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Zhang Y, Song Q, E S, Guan X, Zhang Z, Juan Z, Sun X, Liang Y. RNA-seq based transcriptomic map reveals multiple pathways of necroptosis in treating myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Gene 2024; 906:148217. [PMID: 38341002 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Necroptosis has been shown to contribute to myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI). This study aims to gain new insights into the signaling pathway of necroptosis in rat MIRI using RNA sequencing. MIRI was induced in male rats by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 120 min. RNA sequencing was performed to obtain mRNA profiles of MIRI group and MIRI group treated with necrostatin-1 (Nec-1,an inhibitor of necroptosis). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were then identified. The DEGs were prominently enriched in the TNF-α signaling pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway and cytokine-cytokine receptor pathways. The majority of the results were associated with genes like Thumpd3,Egr2,Dot1l,Cyp1a1,Dbnl,which primarily regulate inflammatory response and apoptosis, particularly in myocardium. The above results suggested that Nec-1 might be involved in the regulation of necroptosis and the inflammatory response through the above-mentioned genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Zhang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Qingbiao Song
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Sihan E
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xuehao Guan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Zhiyu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261035, China
| | - Zhaodong Juan
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Xiaotong Sun
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China
| | - Yingxia Liang
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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2
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Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang B, Shi W, Hu X, Wang Y, Guo Y, Xie H, Xiao W, Li J. Integrated Omics Reveal the Molecular Characterization and Pathogenic Mechanism of Rosacea. J Invest Dermatol 2024; 144:33-42.e2. [PMID: 37437773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts have described the transcriptomic landscape of rosacea. However, little is known about its proteomic characteristics. In this study, the proteome and phosphoproteome of lesional skin, paired nonlesional skin, and healthy skin were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The molecular characteristics and potential pathogenic mechanism of rosacea were demonstrated by integrating the proteome, phosphoproteome, and previous transcriptome. The proteomic data revealed a significant upregulation of inflammation- and axon extension-related proteins in lesional skin and nonlesional skin versus in healthy skin, implying an inflammatory and nerve-hypersensitive microenvironment in rosacea skin. Of these, axon-related proteins (DPYSL2 and DBNL) were correlated with the Clinician's Erythema Assessment score, and neutrophil-related proteins (ELANE and S100A family) were correlated with the Investigator's Global Assessment score. Moreover, comorbidity-related proteins were differentially expressed in rosacea; of these, SNCA was positively correlated with Clinician's Erythema Assessment score, implying a potential correlation between rosacea and comorbidities. Subsequently, the integrated proteome and transcriptome demonstrated consistent immune disturbances at both the transcriptional and protein levels. The integrative analysis of the proteome and phosphoproteome revealed the key transcription factor network and kinase network that drive the dysregulation of immunity and vasculature in rosacea. In conclusion, our multiomics analysis enables more comprehensive insight into rosacea and offers an opportunity for, to our knowledge, previously unreported treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiya Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yingxue Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ximin Hu
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaling Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongfu Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, China; Changsha Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenqin Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Aging Biology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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3
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Bárez-López S, Mecawi AS, Bryan N, Pauža AG, Duque VJ, Gillard BT, Murphy D, Greenwood MP. Translational and post-translational dynamics in a model peptidergic system. Mol Cell Proteomics 2023; 22:100544. [PMID: 37030596 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell bodies of hypothalamic magnocellular neurones are densely packed in the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus whereas their axons project to the anatomically discrete posterior pituitary gland. We have taken advantage of this unique anatomical structure to establish proteome and phosphoproteome dynamics in neuronal cell bodies and axonal terminals in response to physiological stimulation. We have found that proteome and phosphoproteome responses to neuronal stimulation are very different between somatic and axonal neuronal compartments, indicating the need of each cell domain to differentially adapt. In particular, changes in the phosphoproteome in the cell body are involved in the reorganisation of the cytoskeleton and in axonal terminals the regulation of synaptic and secretory processes. We have identified that prohormone precursors including vasopressin and oxytocin are phosphorylated in axonal terminals and are hyperphosphorylated following stimulation. By multi-omic integration of transcriptome and proteomic data we identify changes to proteins present in afferent inputs to this nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad Bárez-López
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - André S Mecawi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natasha Bryan
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Audrys G Pauža
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Victor J Duque
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroendocrinology, Department of Biophysics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Benjamin T Gillard
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Michael P Greenwood
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Dorothy Hodgkin Building, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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A Unique "Reversed" Migration of Neurons in the Developing Claustrum. J Neurosci 2023; 43:693-708. [PMID: 36631266 PMCID: PMC9899091 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0704-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The claustrum (CLA) is a cluster of neurons located between the insular cortex and striatum. Many studies have shown that the CLA plays an important role in higher brain function. Additionally, growing evidence suggests that CLA dysfunction is associated with neuropsychological symptoms. However, how the CLA is formed during development is not fully understood. In the present study, we analyzed the development of the CLA, especially focusing on the migration profiles of CLA neurons in mice of both sexes. First, we showed that CLA neurons were generated between embryonic day (E) 10.5 and E12.5, but mostly at E11.5. Next, we labeled CLA neurons born at E11.5 using the FlashTag technology and revealed that most neurons reached the brain surface by E13.5 but were distributed deep in the CLA 1 d later at E14.5. Time-lapse imaging of GFP-labeled cells revealed that some CLA neurons first migrated radially outward and then changed their direction inward after reaching the surface. Moreover, we demonstrated that Reelin signal is necessary for the appropriate distribution of CLA neurons. The switch from outward to "reversed" migration of developing CLA neurons is distinct from other migration modes, in which neurons typically migrate in a certain direction, which is simply outward or inward. Future elucidation of the characteristics and precise molecular mechanisms of CLA development may provide insights into the unique cognitive functions of the CLA.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The claustrum (CLA) plays an important role in higher brain function, and its dysfunction is associated with neuropsychological symptoms. Although psychiatric disorders are increasingly being understood as disorders of neurodevelopment, little is known about CLA development, including its neuronal migration profiles and underlying molecular mechanisms. Here, we investigated the migration profiles of CLA neurons during development and found that they migrated radially outward and then inward after reaching the surface. This switch in the migratory direction from outward to inward may be one of the brain's fundamental mechanisms of nuclear formation. Our findings enable us to investigate the relationship between CLA maldevelopment and dysfunction, which may facilitate understanding of the pathogenesis of some psychiatric disorders.
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Dillon ST, Otu HH, Ngo LH, Fong TG, Vasunilashorn SM, Xie Z, Kunze LJ, Vlassakov KV, Abdeen A, Lange JK, Earp BE, Cooper ZR, Schmitt E, Arnold SE, Hshieh T, Jones RN, Inouye SK, Marcantonio ER, Libermann TA. Patterns and Persistence of Perioperative Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Neuroinflammatory Protein Biomarkers After Elective Orthopedic Surgery Using SOMAscan. Anesth Analg 2023; 136:163-175. [PMID: 35389379 PMCID: PMC9537343 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000005991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuroinflammatory response to surgery can be characterized by peripheral acute plasma protein changes in blood, but corresponding, persisting alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteins remain mostly unknown. Using the SOMAscan assay, we define acute and longer-term proteome changes associated with surgery in plasma and CSF. We hypothesized that biological pathways identified by these proteins would be in the categories of neuroinflammation and neuronal function and define neuroinflammatory proteome changes associated with surgery in older patients. METHODS SOMAscan analyzed 1305 proteins in blood plasma (n = 14) and CSF (n = 15) samples from older patients enrolled in the Role of Inflammation after Surgery for Elders (RISE) study undergoing elective hip and knee replacement surgery with spinal anesthesia. Systems biology analysis identified biological pathways enriched among the surgery-associated differentially expressed proteins in plasma and CSF. RESULTS Comparison of postoperative day 1 (POD1) to preoperative (PREOP) plasma protein levels identified 343 proteins with postsurgical changes ( P < .05; absolute value of the fold change [|FC|] > 1.2). Comparing postoperative 1-month (PO1MO) plasma and CSF with PREOP identified 67 proteins in plasma and 79 proteins in CSF with altered levels ( P < .05; |FC| > 1.2). In plasma, 21 proteins, primarily linked to immune response and inflammation, were similarly changed at POD1 and PO1MO. Comparison of plasma to CSF at PO1MO identified 8 shared proteins. Comparison of plasma at POD1 to CSF at PO1MO identified a larger number, 15 proteins in common, most of which are regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) or transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFB1) and linked to the inflammatory response. Of the 79 CSF PO1MO-specific proteins, many are involved in neuronal function and neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS SOMAscan can characterize both short- and long-term surgery-induced protein alterations in plasma and CSF. Acute plasma protein changes at POD1 parallel changes in PO1MO CSF and suggest 15 potential biomarkers for longer-term neuroinflammation that warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon T. Dillon
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Long H. Ngo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Tamara G. Fong
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Sarinnapha M. Vasunilashorn
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Zhongcong Xie
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Lisa J. Kunze
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Kamen V. Vlassakov
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Ayesha Abdeen
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey K. Lange
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Brandon E. Earp
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Faulkner Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Zara R. Cooper
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Eva Schmitt
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
| | - Steven E. Arnold
- MGH Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA
| | - Tammy Hshieh
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Richard N. Jones
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Behavior and Neurology, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Sharon K. Inouye
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Aging Brain Center, Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA
- Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Edward R. Marcantonio
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Divisions of General Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Towia A. Libermann
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medicine and Biotechnology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Genomics, Proteomics, Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Kanadome T, Hayashi K, Seto Y, Eiraku M, Nakajima K, Nagai T, Matsuda T. Development of intensiometric indicators for visualizing N-cadherin interaction across cells. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1065. [PMID: 36207396 PMCID: PMC9546846 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04023-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
N-cadherin (NCad) is a classical cadherin that mediates cell–cell interactions in a Ca2+-dependent manner. NCad participates in various biological processes, from ontogenesis to higher brain functions, though the visualization of NCad interactions in living cells remains limited. Here, we present intensiometric NCad interaction indicators, named INCIDERs, that utilize dimerization-dependent fluorescent proteins. INCIDERs successfully visualize reversible NCad interactions across cells. Compared to FRET-based indicators, INCIDERs have a ~70-fold higher signal contrast, enabling clear identification of NCad interactions. In primary neuronal cells, NCad interactions are visualized between closely apposed processes. Furthermore, visualization of NCad interaction at cell adhesion sites in dense cell populations is achieved by two-photon microscopy. INCIDERs are useful tools in the spatiotemporal investigation of NCad interactions across cells; future research should evaluate the potential of INCIDERs in mapping complex three-dimensional architectures in multi-cellular systems. Intensiometric N-cadherin (NCad) interaction indicators, named INCIDERs, visualize reversible NCad-mediated cell-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanadome
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kanehiro Hayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yusuke Seto
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Mototsugu Eiraku
- Laboratory of Developmental Systems, Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.,Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakajima
- Department of Anatomy, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, SANKEN (The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research), Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, 567-0047, Japan.
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Weir N, Stevens B, Wagner S, Miles A, Ball G, Howard C, Chemmarappally J, McGinnity M, Hargreaves AJ, Tinsley C. Aligned Poly-l-lactic Acid Nanofibers Induce Self-Assembly of Primary Cortical Neurons into 3D Cell Clusters. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:765-776. [PMID: 35084839 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Relative to two-dimensional (2D) culture, three-dimensional (3D) culture of primary neurons has yielded increasingly physiological responses from cells. Electrospun nanofiber scaffolds are frequently used as a 3D biomaterial support for primary neurons in neural tissue engineering, while hydrophobic surfaces typically induce aggregation of cells. Poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) was electrospun as aligned PLLA nanofiber scaffolds to generate a structure with both qualities. Primary cortical neurons from E18 Sprague-Dawley rats cultured on aligned PLLA nanofibers generated 3D clusters of cells that extended highly aligned, fasciculated neurite bundles within 10 days. These clusters were viable for 28 days and responsive to AMPA and GABA. Relative to the 2D culture, the 3D cultures exhibited a more developed profile; mass spectrometry demonstrated an upregulation of proteins involved in cortical lamination, polarization, and axon fasciculation and a downregulation of immature neuronal markers. The use of artificial neural network inference suggests that the increased formation of synapses may drive the increase in development that is observed for the 3D cell clusters. This research suggests that aligned PLLA nanofibers may be highly useful for generating advanced 3D cell cultures for high-throughput systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Weir
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Bob Stevens
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Sarah Wagner
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Amanda Miles
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Graham Ball
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Charlotte Howard
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Joseph Chemmarappally
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Martin McGinnity
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Alan Jeffrey Hargreaves
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
| | - Chris Tinsley
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K
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Genetic adaptation to urban living: molecular DNA analyses of wild boar populations in Budapest and surrounding area. Mamm Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-021-00212-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AbstractStudies of wild boar, Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758, in urban and suburban areas of Budapest, Hungary, have indicated that these populations do not have continuous contact. Based on the assumption that the city has a discrete population, we hypothesized that the urban wild boar would differ genetically from those in suburban areas. Analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data using the GeneSeek Genomic Profiler (GGP) Porcine 50 K system (Neogen, Scotland, UK) differentiated three populations: Buda (B) from the Western bank of the Danube; Buda Surrounding (BS); and Valkó (V) from the Eastern bank of the Danube. The coefficient of genetic differentiation (FST) for the B and BS populations was low. The inbreeding coefficients of the populations BS and V were close to zero, while population B had a high positive value reflecting the influence of founders and the inbreeding of the continuous urban population. The genome regions that were most differentiated between the B and BS populations were analyzed based on the FST values of the SNP markers using a mixed linear multi-locus model and BayeScan software. The most differentiated marker, WU_10.2_18_56278226, was found on chromosome 18. The surrounding region contained several candidate genes that could play important roles in adaptations related to human-induced stress. Two of these, encoding the adenylate cyclase 1 (ADCY1) and inhibin beta A chain precursor (INHBA) genes, were sequenced. While IHBA gene did not display variation, the allele distribution of the ADCY1 gene in the B population was significantly different from that of the BS population supporting the parapatric differentiation of wild boar.
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Qianqian Z, Wei X, Chuang L, Zhenliang C, Qiaoli W, Mingzhi L, Longyan W, Rui B, Jianhui T, Junjie L, Shiqiao W. MicroRNAs are potential regulators of the timed artificial insemination effect in gilt endometrium. Anim Reprod Sci 2021; 233:106837. [PMID: 34517227 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2021.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine effects of timed artificial insemination (TAI) hormonal treatments on reproductive performance of gilts/sows and explore molecular mechanisms, gilts (TAI: 90; Control:149; Total: 239) and sows (TAI: 370; Control: 492) were utilized. Results indicated the estrus/farrowing rate and number of piglets born alive and weaned in the TAI group were greater than in the control group for both gilts and sows. To explore the molecular mechanism for TAI hormonal effects, the small RNA of the gilt endometrium at 16 and 25 of gestation were sampled and sequenced to determine potential functions of microRNA (MiRNA); 358 known and 142 novel MiRNAs were detected. With comparison of TAI and control groups, there were 54 differentially abundant MiRNAs, and functional analysis results indicated "binding," "protein/ion binding," and "immune response" were mostly enriched. In addition, representative MiRNAs were selected based on criteria including being regulated on both day 16 and 25 of gestation (ssc-miR-10a-5p, ssc-miR-345-5p, ssc-miR-370) along with reproduction-related target genes (ssc-miR-424-5p, ssc-miR-142-5p). Furthermore, target genes of selected MiRNAs were screened, and functional enrichment of those genes also indicated that the "binding" and "immune response" were mainly enriched. Results from the present study confirmed TAI-hormonal treatments improved estrous/farrowing rate and number of piglets born alive/weaned of gilts/sows and that hormonal treatment regimens leading to behavioral estrus at timed artificial insemination in gilts results in microRNA patterns in the endometrium that are more supportive of pregnancy. Results contribute valuable information for future studies of effects of TAI hormonal treatments on pig reproductive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Qianqian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Xia Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Liu Chuang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Cui Zhenliang
- Ningbo Sansheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd,Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Wei Qiaoli
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Liu Mingzhi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wang Longyan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Bai Rui
- College of Life Science and Technology, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tian Jianhui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Junjie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Technology Innovation Center of Cattle and Sheep Embryo, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Weng Shiqiao
- Ningbo Sansheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd,Ningbo 315100, China.
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10
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Herrera A, Menendez A, Torroba B, Ochoa A, Pons S. Dbnl and β-catenin promote pro-N-cadherin processing to maintain apico-basal polarity. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212044. [PMID: 33939796 PMCID: PMC8097490 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202007055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural tube forms when neural stem cells arrange into a pseudostratified, single-cell–layered epithelium, with a marked apico-basal polarity, and in which adherens junctions (AJs) concentrate in the subapical domain. We previously reported that sustained β-catenin expression promotes the formation of enlarged apical complexes (ACs), enhancing apico-basal polarity, although the mechanism through which this occurs remained unclear. Here, we show that β-catenin interacts with phosphorylated pro-N-cadherin early in its transit through the Golgi apparatus, promoting propeptide excision and the final maturation of N-cadherin. We describe a new β-catenin–dependent interaction of N-cadherin with Drebrin-like (Dbnl), an actin-binding protein that is involved in anterograde Golgi trafficking of proteins. Notably, Dbnl knockdown led to pro-N-cadherin accumulation and limited AJ formation. In brief, we demonstrate that Dbnl and β-catenin assist in the maturation of pro-N-cadherin, which is critical for AJ formation and for the recruitment AC components like aPKC and, consequently, for the maintenance of apico-basal polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herrera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anghara Menendez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Torroba
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Ochoa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sebastián Pons
- Instituto de Biología Molecular de Barcelona, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Xu MS, Yin LM, Cheng AF, Zhang YJ, Zhang D, Tao MM, Deng YY, Ge LB, Shan CL. Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Is Associated With Upregulation of Cofilin-1 in the Motor Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634347. [PMID: 33777942 PMCID: PMC7991082 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death. Reperfusion is a critical stage after thrombolysis or thrombectomy, accompanied by oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and defects in synapse structure. The process is closely related to the dephosphorylation of actin-binding proteins (e.g., cofilin-1) by specific phosphatases. Although studies of the molecular mechanisms of the actin cytoskeleton have been ongoing for decades, limited studies have directly investigated reperfusion-induced reorganization of actin-binding protein, and little is known about the gene expression of actin-binding proteins. The exact mechanism is still uncertain. The motor cortex is very important to save nerve function; therefore, we chose the penumbra to study the relationship between cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and actin-binding protein. After transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and reperfusion, we confirmed reperfusion and motor function deficit by cerebral blood flow and gait analysis. PCR was used to screen the high expression mRNAs in penumbra of the motor cortex. The high expression of cofilin in this region was confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot (WB). The change in cofilin-1 expression appears at the same time as gait imbalance, especially maximum variation and left front swing. It is suggested that cofilin-1 may partially affect motor cortex function. This result provides a potential mechanism for understanding cerebral ischemia-reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Xu
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Miao Yin
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ai-Fang Cheng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Jie Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Miao-Miao Tao
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-Yi Deng
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Bao Ge
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Lei Shan
- Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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de Agustín-Durán D, Mateos-White I, Fabra-Beser J, Gil-Sanz C. Stick around: Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecules during Neocortical Development. Cells 2021; 10:118. [PMID: 33435191 PMCID: PMC7826847 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is an exquisitely organized structure achieved through complex cellular processes from the generation of neural cells to their integration into cortical circuits after complex migration processes. During this long journey, neural cells need to establish and release adhesive interactions through cell surface receptors known as cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Several types of CAMs have been described regulating different aspects of neurodevelopment. Whereas some of them mediate interactions with the extracellular matrix, others allow contact with additional cells. In this review, we will focus on the role of two important families of cell-cell adhesion molecules (C-CAMs), classical cadherins and nectins, as well as in their effectors, in the control of fundamental processes related with corticogenesis, with special attention in the cooperative actions among the two families of C-CAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Cristina Gil-Sanz
- Neural Development Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Biomedicina y Biotecnología (BIOTECMED) and Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultat de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; (D.d.A.-D.); (I.M.-W.); (J.F.-B.)
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13
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Martinez-Garay I. Molecular Mechanisms of Cadherin Function During Cortical Migration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:588152. [PMID: 33043020 PMCID: PMC7523180 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.588152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During development of the cerebral cortex, different types of neurons migrate from distinct origins to create the different cortical layers and settle within them. Along their way, migrating neurons use cell adhesion molecules on their surface to interact with other cells that will play critical roles to ensure that migration is successful. Radially migrating projection neurons interact primarily with radial glia and Cajal-Retzius cells, whereas interneurons originating in the subpallium follow a longer, tangential route and encounter additional cellular substrates before reaching the cortex. Cell-cell adhesion is therefore essential for the correct migration of cortical neurons. Several members of the cadherin superfamily of cell adhesion proteins, which mediate cellular interactions through calcium-dependent, mostly homophilic binding, have been shown to play important roles during neuronal migration of both projection neurons and interneurons. Although several classical cadherins and protocadherins are involved in this process, the most prominent is CDH2. This mini review will explore the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning cadherin function during cortical migration, including recent advances in our understanding of the control of adhesive strength through regulation of cadherin surface levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Martinez-Garay
- Division of Neuroscience, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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14
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Fbxo45 Binds SPRY Motifs in the Extracellular Domain of N-Cadherin and Regulates Neuron Migration during Brain Development. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00539-19. [PMID: 32341084 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00539-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Several events during the normal development of the mammalian neocortex depend on N-cadherin, including the radial migration of immature projection neurons into the cortical plate. Remarkably, radial migration requires the N-cadherin extracellular domain but not N-cadherin-dependent homophilic cell-cell adhesion, suggesting that other N-cadherin-binding proteins may be involved. We used proximity ligation and affinity purification proteomics to identify N-cadherin-binding proteins. Both screens detected MycBP2 and SPRY domain protein Fbxo45, two components of an intracellular E3 ubiquitin ligase. Fbxo45 appears to be secreted by a nonclassical mechanism, not involving a signal peptide and not requiring transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus. Fbxo45 binding requires N-cadherin SPRY motifs that are not involved in cell-cell adhesion. SPRY mutant N-cadherin does not support radial migration in vivo Radial migration was similarly inhibited when Fbxo45 expression was suppressed. The results suggest that projection neuron migration requires both Fbxo45 and the binding of Fbxo45 or another protein to SPRY motifs in the extracellular domain of N-cadherin.
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15
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Jossin Y. Molecular mechanisms of cell polarity in a range of model systems and in migrating neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 106:103503. [PMID: 32485296 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is defined as the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along an axis. Most cells, from the simplest single-cell organisms to highly specialized mammalian cells, are polarized and use similar mechanisms to generate and maintain polarity. Cell polarity is important for cells to migrate, form tissues, and coordinate activities. During development of the mammalian cerebral cortex, cell polarity is essential for neurogenesis and for the migration of newborn but as-yet undifferentiated neurons. These oriented migrations include both the radial migration of excitatory projection neurons and the tangential migration of inhibitory interneurons. In this review, I will first describe the development of the cerebral cortex, as revealed at the cellular level. I will then define the core molecular mechanisms - the Par/Crb/Scrib polarity complexes, small GTPases, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, and phosphoinositides/PI3K signaling - that are required for asymmetric cell division, apico-basal and front-rear polarity in model systems, including C elegans zygote, Drosophila embryos and cultured mammalian cells. As I go through each core mechanism I will explain what is known about its importance in radial and tangential migration in the developing mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jossin
- Laboratory of Mammalian Development & Cell Biology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
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16
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Duchateau A, de Thonel A, El Fatimy R, Dubreuil V, Mezger V. The "HSF connection": Pleiotropic regulation and activities of Heat Shock Factors shape pathophysiological brain development. Neurosci Lett 2020; 725:134895. [PMID: 32147500 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Heat Shock Factors (HSFs) have been historically identified as a family of transcription factors that are activated and work in a stress-responsive manner, after exposure to a large variety of stimuli. However, they are also critical in normal conditions, in a life long manner, in a number of physiological processes that encompass gametogenesis, embryonic development and the integrity of adult organs and organisms. The importance of such roles is emphasized by the devastating impact of their deregulation on health, ranging from reproductive failure, neurodevelopmental disorders, cancer, and aging pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we provide an overview of the delicate choreography of the regulation of HSFs during neurodevelopment, at prenatal and postnatal stages. The regulation of HSFs acts at multiple layers and steps, and comprises the control of (i) HSF mRNA and protein levels, (ii) HSF activity in terms of DNA-binding and transcription, (iii) HSF homo- and hetero-oligomerization capacities, and (iv) HSF combinatory set of post-translational modifications. We also describe how these regulatory mechanisms operate in the normal developing brain and how their perturbation impact neurodevelopment under prenatal or perinatal stress conditions. In addition, we put into perspective the possible role of HSFs in the evolution of the vertebrate brains and the importance of the HSF pathway in a large variety of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Duchateau
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France; ED 562 BioSPC, Université de Paris, F-75205, Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Aurélie de Thonel
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Rachid El Fatimy
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Véronique Dubreuil
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Mezger
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire DHU PROTECT, Paris, France.
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17
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Abstract
The neocortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and is the seat of our higher cognitive functions. This outstanding neural structure increased massively in size and complexity during evolution in a process recapitulated today during the development of extant mammals. Accordingly, defects in neocortical development commonly result in severe intellectual and social deficits. Thus, understanding the development of the neocortex benefits from understanding its evolution and disease and also informs about their underlying mechanisms. Here, I briefly summarize the most recent and outstanding advances in our understanding of neocortical development and focus particularly on dorsal progenitors and excitatory neurons. I place special emphasis on the specification of neural stem cells in distinct classes and their proliferation and production of neurons and then discuss recent findings on neuronal migration. Recent discoveries on the genetic evolution of neocortical development are presented with a particular focus on primates. Progress on all these fronts is being accelerated by high-throughput gene expression analyses and particularly single-cell transcriptomics. I end with novel insights into the involvement of microglia in embryonic brain development and how improvements in cultured cerebral organoids are gradually consolidating them as faithful models of neocortex development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Borrell
- Institute of Neuroscience, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - Universidad Miguel Hernández, Ramon y Cajal s/n, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
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18
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Hakanen J, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. Linking Cell Polarity to Cortical Development and Malformations. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:244. [PMID: 31213986 PMCID: PMC6558068 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity refers to the asymmetric distribution of signaling molecules, cellular organelles, and cytoskeleton in a cell. Neural progenitors and neurons are highly polarized cells in which the cell membrane and cytoplasmic components are compartmentalized into distinct functional domains in response to internal and external cues that coordinate polarity and behavior during development and disease. In neural progenitor cells, polarity has a prominent impact on cell shape and coordinate several processes such as adhesion, division, and fate determination. Polarity also accompanies a neuron from the beginning until the end of its life. It is essential for development and later functionality of neuronal circuitries. During development, polarity governs transitions between multipolar and bipolar during migration of postmitotic neurons, and directs the specification and directional growth of axons. Once reaching final positions in cortical layers, neurons form dendrites which become compartmentalized to ensure proper establishment of neuronal connections and signaling. Changes in neuronal polarity induce signaling cascades that regulate cytoskeletal changes, as well as mRNA, protein, and vesicle trafficking, required for synapses to form and function. Hence, defects in establishing and maintaining cell polarity are associated with several neural disorders such as microcephaly, lissencephaly, schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. In this review we summarize the role of polarity genes in cortical development and emphasize the relationship between polarity dysfunctions and cortical malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
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