and cognition. Caloric restriction and antidiabetic therapies, both of which affect metabolic hormone levels can restore metabolic homeostasis and enhance cognitive function. Thus, metabolic hormone pathways provide a promising target for the treatment of cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia R Ghosh-Swaby
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Amy C Reichelt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Paul A S Sheppard
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Davies
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Timothy J Bussey
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lisa M Saksida
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Neuroscience Program, Western University, London, ON, Canada; Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada.
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6
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Santos RPM, Ribeiro R, Ferreira-Vieira TH, Aires RD, de Souza JM, Oliveira BS, Lima ALD, de Oliveira ACP, Reis HJ, de Miranda AS, Vieira EML, Ribeiro FM, Vieira LB. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 knockout rescues obesity phenotype in a mouse model of Huntington's disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5621. [PMID: 35379852 PMCID: PMC8980063 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08924-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity represents a global health problem and is characterized by metabolic dysfunctions and a low-grade chronic inflammatory state, which can increase the risk of comorbidities, such as atherosclerosis, diabetes and insulin resistance. Here we tested the hypothesis that the genetic deletion of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) may rescue metabolic and inflammatory features present in BACHD mice, a mouse model of Huntington's disease (HD) with an obese phenotype. For that, we crossed BACHD and mGluR5 knockout mice (mGluR5-/-) in order to obtain the following groups: Wild type (WT), mGluR5-/-, BACHD and BACHD/mGluR5-/- (double mutant mice). Our results showed that the double mutant mice present decreased body weight as compared to BACHD mice in all tested ages and reduced visceral adiposity as compared to BACHD at 6 months of age. Additionally, 12-month-old double mutant mice present increased adipose tissue levels of adiponectin, decreased leptin levels, and increased IL-10/TNF ratio as compared to BACHD mice. Taken together, our preliminary data propose that the absence of mGluR5 reduce weight gain and visceral adiposity in BACHD mice, along with a decrease in the inflammatory state in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT), which may indicate that mGluR5 may play a role in adiposity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca P M Santos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Roberta Ribeiro
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Talita H Ferreira-Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- Faculdade Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Rosaria D Aires
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
- Faculdade Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, Brazil
| | - Jessica M de Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Bruna S Oliveira
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza D Lima
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos P de Oliveira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Helton J Reis
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline S de Miranda
- Departamento de Morfologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Erica M L Vieira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Departamento de Farmacologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Ave. Antonio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, CEP 31270-901, Brazil.
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Rehn S, Raymond JS, Boakes RA, Leenaars CHC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal models of binge eating - Part 1: Definitions and food/drink intake outcomes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:1137-1156. [PMID: 34742923 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Binge eating involves consuming excessive amounts of food within a discrete period of time and is associated with significant impairments in binge-eating disorder and bulimia nervosa. While research on clinical binge eating has provided valuable aetiological insights, animal models allow for closer examination of environmental, biological, and developmental risk factors. Numerous animal models of binge eating exist and differ widely in operational definitions of bingeing, animal characteristics and methodological parameters. The current review aimed to synthesise the available published evidence on these models. A systematic review of binge definitions in 170 articles found most studies displayed good face validity. Meta-analyses on 150 articles confirmed that the amount of food or drink consumed by animals under binge conditions was larger than that of non-binge conditions across many protocols. The meta-regression revealed species, strain, and sex moderated binge effect size, with the largest effect observed in studies with female animals and mice. Risk of bias assessment identified that improved reporting of allocation, baseline characteristics and outcome assessment is required in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Rehn
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia.
| | - Joel S Raymond
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia; The University of Sydney, Brain and Mind Centre, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Robert A Boakes
- The University of Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Psychology, Sydney, 2006 NSW, Australia
| | - Cathalijn H C Leenaars
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Department for Health Evidence, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6600, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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König N, Bimpisidis Z, Dumas S, Wallén-Mackenzie Å. Selective Knockout of the Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 ( Vmat2) Gene in Calbindin2/Calretinin-Positive Neurons Results in Profound Changes in Behavior and Response to Drugs of Abuse. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:578443. [PMID: 33240055 PMCID: PMC7680758 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.578443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) has a range of functions in the central nervous system, from sequestering toxins to providing conditions for the quantal release of monoaminergic neurotransmitters. Monoamine signaling regulates diverse functions from arousal to mood, movement, and motivation, and dysregulation of VMAT2 function is implicated in various neuropsychiatric diseases. While all monoamine-releasing neurons express the Vmat2 gene, only a subset is positive for the calcium-binding protein Calbindin 2 (Calb2; aka Calretinin, 29 kDa Calbindin). We recently showed that about half of the dopamine neurons in the mouse midbrain are positive for Calb2 and that Calb2 is an early developmental marker of midbrain dopamine cells. Calb2-positive neurons have also been identified in other monoaminergic areas, yet the role of Calb2-positive monoaminergic neurons is poorly understood. To selectively address the impact of Calb2-positive monoaminergic neurons in behavioral regulation, we took advantage of the Cre-LoxP system to create a new conditional knockout (cKO) mouse line in which Vmat2 expression is deleted selectively in Calb2-Cre-positive neurons. In this Vmat2lox/lox;Calb2−Cre cKO mouse line, gene targeting of Vmat2 was observed in several distinct monoaminergic areas. By comparing control and cKO mice in a series of behavioral tests, specific dissimilarities were identified. In particular, cKO mice were smaller than control mice and showed heightened sensitivity to the stereotypy-inducing effects of amphetamine and slight reductions in preference toward sucrose and ethanol, as well as a blunted response in the elevated plus maze test. These data uncover new knowledge about the role of genetically defined subtypes of neurons in the brain’s monoaminergic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas König
- Unit of Comparative Physiology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zisis Bimpisidis
- Unit of Comparative Physiology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Åsa Wallén-Mackenzie
- Unit of Comparative Physiology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Yagin NL, Aliasgari F, Alizadeh M, Aliasgharzadeh S, Mahdavi R. Comparison of endocannabinoids levels, FAAH gene polymorphisms, and appetite regulatory substances in women with and without binge eating disorder: a cross- sectional study. Nutr Res 2020; 83:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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10
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Ventral tegmental area GABAergic neurons induce anxiety-like behaviors and promote palatable food intake. Neuropharmacology 2020; 173:108114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Gorelenkova Miller O, Mieyal JJ. Critical Roles of Glutaredoxin in Brain Cells-Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 30:1352-1368. [PMID: 29183158 PMCID: PMC6391617 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Glutaredoxin (Grx)1, an evolutionarily conserved and ubiquitous enzyme, regulates redox signal transduction and protein redox homeostasis by catalyzing reversible S-glutathionylation. Grx1 plays different roles in different cell types. In Parkinson's disease (PD), Grx1 regulates apoptosis signaling in dopaminergic neurons, so that loss of Grx1 leads to increased cell death; in microglial cells, Grx1 regulates proinflammatory signaling, so that upregulation of Grx1 promotes cytokine production. Here we examine the regulatory roles of Grx1 in PD with a view toward therapeutic innovation. Recent Advances: In postmortem midbrain PD samples, Grx1 was decreased relative to controls, specifically within dopaminergic neurons. In Caenorhabditis elegans models of PD, loss of the Grx1 homologue led to exacerbation of the neurodegenerative phenotype. This effect was partially relieved by overexpression of neuroprotective DJ-1, consistent with regulation of DJ-1 content by Grx1. Increased GLRX copy number in PD patients was associated with earlier PD onset; and Grx1 levels correlated with levels of proinflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α in mouse and human brain samples. In vitro studies showed Grx1 to be upregulated on proinflammatory activation of microglia. Direct overexpression of Grx1 increased microglial activation; silencing Grx1 diminished activation. Grx1 upregulation in microglia corresponded to increased neuronal cell death in coculture. Overall, these studies identify competing roles of Grx1 in PD etiology. CRITICAL ISSUES The dilemma regarding Grx1 as a PD therapeutic target is whether to stimulate its upregulation for neuroprotection or inhibit its proinflammatory activity. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Further investigation is needed to understand the preponderant role of Grx1 regarding dopaminergic neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Gorelenkova Miller
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - John J Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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Gilloteaux J, Subramanian K, Solomon N, Nicaise C. The leptin receptor mutation of the obese Zucker rat causes sciatic nerve demyelination with a centripetal pattern defect. Ultrastruct Pathol 2018; 42:377-408. [PMID: 30339059 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2018.1522405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Young male Zucker rats with a leptin receptor mutation are obese, have a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), and other endocrinopathies. Tibial branches of the sciatic nerve reveal a progressive demyelination that progresses out of the Schwann cells (SCs) where electron-contrast deposits are accumulated while the minor lines or intermembranous SC contacts display exaggerated spacings. Cajal bands contain diversely contrasted vesicles adjacent to the abaxonal myelin layer with blemishes; they appear dispatched centripetally out of many narrow electron densities, regularly spaced around the myelin annulus. These anomalies widen and yield into sectors across the stacked myelin layers. Throughout the worse degradations, the adaxonal membrane remains along the axonal neuroplasm. This peripheral neuropathy with irresponsive leptin cannot modulate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and SC neurosteroids, thus exacerbates NIDDM condition. Additionally, the ultrastructure of the progressive myelin alterations may have unraveled a peculiar, centripetal mode of trafficking maintenance of the peripheral nervous system myelin, while some adhesive glycoproteins remain between myelin layers, somewhat hindering the axon mutilation. Heading title: Peripheral neuropathy and myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,b Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), Laboratoire de Neurodégénérescence et Régénération, Département de Médecine , Université de Namur , Namur , Belgium
| | - Kritika Subramanian
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,c Department of Clinical and Epidemiological Virology , Rega Institute of Medical Research, Katholiele Universiteit Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Nadia Solomon
- a Department of Anatomical Sciences , St George's University School of Medicine, K.B. Taylor Global Scholar's Program at Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Charles Nicaise
- b Unité de Recherche en Physiologie Moléculaire (URPhyM), Laboratoire de Neurodégénérescence et Régénération, Département de Médecine , Université de Namur , Namur , Belgium
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13
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Novelle MG, Diéguez C. Unravelling the role and mechanism of adipokine and gastrointestinal signals in animal models in the nonhomeostatic control of energy homeostasis: Implications for binge eating disorder. EUROPEAN EATING DISORDERS REVIEW 2018; 26:551-568. [DOI: 10.1002/erv.2641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta G. Novelle
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS); University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Santiago de Compostela Spain
| | - Carlos Diéguez
- Department of Physiology, Centre for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS); University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IDIS), CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Santiago de Compostela Spain
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