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Sanetra AM, Jeczmien-Lazur JS, Pradel K, Klich JD, Palus-Chramiec K, Janik ME, Bajkacz S, Izowit G, Nathan C, Piggins HD, Delogu A, Belle MD, Lewandowski MH, Chrobok L. A novel developmental critical period of orexinergic signaling in the primary visual thalamus. iScience 2024; 27:110352. [PMID: 39055917 PMCID: PMC11269934 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The orexinergic system of the lateral hypothalamus plays crucial roles in arousal, feeding behavior, and reward modulation. Most research has focused on adult rodents, overlooking orexins' potential role in the nervous system development. This study, using electrophysiological and molecular tools, highlights importance of orexinergic signaling in the postnatal development of the rodent dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (DLG), a primary visual thalamic center. Orexin activation of DLG thalamocortical neurons occurs in a brief seven-day window around eye-opening, concurrent to transient OX2 receptor expression. Blocking OX2 receptors during this period reduces sensitivity of DLG neurons to green and blue light and lowers spontaneous firing rates in adulthood. This research reveals critical and temporally confined role of orexin signaling in postnatal brain development, emphasizing its contribution to experience-dependent refinement in the DLG and its long-term impact on visual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M. Sanetra
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jagoda S. Jeczmien-Lazur
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil Pradel
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Institute for Systems Physiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jasmin D. Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Palus-Chramiec
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcelina E. Janik
- Department of Glycoconjugate Biochemistry, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gabriela Izowit
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Christian Nathan
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Labs, Streatham Campus, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Hugh D. Piggins
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alessio Delogu
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mino D.C. Belle
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Labs, Streatham Campus, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter, Devon, UK
| | - Marian H. Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Alkan AA, Arslan B, Özcan D, Tekin K. Serum neopterin and orexin-A levels in different stages of diabetic retinopathy. Clin Exp Optom 2024:1-7. [PMID: 39009974 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2024.2374875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE Retinopathy is one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus and is the leading cause of vision loss in the working middle-aged population. BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the value of neopterin and orexin-A levels in patients with diabetes mellitus with different stages of diabetic retinopathy and without diabetic retinopathy and to compare those findings with results from healthy individuals without diabetes mellitus. METHODS In total, 65 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 22 healthy individuals without diabetes mellitus were enrolled in this prospective study. The participants were separated into four subgroups. The first subgroup included 25 patients without diabetic retinopathy, the second subgroup included 20 patients non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy, the third subgroup included 20 patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy, and the fourth subgroup included 22 healthy individuals without diabetes mellitus as controls. Serum neopterin and orexin-A levels were analysed and compared among the groups. RESULTS The age and gender of the participants between the four subgroups were not statistically significantly different (p > 0.05). The mean neopterin levels were significantly higher in patients included in the diabetes mellitus subgroups compared with the controls (p < 0.001). Neopterin levels significantly increased as diabetic retinopathy progressed within the diabetes mellitus subgroups. Mean orexin-A levels were significantly lower in the diabetes mellitus subgroups compared with the controls (p < 0.001); however, orexin-A levels were not significantly different within the diabetes mellitus subgroups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with diabetes mellitus have higher serum neopterin and lower serum orexin-A levels compared with healthy individuals without diabetes mellitus. Moreover, serum neopterin levels increase with progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burak Arslan
- Department of Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Delil Özcan
- Ophthalmology Department, Seyrantepe Hamidiye Etfal Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kemal Tekin
- Ophthalmology Department, Ulucanlar Eye Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Haddad M, Khazali H, Janahmadi M, Ghanbarian H. The differential effects of blocking retinal orexin receptors on the expression of retinal c-fos and hypothalamic Vip, PACAP, Bmal1, and c-fos in Male Wistar Rats. Exp Eye Res 2024; 244:109943. [PMID: 38797259 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2024.109943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Orexin A and B (OXA and OXB) and their receptors are expressed in the majority of retinal neurons in humans, rats, and mice. Orexins modulate signal transmission between the different layers of the retina. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the retina are central and peripheral components of the body's biological clocks; respectively. The SCN receives photic information from the retina through the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT) to synchronize bodily functions with environmental changes. In present study, we aimed to investigate the impact of inhibiting retinal orexin receptors on the expression of retinal Bmal1 and c-fos, as well as hypothalamic c-fos, Bmal1, Vip, and PACAP at four different time-points (Zeitgeber time; ZT 3, 6, 11, and ZT-0). The intravitreal injection (IVI) of OX1R antagonist (SB-334867) and OX2R antagonist (JNJ-10397049) significantly up-regulated c-fos expression in the retina. Additionally, compared to the control group, the combined injection of SB-334867 and JNJ-10397049 showed a greater increase in retinal expression of this gene. Moreover, the expression of hypothalamic Vip and PACAP was significantly up-regulated in both the SB-334867 and JNJ-10397049 groups. In contrast, the expression of Bmal1 was down-regulated. Furthermore, the expression of hypothalamic c-fos was down-regulated in all groups treated with SB-334867 and JNJ-10397049. Additionally, the study demonstrated that blocking these receptors in the retina resulted in alterations in circadian rhythm parameters such as mesor, amplitude, and acrophase. Finally, it affected the phase of gene expression rhythms in both the retina and hypothalamus, as identified through cosinor analysis and the zero-amplitude test. This study represents the initial exploration of how retinal orexin receptors influence expression of rhythmic genes in the retina and hypothalamus. These findings could provide new insights into how the retina regulates the circadian rhythm in both regions and illuminate the role of the orexinergic system expression within the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haddad
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria; Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Grujic N, Polania R, Burdakov D. Neurobehavioral meaning of pupil size. Neuron 2024:S0896-6273(24)00406-9. [PMID: 38925124 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2024.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Pupil size is a widely used metric of brain state. It is one of the few signals originating from the brain that can be readily monitored with low-cost devices in basic science, clinical, and home settings. It is, therefore, important to investigate and generate well-defined theories related to specific interpretations of this metric. What exactly does it tell us about the brain? Pupils constrict in response to light and dilate during darkness, but the brain also controls pupil size irrespective of luminosity. Pupil size fluctuations resulting from ongoing "brain states" are used as a metric of arousal, but what is pupil-linked arousal and how should it be interpreted in neural, cognitive, and computational terms? Here, we discuss some recent findings related to these issues. We identify open questions and propose how to answer them through a combination of well-defined tasks, neurocomputational models, and neurophysiological probing of the interconnected loops of causes and consequences of pupil size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Grujic
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Lab, ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
| | - Rafael Polania
- Decision Neuroscience Lab, ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Winterthurstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Lab, ETH Zürich, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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Shin H, Kim J, Choi SR, Kang DW, Moon JY, Roh DH, Bae M, Hwang J, Kim HW. Antinociceptive effect of intermittent fasting via the orexin pathway on formalin-induced acute pain in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20245. [PMID: 37985842 PMCID: PMC10661460 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that stress responses induced by fasting have analgesic effects on nociception by elevating the levels of stress-related hormones, while there is limited understanding of pain control mechanisms. Here, we investigated whether acute or intermittent fasting alleviates formalin-induced pain in mice and whether spinal orexin A (OXA) plays a role in this process. 6, 12, or 24 h acute fasting (AF) and 12 or 24 h intermittent fasting (IF) decreased the second phase of pain after intraplantar formalin administration. There was no difference in walking time in the rota-rod test and distance traveld in the open field test in all groups. Plasma corticosterone level and immobility time in the forced swim test were increased after 12 h AF, but not after 12 h IF. 12 h AF and IF increased not only the activation of OXA neurons in the lateral hypothalamus but also the expression of OXA in the lateral hypothalamus and spinal cord. Blockade of spinal orexin 1 receptor with SB334867 restored formalin-induced pain and spinal c-Fos immunoreactivity that were decreased after 12 h IF. These results suggest that 12 h IF produces antinociceptive effects on formalin-induced pain not by corticosterone elevation but by OXA-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Shin
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
- CNS Team, N-DIC, Hwaseong, 18469, Korea
| | - Sheu-Ran Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Gangneung, 25601, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Kang
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Animal Protection and Welfare Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, 39660, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Roh
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea
| | - Miok Bae
- Preclinical Research Center, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Jungmo Hwang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Physiology and Medical Science, College of Medicine and Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, 266 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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Chen D, Sun YY, Zhou LY, Han X, Yang S, Hong FY, Yuan Y, Wu XH, Huang GH, Cheng YC, Huang J, Feng DF. Knockdown of Porf-2 restores visual function after optic nerve crush injury. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:570. [PMID: 37640747 PMCID: PMC10462692 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), the sole output neurons in the eyes, are vulnerable to diverse insults in many pathological conditions, which can lead to permanent vision dysfunction. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that contribute to protecting RGCs and their axons from injuries are not completely known. Here, we identify that Porf-2, a member of the Rho GTPase activating protein gene group, is upregulated in RGCs after optic nerve crush. Knockdown of Porf-2 protects RGCs from apoptosis and promotes long-distance optic nerve regeneration after crush injury in both young and aged mice in vivo. In vitro, we find that inhibition of Porf-2 induces axon growth and growth cone formation in retinal explants. Inhibition of Porf-2 provides long-term and post-injury protection to RGCs and eventually promotes the recovery of visual function after crush injury in mice. These findings reveal a neuroprotective impact of the inhibition of Porf-2 on RGC survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury, providing a potential therapeutic strategy for vision restoration in patients with traumatic optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Yi-Yu Sun
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Lai-Yang Zhou
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Xu Han
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Fei-Yang Hong
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Hua Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Guo-Hui Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Yuan-Chi Cheng
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China
| | - Ju Huang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Dong-Fu Feng
- Southern Medical University Affiliated Fengxian Hospital, Shanghai, 201499, China.
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Grujic N, Tesmer A, Bracey E, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Control and coding of pupil size by hypothalamic orexin neurons. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01365-w. [PMID: 37336973 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01365-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Brain orexin (hypocretin) neurons are implicated in sleep-wake switching and reward-seeking but their roles in rapid arousal dynamics and reward perception are unclear. Here, cell-specific stimulation, deletion and in vivo recordings revealed strong correlative and causal links between pupil dilation-a quantitative arousal marker-and orexin cell activity. Coding of arousal and reward was distributed across orexin cells, indicating that they specialize in rapid, multiplexed communication of momentary arousal and reward states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Grujic
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Tesmer
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Ed Bracey
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schwerzenbach, Switzerland.
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8
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Haddad M, Khazali H, Janahmadi M, Ghanbarian H. Inhibition of the retinal orexin receptors affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis through retinal pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in male Wistar rats. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2023; 337:114242. [PMID: 36801394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2023.114242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Orexins A and B (OXA and OXB) and their receptors are expressed in the retina of both human and rodents and play a vital role in regulating signal transmission circuits in the retina. There is an anatomical-physiological relationship between the retinal ganglion cells and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) through glutamate as a neurotransmitter and retinal pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as a co-transmitter. SCN is the main brain center for regulating the circadian rhythm, which governs the reproductive axis. The impact of retinal orexin receptors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis has not been investigated. Retinal OX1R or/and OX2R in adult male rats by 3 µl of SB-334867 (1 µg) or/and 3 µl of JNJ-10397049 (2 µg) were antagonized via intravitreal injection (IVI). Four time-periods were considered (3, 6, 12, and 24 h) for the controls without any treatment, SB-334867, JNJ-10397049, and SB-334867 + JNJ-10397049 groups. Antagonizing retinal OX1R or/and OX2R resulted in a significant elevation of retinal PACAP expression compared to control animals. In addition, expression of GnRH increased non-significantly in the hypothalamus over the 6 h of the study, and the serum concentration of LH decreased significantly in the SB-334867 group after 3 h of injection. Furthermore, testosterone serum levels declined significantly, especially within 3 h of injection; serum levels of progesterone were also exposed to a significant rise at least within 3 h of injection. However, the retinal PACAP expression changes were mediated by OX1R more effectively than by OX2R. In this study, we report the retinal orexins and their receptors as light-independent factors by which the retina affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Haddad
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Homayoun Khazali
- Department of Animal Sciences and Marine Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahyar Janahmadi
- Neuroscience Research Center and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Ghanbarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Wang Y, Sun Q, Tang Q, Zhang Y, Tang M, Wang D, Wang Z. Progress of autonomic disturbances in narcolepsy type 1. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1107632. [PMID: 36949858 PMCID: PMC10025459 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1107632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 is a kind of sleep disorder characterized by a specific loss of hypocretin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus and reduced levels of hypocretin-1 in the cerebrospinal fluid. Hypocretin deficiency is associated with autonomic disorders. This article summarizes the autonomic disorders and possible mechanisms associated with narcolepsy type 1. Patients with narcolepsy type 1 often have various systemic autonomic symptoms, including non-dipping blood pressure, reduced heart rate variability, dynamic cerebral autoregulation impairment, reduced gastric motility and emptying, sleep-related erectile dysfunction, skin temperature abnormalities, and blunted pupillary light reflex. Similar findings should strengthen the recognition and intervention of these disturbances in clinical practice. In addition to hypocretin deficiency, current evidence also indicates that pharmacological therapy (including psychostimulants and anti-cataplectic drugs) and comorbidities may contribute to the alterations of autonomic system observed in narcolepsy type 1.
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10
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Hu S, Wang Y, Han X, Dai M, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Weng S, Xiao L. Activation of oxytocin receptors in mouse GABAergic amacrine cells modulates retinal dopaminergic signaling. BMC Biol 2022; 20:205. [PMID: 36127701 PMCID: PMC9490981 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Oxytocin, secreted by oxytocin neurons in the hypothalamus, is an endogenous neuropeptide involved in modulating multiple sensory information processing pathways, and its roles in the brain have been associated with prosocial, maternal, and feeding-related behaviors. Visual information is necessary for initiating these behaviors, with the retina consisting of the first stage in the visual system mediating external stimulus perception. Oxytocin has been detected in the mammalian retina; however, the expression and possible function of oxytocin receptors (OxtR) in the retina remain unknown. Here, we explore the role of oxytocin in regulating visual information processing in the retina. Results We observed that OxtR mRNA and protein are expressed in the mouse retina. With Oxtr-Cre transgenic mice, immunostaining, and fluorescence in situ hybridization, we found that OxtRs are mainly expressed in GABAergic amacrine cells (ACs) in both the inner nuclear layer (INL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL). Further immunoreactivity studies showed that GABAergic OxtR+ neurons are mainly cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons in the INL and are cholinergic and corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons in the GCL. Surprisingly, a high level of Oxtr mRNAs was detected in retinal dopaminergic neurons, and exogenous oxytocin application activated dopaminergic neurons to elevate the retinal dopamine level. Relying on in vivo electroretinographic recording, we found that activating retinal OxtRs reduced the activity of bipolar cells via OxtRs and dopamine receptors. Conclusions These data indicate the functional expression of OxtRs in retinal GABAergic ACs, especially dopaminergic ACs, and expand the interactions between oxytocinergic and dopaminergic systems. This study suggests that visual perception, from the first stage of information processing in the retina, is modulated by hypothalamic oxytocin signaling. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-022-01405-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhui Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yurong Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xu Han
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Min Dai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yongxing Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shijun Weng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and the Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Liu AL, Liu YF, Wang G, Shao YQ, Yu CX, Yang Z, Zhou ZR, Han X, Gong X, Qian KW, Wang LQ, Ma YY, Zhong YM, Weng SJ, Yang XL. The role of ipRGCs in ocular growth and myopia development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm9027. [PMID: 35675393 PMCID: PMC9176740 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm9027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of myopia calls for elaboration of the pathogenesis of this disease. Here, we show that selective ablation and activation of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) in developing mice induced myopic and hyperopic refractive shifts by modulating the corneal radius of curvature (CRC) and axial length (AL) in an opposite way. Melanopsin- and rod/cone-driven signals of ipRGCs were found to influence refractive development by affecting the AL and CRC, respectively. The role of ipRGCs in myopia progression is evidenced by attenuated form-deprivation myopia magnitudes in ipRGC-ablated and melanopsin-deficient animals and by enhanced melanopsin expression/photoresponses in form-deprived eyes. Cell subtype-specific ablation showed that M1 subtype cells, and probably M2/M3 subtype cells, are involved in ocular development. Thus, ipRGCs contribute substantially to mouse eye growth and myopia development, which may inspire novel strategies for myopia intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
| | - Xiong-Li Yang
- Corresponding author. (X.-L.Y.); (S.-J.W.); (Y.-M.Z.)
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Chrobok L, Bajkacz S, Klich JD, Lewandowski MH. LC-MS/MS Analysis Elucidates a Daily Rhythm in Orexin A Concentration in the Rat Vitreous Body. Molecules 2021; 26:5036. [PMID: 34443622 PMCID: PMC8401233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26165036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexins are two neuropeptides synthesised mainly in the brain lateral hypothalamic area. The orexinergic system provides arousal-dependent cues for a plethora of brain centres, playing a vital role in feeding behaviour, regulation of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms. Recently, orexins were found to be produced in the retina of an eye; however, their content in the vitreous body and possible daily pattern of expression have not yet been explored. In this manuscript, we describe the development and validation of a liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method designed for quantitative bioanalysis of orexin in the rat vitreous body. Orexin was extracted from vitreous body samples with a water:acetonitrile:formic acid (80:20:0.1; v/v/v) mixture followed by vortexing and centrifuging. Separation was performed on a reverse-phase HPLC column under gradient conditions. Orexin was analysed via multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) in the positive electrospray mode. The total analysis time for each sample was less than 5.0 min. Once the method was fully optimised, it was then validated, following the 2018 FDA guidance on bioanalytical method validations. The calibration curves for orexin (1-500 ng/mL) were constructed using a linear regression with a 1/x2 weighting. The lower limit of quantitation for orexin was 1.0 pg/mL for the vitreous body. Intra-day and inter-day estimates of accuracy and precision were within 10% of their nominal values, indicating that the method is reliable for quantitation of orexin in the rat vitreous body. From the physiological perspective, our results are the first to show daily rhythm of orexin synthesis by the retina with possible implications on the circadian regulation of vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Chrobok
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.D.K.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Sylwia Bajkacz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 6 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jasmin Daniela Klich
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.D.K.); (M.H.L.)
| | - Marian Henryk Lewandowski
- Department of Neurophysiology and Chronobiology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9 Street, 30-387 Krakow, Poland; (J.D.K.); (M.H.L.)
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Orexin A excites the rat olivary pretectal nucleus via OX 2 receptor in a daily manner. Brain Res 2021; 1768:147603. [PMID: 34331908 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pronounced environmental changes between the day and night led to evolution of specialised mechanisms organising their daily physiology, named circadian clocks. Currently, it has become clear that the master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus is not an exclusive brain site to generate daily rhythms. Indeed, several brain areas, including the subcortical visual system have been recently shown to change their neuronal activity across the daily cycle. Here we focus our investigation on the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) - a retinorecipient structure primarily involved in the pupillary light reflex. Using the multi-electrode array technology ex vivo we provide evidence for OPN neurons to elevate their firing during the behaviourally quiescent light phase. Additionally, we report the robust responsivity to orexin A via the identified OX2 receptor in this pretectal centre, with higher responsiveness noted during the night. Interestingly, we likewise report a daily variation in the response to PAC1 receptor activation, with implications for the convergence of orexinergic and visual input on the same OPN neurons. Altogether, our report is first to suggest a daily modulation of the OPN activity via intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms, organising its temporal physiology.
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