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Zhiganov NI, Vinokurov KS, Salimgareev RS, Tereshchenkova VF, Dunaevsky YE, Belozersky MA, Elpidina EN. The Set of Serine Peptidases of the Tenebrio molitor Beetle: Transcriptomic Analysis on Different Developmental Stages. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5743. [PMID: 38891931 PMCID: PMC11172050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Serine peptidases (SPs) of the chymotrypsin S1A subfamily are an extensive group of enzymes found in all animal organisms, including insects. Here, we provide analysis of SPs in the yellow mealworm Tenebrio molitor transcriptomes and genomes datasets and profile their expression patterns at various stages of ontogeny. A total of 269 SPs were identified, including 137 with conserved catalytic triad residues, while 125 others lacking conservation were proposed as non-active serine peptidase homologs (SPHs). Seven deduced sequences exhibit a complex domain organization with two or three peptidase units (domains), predicted both as active or non-active. The largest group of 84 SPs and 102 SPHs had no regulatory domains in the propeptide, and the majority of them were expressed only in the feeding life stages, larvae and adults, presumably playing an important role in digestion. The remaining 53 SPs and 23 SPHs had different regulatory domains, showed constitutive or upregulated expression at eggs or/and pupae stages, participating in regulation of various physiological processes. The majority of polypeptidases were mainly expressed at the pupal and adult stages. The data obtained expand our knowledge on SPs/SPHs and provide the basis for further studies of the functions of proteins from the S1A subfamily in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita I. Zhiganov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (N.I.Z.); (Y.E.D.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Konstantin S. Vinokurov
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05 České Budejovice, Czech Republic;
| | - Ruslan S. Salimgareev
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia;
| | | | - Yakov E. Dunaevsky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (N.I.Z.); (Y.E.D.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Mikhail A. Belozersky
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (N.I.Z.); (Y.E.D.); (M.A.B.)
| | - Elena N. Elpidina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia; (N.I.Z.); (Y.E.D.); (M.A.B.)
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Piou V, Vilarem C, Blanchard S, Strub JM, Bertile F, Bocquet M, Arafah K, Bulet P, Vétillard A. Honey Bee Larval Hemolymph as a Source of Key Nutrients and Proteins Offers a Promising Medium for Varroa destructor Artificial Rearing. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12443. [PMID: 37569818 PMCID: PMC10419257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Varroa destructor, a major ectoparasite of the Western honey bee Apis mellifera, is a widespread pest that damages colonies in the Northern Hemisphere. Throughout their lifecycle, V. destructor females feed on almost every developmental stage of their host, from the last larval instar to the adult. The parasite is thought to feed on hemolymph and fat body, although its exact diet and nutritional requirements are poorly known. Using artificial Parafilm™ dummies, we explored the nutrition of V. destructor females and assessed their survival when fed on hemolymph from bee larvae, pupae, or adults. We compared the results with mites fed on synthetic solutions or filtered larval hemolymph. The results showed that the parasites could survive for several days or weeks on different diets. Bee larval hemolymph yielded the highest survival rates, and filtered larval plasma was sufficient to maintain the mites for 14 days or more. This cell-free solution therefore theoretically contains all the necessary nutrients for mite survival. Because some bee proteins are known to be hijacked without being digested by the parasite, we decided to run a proteomic analysis of larval honey bee plasma to highlight the most common proteins in our samples. A list of 54 proteins was compiled, including several energy metabolism proteins such as Vitellogenin, Hexamerin, or Transferrins. These molecules represent key nutrient candidates that could be crucial for V. destructor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Piou
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Caroline Vilarem
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
- M2i Biocontrol–Entreprise SAS, 46140 Parnac, France
| | - Solène Blanchard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
| | - Jean-Marc Strub
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 (CNRS-UdS), 67037 Strasbourg, France (F.B.)
| | - Fabrice Bertile
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, Département des Sciences Analytiques, Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien, UMR 7178 (CNRS-UdS), 67037 Strasbourg, France (F.B.)
| | | | - Karim Arafah
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
| | - Philippe Bulet
- Plateforme BioPark d’Archamps, 74160 Archamps, France
- Institute pour l’Avancée des Biosciences, CR Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Angélique Vétillard
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS-Université de Toulouse III-IRD—Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France; (V.P.); (S.B.)
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), Unité Métabiot, 22440 Ploufragan, France
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Corty MM, Coutinho-Budd J. Drosophila glia take shape to sculpt the nervous system. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 79:102689. [PMID: 36822142 PMCID: PMC10023329 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The importance of glial cells has become increasingly apparent over the past 20 years, yet compared to neurons we still know relatively little about these essential cells. Most critical glial cell functions are conserved in Drosophila glia, often using the same key molecular players as their vertebrate counterparts. The relative simplicity of the Drosophila nervous system, combined with a vast array of powerful genetic tools, allows us to further dissect the molecular composition and functional roles of glia in ways that would be much more cumbersome or not possible in higher vertebrate systems. Importantly, Drosophila genetics allow for in vivo manipulation, and their transparent body wall enables in vivo imaging of glia in intact animals throughout early development. Here we discuss recent advances in Drosophila glial development detailing how these cells take on their mature morphologies and interact with neurons to perform their important functional roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Corty
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. https://twitter.com/@megancphd
| | - Jaeda Coutinho-Budd
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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Contreras EG, Klämbt C. The Drosophila blood-brain barrier emerges as a model for understanding human brain diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 180:106071. [PMID: 36898613 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate regulation of the microenvironment within the nervous system is one of the key features characterizing complex organisms. To this end, neural tissue has to be physically separated from circulation, but at the same time, mechanisms must be in place to allow controlled transport of nutrients and macromolecules into and out of the brain. These roles are executed by cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) found at the interface of circulation and neural tissue. BBB dysfunction is observed in several neurological diseases in human. Although this can be considered as a consequence of diseases, strong evidence supports the notion that BBB dysfunction can promote the progression of brain disorders. In this review, we compile the recent evidence describing the contribution of the Drosophila BBB to the further understanding of brain disease features in human patients. We discuss the function of the Drosophila BBB during infection and inflammation, drug clearance and addictions, sleep, chronic neurodegenerative disorders and epilepsy. In summary, this evidence suggests that the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, can be successfully employed as a model to disentangle mechanisms underlying human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
| | - Christian Klämbt
- University of Münster, Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Badestr. 9, Münster, Germany.
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Wu CY, Xiao KR, Wang LZ, Wang J, Song QS, Stanley D, Wei SJ, Zhu JY. Identification and expression profiling of serine protease-related genes in Tenebrio molitor. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 111:e21963. [PMID: 36039637 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In insects, serine proteases and serine protease homologs (SPs/SPHs) are involved in a variety of physiological processes including digestion, development, and immunity. Here, we identified 112 SP and 88 SPH genes in the genome of the yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. Based on the features of domain structure, they were divided into "S" group containing single Tryp-SPc or Tryp-SPHc domain, "C" group containing 1-4 CLIP domain (CLIPA-D) and "M" group containing the CBD, CUB, EGF, Fz, Gd, LDLa, PAN, SEA, SR, Sushi, and TSP domains, and have 115, 48, and 37 gene members, respectively. According to the active sites in the catalytic triad, the putative trypsin, chymotrypsin, or elastase-like enzyme specificity of the identified SPs/SPHs were predicted. Phylogenetic and genomic location analyses revealed that gene duplication exists in the large amount of SPs/SPHs. Gene expression profiling using RNA-seq data along with real time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that most SP/SPH genes display life stage specific expression patterns, indicating their important roles in development. Many SP/SPH genes are specifically or highly expressed in the gut, salivary gland, fat body, hemocyte, ovary, and testis, suggesting that they participate in digestion, immunity, and reproduction. The findings lay the foundation for further functional characterization of SPs/SPHs in T. molitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Kai-Ran Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Long-Zhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi-Sheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Stanley
- USDA/ARS Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shu-Jun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Disaster Warning and Control of Yunnan Province, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Conservation and Utilization in the Southwest Mountains of China, Ministry of Education, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, China
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Nguyen PK, Cheng LY. Non-autonomous regulation of neurogenesis by extrinsic cues: a Drosophila perspective. OXFORD OPEN NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:kvac004. [PMID: 38596708 PMCID: PMC10913833 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The formation of a functional circuitry in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the correct number and subtypes of neural cells. In the developing brain, neural stem cells (NSCs) self-renew while giving rise to progenitors that in turn generate differentiated progeny. As such, the size and the diversity of cells that make up the functional CNS depend on the proliferative properties of NSCs. In the fruit fly Drosophila, where the process of neurogenesis has been extensively investigated, extrinsic factors such as the microenvironment of NSCs, nutrients, oxygen levels and systemic signals have been identified as regulators of NSC proliferation. Here, we review decades of work that explores how extrinsic signals non-autonomously regulate key NSC characteristics such as quiescence, proliferation and termination in the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong-Khanh Nguyen
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Louise Y Cheng
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Contreras EG, Sierralta J. The Fly Blood-Brain Barrier Fights Against Nutritional Stress. Neurosci Insights 2022; 17:26331055221120252. [PMID: 36225749 PMCID: PMC9549514 DOI: 10.1177/26331055221120252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wild, animals face different challenges including multiple events of food
scarcity. How they overcome these conditions is essential for survival. Thus,
adaptation mechanisms evolved to allow the development and survival of an
organism during nutrient restriction periods. Given the high energy demand of
the nervous system, the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to malnutrition are
of great relevance to fuel the brain. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the
interface between the central nervous system (CNS) and the circulatory system.
The BBB mediates the transport of macromolecules in and out of the CNS, and
therefore, it can buffer changes in nutrient availability. In this review, we
collect the current evidence using the fruit fly, Drosophila
melanogaster, as a model of the role of the BBB in the adaptation
to starvation. We discuss the role of the Drosophila BBB during
nutrient deprivation as a potential sensor for circulating nutrients, and
transient nutrient storage as a regulator of the CNS neurogenic niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban G Contreras
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Jimena Sierralta
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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