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Xie CTY, Pastore SF, Vincent JB, Frankland PW, Hamel PA. Nonsynonymous Mutations in Intellectual Disability and Autism Spectrum Disorder Gene PTCHD1 Disrupt N-Glycosylation and Reduce Protein Stability. Cells 2024; 13:199. [PMID: 38275824 PMCID: PMC10814814 DOI: 10.3390/cells13020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
PTCHD1 has been implicated in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) and/or intellectual disability, where copy-number-variant losses or loss-of-function coding mutations segregate with disease in an X-linked recessive fashion. Missense variants of PTCHD1 have also been reported in patients. However, the significance of these mutations remains undetermined since the activities, subcellular localization, and regulation of the PTCHD1 protein are currently unknown. This paucity of data concerning PTCHD1 prevents the effective evaluation of sequence variants identified during diagnostic screening. Here, we characterize PTCHD1 protein binding partners, extending previously reported interactions with postsynaptic scaffolding protein, SAP102. Six rare missense variants of PTCHD1 were also identified from patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. After modelling these variants on a hypothetical three-dimensional structure of PTCHD1, based on the solved structure of NPC1, PTCHD1 variants harboring these mutations were assessed for protein stability, post-translational processing, and protein trafficking. We show here that the wild-type PTCHD1 post-translational modification includes complex N-glycosylation and that specific mutant proteins disrupt normal N-link glycosylation processing. However, regardless of their processing, these mutants still localized to PSD95-containing dendritic processes and remained competent for complexing SAP102.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie T. Y. Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephen F. Pastore
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1RS, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1RS, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Paul W. Frankland
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paul A. Hamel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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Montanaro FAM, Mandarino A, Alesi V, Schwartz C, Sepulveda DJC, Skinner C, Friez M, Piccolo G, Novelli A, Zanni G, Dentici ML, Vicari S, Alfieri P. PTCHD1 gene mutation/deletion: the cognitive-behavioral phenotyping of four case reports. Front Psychiatry 2024; 14:1327802. [PMID: 38288059 PMCID: PMC10823004 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1327802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction X-linked PTCHD1 gene has recently been pointed as one of the most interesting candidates for involvement in neurodevelopmental disorders (NDs), such as intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). PTCHD1 encodes the patched domain-containing protein 1 (PTCHD1), which is mainly expressed in the developing brain and adult brain tissues. To date, major studies have focused on the biological function of the PTCHD1 gene, while the mechanisms underlying neuronal alterations and the cognitive-behavioral phenotype associated with mutations still remain unclear. Methods With the aim of incorporating information on the clinical profile of affected individuals and enhancing the characterization of the genotype-phenotype correlation, in this study, we analyze the clinical features of four individuals (two children and two adults) in which array-CGH detected a PTCHD1 deletion or in which panel for screening non-syndromal XLID (X-linked ID) detected a PTCHD1 gene variant. We define the neuropsychological and psychopathological profiles, providing quantitative data from standardized evaluations. The assessment consisted of clinical observations, structured interviews, and parent/self-reported questionnaires. Results Our descriptive analysis align with previous findings on the involvement of the PTCHD1 gene in NDs. Specifically, our patients exhibited a clinical phenotype characterized by psychomotor developmental delay- ID of varying severity. Interestingly, while ID during early childhood was associated with autistic-like symptomatology, this interrelation was no longer observed in the adult subjects. Furthermore, our cohort did not display peculiar dysmorphic features, congenital abnormalities or comorbidity with epilepsy. Discussion Our analysis shows that the psychopathological and behavioral comorbidities along with cognitive impairment interfere with development, therefore contributing to the severity of disability associated with PTCHD1 gene mutation. Awareness of this profile by professionals and caregivers can promote prompt diagnosis as well as early cognitive and occupational enhancement interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Alice Maria Montanaro
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mandarino
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Alesi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Charles Schwartz
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | | | - Cindy Skinner
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, United States
| | - Michael Friez
- Greenwood Genetic Center, Gregor Mendel Circle, Greenwood, SC, United States
| | - Gabriele Piccolo
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Unit of Developmental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ginevra Zanni
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Unit of Developmental Neurology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Lisa Dentici
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Vicari
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Alfieri
- Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Wan C, Song X, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen Y, Sun W, Liu Z, Wang S, Meng W. Voluntary exercise during puberty promotes spatial memory and hippocampal DG/CA3 synaptic transmission in mice. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad497. [PMID: 38124544 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise has been shown to have an impact on memory and hippocampal function across different age groups. Nevertheless, the influence and mechanisms underlying how voluntary exercise during puberty affects memory are still inadequately comprehended. This research aims to examine the impacts of self-initiated physical activity throughout adolescence on spatial memory. Developing mice were exposed to a 4-wk voluntary wheel running exercise protocol, commencing at the age of 30 d. After engaging in voluntary wheel running exercise during development, there was an enhancement in spatial memory. Moreover, hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 neurons rather than CA1 neurons exhibited an increase in the miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In addition, there was an increase in the expression of NR2A/NR2B subunits of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and α1GABAA subunit of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, as well as dendritic spine density, specifically within dentate gyrus and CA3 regions rather than CA1 region. The findings suggest that voluntary exercise during development can enhance spatial memory in mice by increasing synapse numbers and improving synaptic transmission in hippocampal dentate gyrus and CA3 regions, but not in CA1 region. This study sheds light on the neural mechanisms underlying how early-life exercise improves cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjian Wan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Xueqing Song
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhuyu Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wenxiang Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 33001, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Zhibin Liu
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
| | - Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
- School of Physical Education and Health, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, 605 Fenglin Rd, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330013, China
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Farley KO, Forbes CA, Shaw NC, Kuzminski E, Ward M, Baynam G, Lassmann T, Fear VS. CRISPR-Cas9-generated PTCHD1 2489T>G stem cells recapitulate patient phenotype when undergoing neural induction. HGG ADVANCES 2024; 5:100257. [PMID: 38007613 PMCID: PMC10787298 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
An estimated 3.5%-5.9% of the global population live with rare diseases, and approximately 80% of these diseases have a genetic cause. Rare genetic diseases are difficult to diagnose, with some affected individuals experiencing diagnostic delays of 5-30 years. Next-generation sequencing has improved clinical diagnostic rates to 33%-48%. In a majority of cases, novel variants potentially causing the disease are discovered. These variants require functional validation in specialist laboratories, resulting in a diagnostic delay. In the interim, the finding is classified as a genetic variant of uncertain significance (VUS) and the affected individual remains undiagnosed. A VUS (PTCHD1 c. 2489T>G) was identified in a child with autistic behavior, global developmental delay, and hypotonia. Loss of function mutations in PTCHD1 are associated with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability; however, the molecular function of PTCHD1 and its role in neurodevelopmental disease is unknown. Here, we apply CRISPR gene editing and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) neural disease modeling to assess the variant. During differentiation from iPSCs to neural progenitors, we detect subtle but significant gene signatures in synaptic transmission and muscle contraction pathways. Our work supports the causal link between the genetic variant and the child's phenotype, providing evidence for the variant to be considered a pathogenic variant according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. In addition, our study provides molecular data on the role of PTCHD1 in the context of other neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn O Farley
- Computational Biology, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Translational Genetics, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia.
| | - Catherine A Forbes
- Translational Genetics, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Nicole C Shaw
- Translational Genetics, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Emma Kuzminski
- Translational Genetics, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Michelle Ward
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Genetic Services of WA, Subiaco WA 6008, Australia
| | - Gareth Baynam
- Western Australian Register of Developmental Anomalies, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia; Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Genetic Services of WA, Subiaco WA 6008, Australia; Rare Care Centre, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Timo Lassmann
- Computational Biology, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Vanessa S Fear
- Translational Genetics, Precision Health, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth Children's Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Centre for Child Health Research, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Pastore SF, Muhammad T, Stan C, Frankland PW, Hamel PA, Vincent JB. Neuronal transcription of autism gene PTCHD1 is regulated by a conserved downstream enhancer sequence. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20391. [PMID: 37990104 PMCID: PMC10663455 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Patched domain-containing 1 (PTCHD1) is a well-established susceptibility gene for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Previous studies have suggested that alterations in the dosage of PTCHD1 may contribute to the etiology of both ASD and ID. However, there has not yet been a thorough investigation regarding mechanisms that regulate PTCHD1 expression. We sought to characterize the Ptchd1 promoter in a mouse neuronal model, as well as to identify and validate cis regulatory elements. We defined specific regions of the Ptchd1 promoter essential for robust expression in P19-induced neurons. Evolutionarily-conserved putative transcription factor binding sites within these regions were subsequently identified. Using a pairwise comparison of chromatin accessibility between mouse forebrain and liver tissues, a candidate regulatory region, ~ 9.1 kbp downstream of the Ptchd1 stop codon was defined. This region harbours two ENCODE-predicted enhancer cis-regulatory elements. Further, using DNase footprint analysis, a putative YY1-binding motif was also identified. Genomic deletion of the entire 8 kbp downstream open chromatin region attenuated Ptchd1 transcription by over 60% in our neuronal model, corroborating its predicted regulatory function. This study provides mechanistic insights related to the expression of PTCHD1, and provides important context to interpret genetic and genomic variation at this locus which may influence neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F Pastore
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1RS, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tahir Muhammad
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1RS, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Cassandra Stan
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1RS, Canada
| | - Paul W Frankland
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Paul A Hamel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - John B Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry & Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, M5T 1RS, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
- Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 250 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 1R8, Canada.
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Higashijima T, Shirozu H, Saitsu H, Sonoda M, Fujita A, Masuda H, Yamamoto T, Matsumoto N, Kameyama S. Incomplete hippocampal inversion in patients with mutations in genes involved in sonic hedgehog signaling. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14712. [PMID: 37012904 PMCID: PMC10066535 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathways are known to play an important role in the morphological development of the hippocampus in vivo, but their actual roles in humans have not been clarified. Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is known to be associated with germline or somatic gene mutations of Shh signaling. We hypothesized that patients with HH and mutations of Shh-related genes also show hippocampal maldevelopment and an abnormal hippocampal infolding angle (HIA). We analyzed 45 patients (age: 1-37 years) with HH who underwent stereotactic radiofrequency thermocoagulation and found Shh-related gene mutations in 20 patients. In addition, 44 pediatric patients without HH (age: 2-25 years) who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations under the same conditions during the same period were included in this study as a control group. HIA evaluated on MRI was compared between patients with gene mutations and the control group. The median HIA at the cerebral peduncle slice in patients with the gene mutation was 74.36° on the left and 76.11° on the right, and these values were significantly smaller than the corresponding values in the control group (80.46° and 80.56°, respectively, p < 0.01). Thus, mutations of Shh-related genes were correlated to incomplete hippocampal inversion. The HIA, particularly at the cerebral peduncle slice, is a potential indicator of abnormalities of the Shh-signaling pathway.
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Whole-Transcriptome Analysis Highlights Adenylyl Cyclase Toxins-Derived Modulation of NF-κB and ERK1/2 Pathways in Macrophages. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020139. [PMID: 36828453 PMCID: PMC9967024 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Edema toxin (ET), one of the main toxic factors of Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis), is a kind of potent adenylate cyclase (AC). B. anthracis has adapted to resist macrophage microbicidal mechanisms in part by secreting ET. To date, there is limited information on the pathogenic mechanisms used by ET to manipulate macrophage function, especially at the transcriptome level. We used RNA sequencing to study transcriptional changes in RAW264.7 cells treated with ET. We aimed to identify molecular events associated with the establishment of infection and followed changes in cellular proteins. Our results indicate that ET inhibited TNF-α expression in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line by activating the cAMP/PKA pathway. ET challenge of macrophages induced a differential expression of genes that participate in multiple macrophage effector functions such as cytokine production, cell adhesion, and the inflammatory response. Furthermore, ET influenced the expression of components of the ERK1/2, as well as the NF-αB signaling pathways. We also showed that ET treatments inhibit the phosphorylation of the ERK1/2 protein. ET also attenuated NF-αB subunit p65 phosphorylation and transcriptional activity of NF-αB via the cAMP/PKA pathway in macrophages. Since the observed modulatory effects were characteristic only of the bacterial exotoxin ET, we propose this may be a mechanism used by B. anthracis to manipulate macrophages and establish systemic infection.
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PTCHD1 Binds Cholesterol but Not Sonic Hedgehog, Suggesting a Distinct Cellular Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032682. [PMID: 36769003 PMCID: PMC9917202 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in the X-linked Patched domain-containing 1 (PTCHD1) gene may account for up to 1% of autism cases. Despite this, the PTCHD1 protein remains poorly understood. Structural similarities to Patched family proteins point to a role in sterol transport, but this hypothesis has not been verified experimentally. Additionally, PTCHD1 has been suggested to be involved in Hedgehog signalling, but thus far, the experimental results have been conflicting. To enable a variety of biochemical and structural experiments, we developed a method for expressing PTCHD1 in Spodoptera frugiperda cells, solubilising it in glycol-diosgenin, and purifying it to homogeneity. In vitro and in silico experiments show that PTCHD1 function is not interchangeable with Patched 1 (PTCH1) in canonical Hedgehog signalling, since it does not repress Smoothened in Ptch1-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts and does not bind Sonic Hedgehog. However, we found that PTCHD1 binds cholesterol similarly to PTCH1. Furthermore, we identified 13 PTCHD1-specific protein interactors through co-immunoprecipitation and demonstrated a link to cell stress responses and RNA stress granule formation. Thus, our results support the notion that despite structural similarities to other Patched family proteins, PTCHD1 may have a distinct cellular function.
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Ptchd1 mediates opioid tolerance via cholesterol-dependent effects on μ-opioid receptor trafficking. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1179-1190. [PMID: 35982154 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Repeated exposure to opioids causes tolerance, which limits their analgesic utility and contributes to overdose and abuse liability. However, the molecular mechanisms underpinning tolerance are not well understood. Here, we used a forward genetic screen in Caenorhabditis elegans for unbiased identification of genes regulating opioid tolerance which revealed a role for PTR-25/Ptchd1. We found that PTR-25/Ptchd1 controls μ-opioid receptor trafficking and that these effects were mediated by the ability of PTR-25/Ptchd1 to control membrane cholesterol content. Electrophysiological studies showed that loss of Ptchd1 in mice reduced opioid-induced desensitization of neurons in several brain regions and the peripheral nervous system. Mice and C. elegans lacking Ptchd1/PTR-25 display similarly augmented responses to opioids. Ptchd1 knockout mice fail to develop analgesic tolerance and have greatly diminished somatic withdrawal. Thus, we propose that Ptchd1 plays an evolutionarily conserved role in protecting the μ-opioid receptor against overstimulation.
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10
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Planar cell polarity and the pathogenesis of Tourette Disorder: New hypotheses and perspectives. Dev Biol 2022; 489:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Pastore SF, Ko SY, Frankland PW, Hamel PA, Vincent JB. PTCHD1: Identification and Neurodevelopmental Contributions of an Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Susceptibility Gene. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:527. [PMID: 35328080 PMCID: PMC8953913 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last one and a half decades, copy number variation and whole-genome sequencing studies have illuminated the considerable genetic heterogeneity that underlies the etiologies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). These investigations support the idea that ASD may result from complex interactions between susceptibility-related genetic variants (single nucleotide variants or copy number variants) and the environment. This review outlines the identification and neurobiological characterization of two such genes located in Xp22.11, Patched domain-containing 1 (PTCHD1), and its antisense lncRNA PTCHD1-AS. Animal models of Ptchd1 disruption have recapitulated a subset of clinical symptoms related to ASD as well as to ID. Furthermore, these Ptchd1 mouse knockout studies implicate the expression of Ptchd1 in both the thalamic and the hippocampal brain regions as being crucial for proper neurodevelopment and cognitive function. Altered kynurenine metabolic signalling has been postulated as a disease mechanism in one of these animal studies. Additionally, ASD patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) carrying a copy number loss impacting the antisense non-coding RNA PTCHD1-AS have been used to generate 2D neuronal cultures. While copy number loss of PTCHD1-AS does not affect the transcription of PTCHD1, the neurons exhibit diminished miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, supporting its role in ASD etiology. A more thorough understanding of risk factor genes, such as PTCHD1 and PTCHD1-AS, will help to clarify the intricate genetic and biological mechanisms that underlie ASD and ID, providing a foundation for meaningful therapeutic interventions to enhance the quality of life of individuals who experience these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Pastore
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1RS, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - Sangyoon Y. Ko
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Paul W. Frankland
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada;
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Paul A. Hamel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
| | - John B. Vincent
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry and Development (MiND) Lab, Molecular Brain Science Research Department, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1RS, Canada;
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada;
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
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Janach GMS, Böhm M, Döhne N, Kim HR, Rosário M, Strauss U. Interferon-γ enhances neocortical synaptic inhibition by promoting membrane association and phosphorylation of GABA A receptors in a protein kinase C-dependent manner. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 101:153-164. [PMID: 34998939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), an important mediator of the antiviral immune response, can also act as a neuromodulator. CNS IFN-γ levels rise acutely in response to infection and therapeutically applied IFN-γ provokes CNS related side effects. Moreover, IFN-γ plays a key role in neurophysiological processes and a variety of chronic neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions. To close the gap between basic research, behavioral implications and clinical applicability, knowledge of the mechanism behind IFN-γ related changes in brain function is crucial. Here, we studied the underlying mechanism of acutely augmented neocortical inhibition by IFN-γ (1.000 IU ml-1) in layer 5 pyramidal neurons of male Wistar rats. We demonstrate postsynaptic mediation of IFN-γ augmented inhibition by pressure application of GABA and analysis of paired pulse ratios. IFN-γ increases membrane presence of GABAAR γ2, as quantified by cell surface biotinylation and functional synaptic GABAAR number, as determined by peak-scaled non-stationary noise analysis. The increase in functional receptor number was comparable to the increase in underlying miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) amplitudes. Blockage of putative intracellular mediators, namely phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase C (PKC) by Wortmannin and Calphostin C, respectively, revealed PKC-dependency of the pro-inhibitory IFN-γ effect. This was corroborated by increased serine phosphorylation of P-serine PKC motifs on GABAAR γ2 upon IFN-γ application. GABAAR single channel conductance, intracellular chloride levels and GABAAR driving force are unlikely to contribute to the effect, as shown by single channel recordings and chloride imaging. The effect of IFN-γ on mIPSC amplitudes was similar in female and male rats, suggesting a gender-independent mechanism of action. Collectively, these results indicate a novel mechanism for the regulation of inhibition by IFN-γ, which could impact on neocortical function and therewith behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M S Janach
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maximilian Böhm
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Noah Döhne
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ha-Rang Kim
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, UMR 5297, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marta Rosário
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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13
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Gozal E, Jagadapillai R, Cai J, Barnes GN. Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: Implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurochem 2021. [PMID: 34169527 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease originating from combined genetic and environmental factors. Post-mortem human studies and some animal ASD models have shown brain neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, the signaling pathways leading to these inflammatory findings and vascular alterations are currently unclear. The BBB plays a critical role in controlling brain homeostasis and immune response. Its dysfunction can result from developmental genetic abnormalities or neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore the role of the Sonic Hedgehog/Wingless-related integration site (Shh/Wnt) pathways in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and BBB development. The balance between Wnt-β-catenin and Shh pathways controls angiogenesis, barriergenesis, neurodevelopment, central nervous system (CNS) morphogenesis, and neuronal guidance. These interactions are critical to maintain BBB function in the mature CNS to prevent the influx of pathogens and inflammatory cells. Genetic mutations of key components of these pathways have been identified in ASD patients and animal models, which correlate with the severity of ASD symptoms. Disruption of the Shh/Wnt crosstalk may therefore compromise BBB development and function. In turn, impaired Shh signaling and glial activation may cause neuroinflammation that could disrupt the BBB. Elucidating how ASD-related mutations of Shh/Wnt signaling could cause BBB leaks and neuroinflammation will contribute to our understanding of the role of their interactions in ASD pathophysiology. These observations may provide novel targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate ASD symptoms while preserving normal developmental processes. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15081.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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14
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Gozal E, Jagadapillai R, Cai J, Barnes GN. Potential crosstalk between sonic hedgehog-WNT signaling and neurovascular molecules: Implications for blood-brain barrier integrity in autism spectrum disorder. J Neurochem 2021; 159:15-28. [PMID: 34169527 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease originating from combined genetic and environmental factors. Post-mortem human studies and some animal ASD models have shown brain neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity. However, the signaling pathways leading to these inflammatory findings and vascular alterations are currently unclear. The BBB plays a critical role in controlling brain homeostasis and immune response. Its dysfunction can result from developmental genetic abnormalities or neuroinflammatory processes. In this review, we explore the role of the Sonic Hedgehog/Wingless-related integration site (Shh/Wnt) pathways in neurodevelopment, neuroinflammation, and BBB development. The balance between Wnt-β-catenin and Shh pathways controls angiogenesis, barriergenesis, neurodevelopment, central nervous system (CNS) morphogenesis, and neuronal guidance. These interactions are critical to maintain BBB function in the mature CNS to prevent the influx of pathogens and inflammatory cells. Genetic mutations of key components of these pathways have been identified in ASD patients and animal models, which correlate with the severity of ASD symptoms. Disruption of the Shh/Wnt crosstalk may therefore compromise BBB development and function. In turn, impaired Shh signaling and glial activation may cause neuroinflammation that could disrupt the BBB. Elucidating how ASD-related mutations of Shh/Wnt signaling could cause BBB leaks and neuroinflammation will contribute to our understanding of the role of their interactions in ASD pathophysiology. These observations may provide novel targeted therapeutic strategies to prevent or alleviate ASD symptoms while preserving normal developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Gozal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Rekha Jagadapillai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gregory N Barnes
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Research Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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15
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Halewa J, Marouillat S, Dixneuf M, Thépault RA, Ung DC, Chatron N, Gérard B, Ghoumid J, Lesca G, Till M, Smol T, Couque N, Ruaud L, Chune V, Grotto S, Verloes A, Vuillaume ML, Toutain A, Raynaud M, Laumonnier F. Novel missense mutations in PTCHD1 alter its plasma membrane subcellular localization and cause intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:848-861. [PMID: 33856728 PMCID: PMC8359977 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked PTCHD1 gene, encoding a synaptic membrane protein, has been involved in neurodevelopmental disorders with the description of deleterious genomic microdeletions or truncating coding mutations. Missense variants were also identified, however, without any functional evidence supporting their pathogenicity level. We investigated 13 missense variants of PTCHD1, including eight previously described (c.152G>A,p.(Ser51Asn); c.217C>T,p.(Leu73Phe); c.517A>G,p.(Ile173Val); c.542A>C,p.(Lys181Thr); c.583G>A,p.(Val195Ile); c.1076A>G,p.(His359Arg); c.1409C>A,p.(Ala470Asp); c.1436A>G,p.(Glu479Gly)), and five novel ones (c.95C>T,p.(Pro32Leu); c.95C>G,p.(Pro32Arg); c.638A>G,p.(Tyr213Cys); c.898G>C,p.(Gly300Arg); c.928G>C,p.(Ala310Pro)) identified in male patients with intellectual disability (ID) and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Interestingly, several of these variants involve amino acids localized in structural domains such as transmembrane segments. To evaluate their potentially deleterious impact on PTCHD1 protein function, we performed in vitro overexpression experiments of the wild-type and mutated forms of PTCHD1-GFP in HEK 293T and in Neuro-2a cell lines as well as in mouse hippocampal primary neuronal cultures. We found that six variants impaired the expression level of the PTCHD1 protein, and were retained in the endoplasmic reticulum suggesting abnormal protein folding. Our functional analyses thus provided evidence of the pathogenic impact of missense variants in PTCHD1, which reinforces the involvement of the PTCHD1 gene in ID and in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Halewa
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Manon Dixneuf
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Dévina C Ung
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Nicolas Chatron
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Bénédicte Gérard
- Laboratoire de diagnostic génétique, Institut de Génétique Médicale d'Alsace, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jamal Ghoumid
- EA7364 RADEME, Clinique de Génétique Guy Fontaine, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Gaëtan Lesca
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Institut NeuroMyoGène, CNRS UMR-5310, INSERM U-1217, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Marianne Till
- Department of Genetics, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Smol
- EA7364 RADEME, Institut de Génétique Médicale, Université de Lille, CHU de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Couque
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Lyse Ruaud
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1141, Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Chune
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Grotto
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1141, Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Alain Verloes
- Department of Genetics, APHP-Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR1141, Denis Diderot School of Medicine, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Génétique, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Annick Toutain
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Génétique, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Génétique, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frédéric Laumonnier
- UMR1253, iBrain, INSERM, University of Tours, Tours, France.,Service de Génétique, Centre hospitalier régional universitaire de Tours, Tours, France
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16
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Chiyoda H, Kume M, del Castillo CC, Kontani K, Spang A, Katada T, Fukuyama M. Caenorhabditis elegans PTR/PTCHD PTR-18 promotes the clearance of extracellular hedgehog-related protein via endocytosis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009457. [PMID: 33872306 PMCID: PMC8104386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporal restriction of signaling plays a critical role in animal development and tissue homeostasis. All stem and progenitor cells in newly hatched C. elegans larvae are quiescent and capable of suspending their development until sufficient food is supplied. Here, we show that ptr-18, which encodes the evolutionarily conserved patched-related (PTR)/patched domain-containing (PTCHD) protein, temporally restricts the availability of extracellular hedgehog-related protein to establish the capacity of progenitor cells to maintain quiescence. We found that neural progenitor cells exit from quiescence in ptr-18 mutant larvae even when hatched under starved conditions. This unwanted reactivation depended on the activity of a specific set of hedgehog-related grl genes including grl-7. Unexpectedly, neither PTR-18 nor GRL-7 were expressed in newly hatched wild-type larvae. Instead, at the late embryonic stage, both PTR-18 and GRL-7 proteins were first localized around the apical membrane of hypodermal and neural progenitor cells and subsequently targeted for lysosomal degradation before hatching. Loss of ptr-18 caused a significant delay in GRL-7 clearance, causing this protein to be retained in the extracellular space in newly hatched ptr-18 mutant larvae. Furthermore, the putative transporter activity of PTR-18 was shown to be required for the appropriate function of the protein. These findings not only uncover a previously undescribed role of PTR/PTCHD in the clearance of extracellular hedgehog-related proteins via endocytosis-mediated degradation but also illustrate that failure to temporally restrict intercellular signaling during embryogenesis can subsequently compromise post-embryonic progenitor cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohisa Chiyoda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiko Kume
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Kontani
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Toshiaki Katada
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Fukuyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Davenport EC, Szulc BR, Drew J, Taylor J, Morgan T, Higgs NF, López-Doménech G, Kittler JT. Autism and Schizophrenia-Associated CYFIP1 Regulates the Balance of Synaptic Excitation and Inhibition. Cell Rep 2020; 26:2037-2051.e6. [PMID: 30784587 PMCID: PMC6381785 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) balance is implicated in neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, but the underlying genetic etiology remains poorly understood. Copy number variations in CYFIP1 are associated with autism, schizophrenia, and intellectual disability, but its role in regulating synaptic inhibition or E/I balance remains unclear. We show that CYFIP1, and the paralog CYFIP2, are enriched at inhibitory postsynaptic sites. While CYFIP1 or CYFIP2 upregulation increases excitatory synapse number and the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), it has the opposite effect at inhibitory synapses, decreasing their size and the amplitude of miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Contrary to CYFIP1 upregulation, its loss in vivo, upon conditional knockout in neocortical principal cells, increases expression of postsynaptic GABAA receptor β2/3-subunits and neuroligin 3, enhancing synaptic inhibition. Thus, CYFIP1 dosage can bi-directionally impact inhibitory synaptic structure and function, potentially leading to altered E/I balance and circuit dysfunction in CYFIP1-associated neurological disorders. CYFIP1 and CYFIP2 are enriched at inhibitory synapses. CYFIP1 upregulation differentially disrupts inhibitory and excitatory synapses. Conditional loss of CYFIP1 alters neuroligin 3 and GABAAR β-subunits expression. Loss of CYFIP1 increases inhibitory synaptic clusters and hence mIPSC amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Davenport
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Blanka R Szulc
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Drew
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - James Taylor
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Toby Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nathalie F Higgs
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Guillermo López-Doménech
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Josef T Kittler
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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18
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Ross PJ, Zhang WB, Mok RS, Zaslavsky K, Deneault E, D’Abate L, Rodrigues DC, Yuen RK, Faheem M, Mufteev M, Piekna A, Wei W, Pasceri P, Landa RJ, Nagy A, Varga B, Salter MW, Scherer SW, Ellis J. Synaptic Dysfunction in Human Neurons With Autism-Associated Deletions in PTCHD1-AS. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 87:139-149. [PMID: 31540669 PMCID: PMC6948145 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Xp22.11 locus that encompasses PTCHD1, DDX53, and the long noncoding RNA PTCHD1-AS is frequently disrupted in male subjects with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the functional consequences of these genetic risk factors for ASD are unknown. METHODS To evaluate the functional consequences of PTCHD1 locus deletions, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from unaffected control subjects and 3 subjects with ASD with microdeletions affecting PTCHD1-AS/PTCHD1, PTCHD1-AS/DDX53, or PTCHD1-AS alone. Function of iPSC-derived cortical neurons was assessed using molecular approaches and electrophysiology. We also compiled novel and known genetic variants of the PTCHD1 locus to explore the roles of PTCHD1 and PTCHD1-AS in genetic risk for ASD and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, genome editing was used to explore the functional consequences of deleting a single conserved exon of PTCHD1-AS. RESULTS iPSC-derived neurons from subjects with ASD exhibited reduced miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction. We found that 35 ASD-associated deletions mapping to the PTCHD1 locus disrupted exons of PTCHD1-AS. We also found a novel ASD-associated deletion of PTCHD1-AS exon 3 and showed that exon 3 loss altered PTCHD1-AS splicing without affecting expression of the neighboring PTCHD1 coding gene. Finally, targeted disruption of PTCHD1-AS exon 3 recapitulated diminished miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency, supporting a role for the long noncoding RNA in the etiology of ASD. CONCLUSIONS Our genetic findings provide strong evidence that PTCHD1-AS deletions are risk factors for ASD, and human iPSC-derived neurons implicate these deletions in the neurophysiology of excitatory synapses and in ASD-associated synaptic impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Joel Ross
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,These authors contributed equally to this work,Present address: Department of Biology, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - Wen-Bo Zhang
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Rebecca S.F. Mok
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kirill Zaslavsky
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Deneault
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lia D’Abate
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Genetics & Genome Biology Program and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deivid C. Rodrigues
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan K.C. Yuen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Genetics & Genome Biology Program and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Faheem
- Genetics & Genome Biology Program and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marat Mufteev
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alina Piekna
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wei Wei
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Pasceri
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rebecca J. Landa
- Center for Autism and Related Disorders, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tenenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,Institute of Medical Science and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Balazs Varga
- Lunenfeld-Tenenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,Present address: Wellcome Trust MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge UK
| | - Michael W. Salter
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen W. Scherer
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,Genetics & Genome Biology Program and The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada,McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James Ellis
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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19
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Association of genes with phenotype in autism spectrum disorder. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:10742-10770. [PMID: 31744938 PMCID: PMC6914398 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetic heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder that is characterized by impairments in social interaction and speech development and is accompanied by stereotypical behaviors such as body rocking, hand flapping, spinning objects, sniffing and restricted behaviors. The considerable significance of the genetics associated with autism has led to the identification of many risk genes for ASD used for the probing of ASD specificity and shared cognitive features over the past few decades. Identification of ASD risk genes helps to unravel various genetic variants and signaling pathways which are involved in ASD. This review highlights the role of ASD risk genes in gene transcription and translation regulation processes, as well as neuronal activity modulation, synaptic plasticity, disrupted key biological signaling pathways, and the novel candidate genes that play a significant role in the pathophysiology of ASD. The current emphasis on autism spectrum disorders has generated new opportunities in the field of neuroscience, and further advancements in the identification of different biomarkers, risk genes, and genetic pathways can help in the early diagnosis and development of new clinical and pharmacological treatments for ASD.
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20
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Murakami Y, Imamura Y, Saito K, Sakai D, Motoyama J. Altered kynurenine pathway metabolites in a mouse model of human attention-deficit hyperactivity/autism spectrum disorders: A potential new biological diagnostic marker. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13182. [PMID: 31515500 PMCID: PMC6742629 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Deleterious mutations in patchd1 domain containing 1 (PTCHD1) gene have been identified in patients with intellectual disability and/or autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To clarify the causal relationship between Ptchd1 deficiency and behavioral defects relevant to neurodevelopmental disorders, we generated global Ptchd1 knockout (KO) mice. Ptchd1 KO mice displayed hyperlocomotion, increased impulsivity, and lower recognition memory, which resemble attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-like behaviors. Acute or chronic treatment with atomoxetine ameliorated almost all behavioral deficits in Pthcd1 KO mice. We next determined possible involvement of the kynurenine pathway (KP) metabolites in neurodevelopmental disorders in Ptchd1 KO mice and assessed the potential of KP metabolites as biomarkers for ADHD and/or ASD. Ptchd1 KO mice showed drastic changes in KP metabolite concentrations in the serum and the brain, indicating that the activated KP is associated with ADHD-like behaviors. Our findings indicate that Ptchd1 KO mice can be used as an animal model of human ADHD and/or ASD, and KP metabolites are potential diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Murakami
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan. .,Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, 573-1010, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yukio Imamura
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.,Department of Traumatology and Acute Critical Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control and Prevention, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakai
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan.,Division of General Education, Biology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Jun Motoyama
- Laboratory of Development Neurobiology, Graduate School of Brain Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, 610-0394, Japan
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21
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Jolly S, Lang V, Koelzer VH, Sala Frigerio C, Magno L, Salinas PC, Whiting P, Palomer E. Single-Cell Quantification of mRNA Expression in The Human Brain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12353. [PMID: 31451701 PMCID: PMC6710275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48787-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA analysis at the cellular resolution in the human brain is challenging. Here, we describe an optimised approach for detecting single RNA transcripts in a cell-type specific manner in frozen human brain tissue using multiplexed fluorescent RNAscope probes. We developed a new robust analytical approach for RNAscope quantification. Our method shows that low RNA integrity does not significantly affect RNAscope signal, recapitulates bulk RNA analysis and provides spatial context to transcriptomic analysis of human post-mortem brain at single-cell resolution. In summary, our optimised method allows the usage of frozen human samples from brain banks to perform quantitative RNAscope analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jolly
- ARUK-UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Verena Lang
- ARUK-UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Viktor Hendrik Koelzer
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology and Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Sala Frigerio
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenza Magno
- ARUK-UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia C Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Whiting
- ARUK-UCL Drug Discovery Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ernest Palomer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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22
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Kumar S, Reynolds K, Ji Y, Gu R, Rai S, Zhou CJ. Impaired neurodevelopmental pathways in autism spectrum disorder: a review of signaling mechanisms and crosstalk. J Neurodev Disord 2019; 11:10. [PMID: 31202261 PMCID: PMC6571119 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-019-9268-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an autistic brain is a highly complex process as evident from the involvement of various genetic and non-genetic factors in the etiology of the autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Despite being a multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorder, autistic patients display a few key characteristics, such as the impaired social interactions and elevated repetitive behaviors, suggesting the perturbation of specific neuronal circuits resulted from abnormal signaling pathways during brain development in ASD. A comprehensive review for autistic signaling mechanisms and interactions may provide a better understanding of ASD etiology and treatment. Main body Recent studies on genetic models and ASD patients with several different mutated genes revealed the dysregulation of several key signaling pathways, such as WNT, BMP, SHH, and retinoic acid (RA) signaling. Although no direct evidence of dysfunctional FGF or TGF-β signaling in ASD has been reported so far, a few examples of indirect evidence can be found. This review article summarizes how various genetic and non-genetic factors which have been reported contributing to ASD interact with WNT, BMP/TGF-β, SHH, FGF, and RA signaling pathways. The autism-associated gene ubiquitin-protein ligase E3A (UBE3A) has been reported to influence WNT, BMP, and RA signaling pathways, suggesting crosstalk between various signaling pathways during autistic brain development. Finally, the article comments on what further studies could be performed to gain deeper insights into the understanding of perturbed signaling pathways in the etiology of ASD. Conclusion The understanding of mechanisms behind various signaling pathways in the etiology of ASD may help to facilitate the identification of potential therapeutic targets and design of new treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Ran Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Sunil Rai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, University of California at Davis School of Medicine, 2425 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
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23
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Rowley PA, Guerrero-Gonzalez J, Alexander AL, Yu JPJ. Convergent microstructural brain changes across genetic models of autism spectrum disorder-A pilot study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 283:83-91. [PMID: 30557783 PMCID: PMC6398946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex and genetically heterogeneous neuropsychiatric disease affecting as many as 1 in 68 children. Large scale genetic sequencing of individuals along the autism spectrum has uncovered several genetic risk factors for ASD; however, understanding how, and to what extent, individual genes contribute to the overall disease phenotype remains unclear. Neuroimaging studies of ASD have revealed a wide spectrum of structural and functional perturbations that are thought to reflect, in part, the complex genetic heterogeneity underpinning ASD. These perturbations, in both preclinical models and clinical patients, were identified in preclinical genetic models and ASD patients when compared to control populations; however, few studies have directly explored intrinsic differences between the models themselves. To better understand the degree and extent to which individual genes associated with ASD differ in their contribution to global measures of white matter microstructure, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was acquired from three novel rat genetic models of ASD (Fmr1, Nrxn1, and Pten) and DTI parameters of fractional anisotropy, mean, axial, and radial diffusivity were measured. Subsequent whole-brain voxel-wise analysis comparing each genetic model to each other (Fmr1:Nrxn1; Fmr1:Pten; Nrxn1:Pten) identified no significant differences in any comparison for all diffusion parameters assessed (FA, AD, MD, RD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Rowley
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jose Guerrero-Gonzalez
- Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Andrew L Alexander
- Department of Medical Physics, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - John-Paul J Yu
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706 USA; Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705 USA.
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