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Zuo S, Wang Z, Jiang X, Zhao Y, Wen P, Wang J, Li J, Tanaka M, Dan S, Zhang Y, Wang Z. Regulating tumor innervation by nanodrugs potentiates cancer immunochemotherapy and relieve chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain. Biomaterials 2024; 309:122603. [PMID: 38713972 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Sympathetic nerves play a pivotal role in promoting tumor growth through crosstalk with tumor and stromal cells. Chemotherapy exacerbates the infiltration of sympathetic nerves into tumors, thereby providing a rationale for inhibiting sympathetic innervation to enhance chemotherapy. Here, we discovered that doxorubicin increases the density and activity of sympathetic nerves in breast cancer mainly by upregulating the expression of nerve growth factors (NGFs) in cancer cells. To address this, we developed a combination therapy by co-encapsulating small interfering RNA (siRNA) and doxorubicin within breast cancer-targeted poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, aiming to suppress NGF expression post-chemotherapy. Incorporating NGF blockade into the nanoplatform for chemotherapy effectively mitigated the chemotherapy-induced proliferation of sympathetic nerves. This not only bolstered the tumoricidal activity of chemotherapy, but also amplified its stimulatory impact on the antitumor immune response by increasing the infiltration of immunostimulatory cells into tumors while concurrently reducing the frequency of immunosuppressive cells. Consequently, the combined nanodrug approach, when coupled with anti-PD-L1 treatment, exhibited a remarkable suppression of primary and deeply metastatic tumors with minimal systematic toxicity. Importantly, the nanoplatform relieved chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathic pain (CIPNP) by diminishing the expression of pain mediator NGFs. In summary, this research underscores the significant potential of NGF knockdown in enhancing immunochemotherapy outcomes and presents a nanoplatform for the highly efficient and low-toxicity treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Zuo
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Xiaoman Jiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, PR China
| | - Yuewu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Panyue Wen
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Jine Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China
| | - Junjie Li
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shao Dan
- National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, PR China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, PR China.
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Marzulli M, Hall BL, Zhang M, Goins WF, Cohen JB, Glorioso JC. Novel mutations in U L24 and gH rescue efficient infection of an HSV vector retargeted to TrkA. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 30:208-220. [PMID: 37519407 PMCID: PMC10384243 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Transductional targeting of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-based gene therapy vectors offers the potential for improved tissue-specific delivery and can be achieved by modification of the viral entry machinery to incorporate ligands that bind the desired cell surface proteins. The interaction of nerve growth factor (NGF) with tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) is essential for survival of sensory neurons during development and is involved in chronic pain signaling. We targeted HSV infection to TrkA-bearing cells by replacing the signal peptide and HVEM binding domain of glycoprotein D (gD) with pre-pro-NGF. This TrkA-targeted virus (KNGF) infected cells via both nectin-1 and TrkA. However, infection through TrkA was inefficient, prompting a genetic search for KNGF mutants showing enhanced infection following repeat passage on TrkA-expressing cells. These studies revealed unique point mutations in envelope glycoprotein gH and in UL24, a factor absent from mature particles. Together these mutations rescued efficient infection of TrkA-expressing cells, including neurons, and facilitated the production of a completely retargeted KNGF derivative. These studies provide insight into HSV vector improvements that will allow production of replication-defective TrkA-targeted HSV for delivery to the peripheral nervous system and may be applied to other retargeted vector studies in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Marzulli
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bonnie L. Hall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Mingdi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William F. Goins
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Justus B. Cohen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph C. Glorioso
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Du J, Wang Z, Liu X, Hu C, Yarema KJ, Jia X. Improving Schwann Cell Differentiation from Human Adipose Stem Cells with Metabolic Glycoengineering. Cells 2023; 12:1190. [PMID: 37190099 PMCID: PMC10136940 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are myelinating cells that promote peripheral nerve regeneration. When nerve lesions form, SCs are destroyed, ultimately hindering nerve repair. The difficulty in treating nerve repair is exacerbated due to SC's limited and slow expansion capacity. Therapeutic use of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is emerging in combating peripheral nerve injury due to these cells' SC differentiation capability and can be harvested easily in large numbers. Despite ASC's therapeutic potential, their transdifferentiation period typically takes more than two weeks. In this study, we demonstrate that metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) technology enhances ASC differentiation into SCs. Specifically, the sugar analog Ac5ManNTProp (TProp), which modulates cell surface sialylation, significantly improved ASC differentiation with upregulated SC protein S100β and p75NGFR expression and elevated the neurotrophic factors nerve growth factor beta (NGFβ) and glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). TProp treatment remarkably reduced the SC transdifferentiation period from about two weeks to two days in vitro, which has the potential to improve neuronal regeneration and facilitate future use of ASCs in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MST 823, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Zihui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MST 823, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MST 823, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Cecilia Hu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MST 823, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Translational Cell and Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 10 South Pine Street, MST 823, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Staszkiewicz R, Gładysz D, Gralewski M, Bryś K, Garczarek M, Gadzieliński M, Marcol W, Sobański D, Grabarek BO. Usefulness of Detecting Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Intervertebral Disc Degeneration of the Lumbosacral Spine. Med Sci Monit 2023; 29:e938663. [PMID: 36642939 PMCID: PMC9854178 DOI: 10.12659/msm.938663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In determining the etiology of pain of discogenic origin, attention is paid to the role of neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Considering the potential role of BDNF in the etiology of pain during intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD), this study aimed to assess changes in the number of BDNF-positive nerve fibers and levels of BDNF in IVDD of the lumbosacral spine in comparison to intervertebral discs (IVDs) of the control group (cadavers). MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group comprised 113 patients with IVDD of the lumbosacral spine. The control group consisted of 81 people (cadavers). We performed hematoxylin-eosin staining to assess IVD structures (degeneration), immunohistochemistry to determine the number of BDNF-positive nerve fibers, and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and western blot to quantify BDNF levels in IVDs. RESULTS Levels of BDNF in the study group were significantly higher than in the control group (17.91±19.58 pg/mg; P<0.05). Furthermore, BDNF levels were significantly higher in the annulus fibrosus compared to the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc (5.50±6.40 pg/mg; P<0.05). Neither the number of BDNF-positive nerves (P=0.359) nor BDNF concentration (P=0.706) were significantly correlated with the degree of perceived pain. The number of BDNF-positive fibers per 1 mm2 was not found to differ significantly according to the radiological degree of degeneration of the lumbosacral spine based on the Pfirrmann scale (P=0.735). CONCLUSIONS The level of BDNF expression may be indicative of IVD degeneration, although it does not predict the degree of this degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dorian Gładysz
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marcin Gralewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Kamil Bryś
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
| | - Michał Garczarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marcin Gadzieliński
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland
| | - Wiesław Marcol
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland,Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Specialist Hospital No. 2 in Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Jastrzębie-Zdrój, Poland
| | - Dawid Sobański
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland,Department of Neurosurgery, Szpital św. Rafała, Cracow, Poland
| | - Beniamin Oskar Grabarek
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5 Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Cracow, Cracow, Poland,Department of Histology, Cytophysiology, and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, Zabrze, Poland
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Morais FA, Lemos IS, Matiola RT, Freitas MLS, Alano CG, Cabral J, Wessler LB, Generoso JS, Scaini G, Réus GZ, Streck EL. Coadministration of tianeptine alters behavioral parameters and levels of neurotrophins in a chronic model of Maple Syrup Urine disease. Metab Brain Dis 2022; 37:1585-1596. [PMID: 35394251 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-00969-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) is caused by the deficiency in the activity of the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKDC), resulting in the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) leucine, isoleucine, and valine, and their respective branched-chain α-keto acids. Patients with MSUD are at high risk of developing chronic neuropsychiatric disorders; however, the pathophysiology of brain damage in these patients remains unclear. We hypothesize that MSUD can cause depressive symptoms in patients. To test our hypothesis, Wistar rats were submitted to the BCAA and tianeptine (antidepressant) administration for 21 days, starting seven days postnatal. Depression-like symptoms were assessed by testing for anhedonia and forced swimming after treatments. After the last test, the brain structures were dissected for the evaluation of neutrophins. We demonstrate that chronic BCAA administration induced depressive-like behavior, increased BDNF levels, and decreased NGF levels, suggesting a relationship between BCAA toxicity and brain damage, as observed in patients with MSUD. However, the administration of tianeptine was effective in preventing behavioral changes and restoring neurotrophins levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio A Morais
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Isabela S Lemos
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Rafaela T Matiola
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Maria Luísa S Freitas
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Carolina G Alano
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Julia Cabral
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Leticia B Wessler
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Jaqueline S Generoso
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Gislaine Z Réus
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Translacional, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil
| | - Emilio L Streck
- Laboratório de Doenças Neurometabólicas, Laboratório de Neurologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, SC, Brasil.
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Lin J, Shi J, Min X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Cheng L. The GDF11 Promotes Nerve Regeneration After Sciatic Nerve Injury in Adult Rats by Promoting Axon Growth and Inhibiting Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:803052. [PMID: 35059389 PMCID: PMC8764262 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.803052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sciatic nerve injury is a common injury of the nervous system. Stem cell-based therapies, drug-based therapies and rehabilitation physiotherapy therapies are currently available, but their limited therapeutic efficacy limits their use. Here, we aimed to explore a novel lentiviral-based gene therapeutic strategy and to elaborate its mechanism. Materials and Methods: Recombinant GDF11 protein was used for the in vitro treatment of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Lentivirus was used to construct a vector system for the in vivo expression of GDF11. The nerve conduction function was detected using action-evoked potentials at different time periods, and the regulatory effect of nerves on target organs was detected by weighing the gastrocnemius muscle. Immunofluorescence of NF200 and S100 was used to show the regeneration of the sciatic nerve, and myelin and Nissl staining were performed to observe the pathological features of the tissue. Western was used to validate signaling pathways. The expression of related genes was observed by qPCR and Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. Result: GDF11 promotes the axonal growth of DRG cells and inhibits DGR cell apoptosis in vitro. GDF11 acts by activating the Smad pathway. GDF11 promotes the recovery of damaged sciatic nerve function in rats, the regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats, and myelin regeneration of damaged sciatic nerves in rats. GDF11 also exerts a protective effect on neuronal cells in rats. Conclusion: Based on the present study, we conclude that GDF11 promotes axonal growth and inhibits DRG cell apoptosis in vitro through the Smad pathway, and lentivirus-mediated GDF11 overexpression in vivo can promote the recovery of sciatic nerves after transection by promoting axonal growth and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiang Min
- Department of Health Management Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yuanqiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Hyperoside Attenuate Inflammation in HT22 Cells via Upregulating SIRT1 to Activities Wnt/ β-Catenin and Sonic Hedgehog Pathways. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:8706400. [PMID: 34221003 PMCID: PMC8213468 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8706400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of altered neurodevelopment, sensorineural hearing loss, and certain neurodegenerative diseases. Hyperoside (quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactoside) is an active compound isolated from Hypericum plants. In this study, we investigate the protective effect of hyperoside on neuroinflammation and its possible molecular mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and hyperoside were used to treat HT22 cells. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay. The cell apoptosis rate was measured by flow cytometry assay. The mRNA expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The levels of oxidative stress indices superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured by the kits. The expression of neurotrophic factor and the relationship among hyperoside, silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1 (SIRT1) and Wnt/β-catenin, and sonic hedgehog was examined by western blotting. In the LPS-induced HT22 cells, hyperoside promotes cell survival; alleviates the level of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, ROS, MDA, Bax, and caspase-3; and increases the expression of CAT, SOD, GSH, Bcl-2, BDNF, TrkB, and NGF. In addition, hyperoside upregulated the expression of SIRT1. Further mechanistic investigation showed that hyperoside alleviated LPS-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis by upregulating SIRT1 to activate Wnt/β-catenin and sonic hedgehog pathways. Taken together, our data suggested that hyperoside acts as a protector in neuroinflammation.
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