4
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Kirjavainen A, Singh P, Lahti L, Seja P, Lelkes Z, Makkonen A, Kilpinen S, Ono Y, Salminen M, Aitta-Aho T, Stenberg T, Molchanova S, Achim K, Partanen J. Gata2, Nkx2-2 and Skor2 form a transcription factor network regulating development of a midbrain GABAergic neuron subtype with characteristics of REM-sleep regulatory neurons. Development 2022; 149:275960. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.200937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The midbrain reticular formation (MRF) is a mosaic of diverse GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons that have been associated with a variety of functions, including sleep regulation. However, the molecular characteristics and development of MRF neurons are poorly understood. As the transcription factor, Gata2 is required for the development of all GABAergic neurons derived from the embryonic mouse midbrain, we hypothesized that the genes expressed downstream of Gata2 could contribute to the diversification of GABAergic neuron subtypes in this brain region. Here, we show that Gata2 is required for the expression of several GABAergic lineage-specific transcription factors, including Nkx2-2 and Skor2, which are co-expressed in a restricted group of post-mitotic GABAergic precursors in the MRF. Both Gata2 and Nkx2-2 function is required for Skor2 expression in GABAergic precursors. In the adult mouse and rat midbrain, Nkx2-2-and Skor2-expressing GABAergic neurons locate at the boundary of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray and the MRF, an area containing REM-off neurons regulating REM sleep. In addition to the characteristic localization, Skor2+ cells increase their activity upon REM-sleep inhibition, send projections to the dorsolateral pons, a region associated with sleep control, and are responsive to orexins, consistent with the known properties of midbrain REM-off neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kirjavainen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Parul Singh
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Laura Lahti
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Patricia Seja
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Zoltan Lelkes
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 2 Department of Physiology, PO Box 63 , , Helsinki , Finland
- University of Szeged 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine , , Szeged , Hungary
| | - Aki Makkonen
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 4 Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 63 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Sami Kilpinen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Yuichi Ono
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, Integrated Cell Biology, KAN Research Institute 5 , 6-8-2 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047 , Japan
| | - Marjo Salminen
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 6 Department of Veterinary Biosciences, PO Box 66 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Teemu Aitta-Aho
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 4 Department of Pharmacology, PO Box 63 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tarja Stenberg
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 2 Department of Physiology, PO Box 63 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Svetlana Molchanova
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Kaia Achim
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Juha Partanen
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
- FIN00014-University of Helsinki 1 , Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, PO Box 56 , , Helsinki , Finland
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7
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Librado P, Khan N, Fages A, Kusliy MA, Suchan T, Tonasso-Calvière L, Schiavinato S, Alioglu D, Fromentier A, Perdereau A, Aury JM, Gaunitz C, Chauvey L, Seguin-Orlando A, Der Sarkissian C, Southon J, Shapiro B, Tishkin AA, Kovalev AA, Alquraishi S, Alfarhan AH, Al-Rasheid KAS, Seregély T, Klassen L, Iversen R, Bignon-Lau O, Bodu P, Olive M, Castel JC, Boudadi-Maligne M, Alvarez N, Germonpré M, Moskal-del Hoyo M, Wilczyński J, Pospuła S, Lasota-Kuś A, Tunia K, Nowak M, Rannamäe E, Saarma U, Boeskorov G, Lōugas L, Kyselý R, Peške L, Bălășescu A, Dumitrașcu V, Dobrescu R, Gerber D, Kiss V, Szécsényi-Nagy A, Mende BG, Gallina Z, Somogyi K, Kulcsár G, Gál E, Bendrey R, Allentoft ME, Sirbu G, Dergachev V, Shephard H, Tomadini N, Grouard S, Kasparov A, Basilyan AE, Anisimov MA, Nikolskiy PA, Pavlova EY, Pitulko V, Brem G, Wallner B, Schwall C, Keller M, Kitagawa K, Bessudnov AN, Bessudnov A, Taylor W, Magail J, Gantulga JO, Bayarsaikhan J, Erdenebaatar D, Tabaldiev K, Mijiddorj E, Boldgiv B, Tsagaan T, Pruvost M, Olsen S, Makarewicz CA, Valenzuela Lamas S, Albizuri Canadell S, Nieto Espinet A, Iborra MP, Lira Garrido J, Rodríguez González E, Celestino S, Olària C, Arsuaga JL, Kotova N, Pryor A, Crabtree P, Zhumatayev R, Toleubaev A, Morgunova NL, Kuznetsova T, Lordkipanize D, Marzullo M, Prato O, Bagnasco Gianni G, Tecchiati U, Clavel B, Lepetz S, Davoudi H, Mashkour M, Berezina NY, Stockhammer PW, Krause J, Haak W, Morales-Muñiz A, Benecke N, Hofreiter M, Ludwig A, Graphodatsky AS, Peters J, Kiryushin KY, Iderkhangai TO, Bokovenko NA, Vasiliev SK, Seregin NN, Chugunov KV, Plasteeva NA, Baryshnikov GF, Petrova E, Sablin M, Ananyevskaya E, Logvin A, Shevnina I, Logvin V, Kalieva S, Loman V, Kukushkin I, Merz I, Merz V, Sakenov S, Varfolomeyev V, Usmanova E, Zaibert V, Arbuckle B, Belinskiy AB, Kalmykov A, Reinhold S, Hansen S, Yudin AI, Vybornov AA, Epimakhov A, Berezina NS, Roslyakova N, Kosintsev PA, Kuznetsov PF, Anthony D, Kroonen GJ, Kristiansen K, Wincker P, Outram A, Orlando L. The origins and spread of domestic horses from the Western Eurasian steppes. Nature 2021; 598:634-640. [PMID: 34671162 PMCID: PMC8550961 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of horses fundamentally transformed long-range mobility and warfare1. However, modern domesticated breeds do not descend from the earliest domestic horse lineage associated with archaeological evidence of bridling, milking and corralling2-4 at Botai, Central Asia around 3500 BC3. Other longstanding candidate regions for horse domestication, such as Iberia5 and Anatolia6, have also recently been challenged. Thus, the genetic, geographic and temporal origins of modern domestic horses have remained unknown. Here we pinpoint the Western Eurasian steppes, especially the lower Volga-Don region, as the homeland of modern domestic horses. Furthermore, we map the population changes accompanying domestication from 273 ancient horse genomes. This reveals that modern domestic horses ultimately replaced almost all other local populations as they expanded rapidly across Eurasia from about 2000 BC, synchronously with equestrian material culture, including Sintashta spoke-wheeled chariots. We find that equestrianism involved strong selection for critical locomotor and behavioural adaptations at the GSDMC and ZFPM1 genes. Our results reject the commonly held association7 between horseback riding and the massive expansion of Yamnaya steppe pastoralists into Europe around 3000 BC8,9 driving the spread of Indo-European languages10. This contrasts with the scenario in Asia where Indo-Iranian languages, chariots and horses spread together, following the early second millennium BC Sintashta culture11,12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Librado
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Naveed Khan
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France ,grid.440522.50000 0004 0478 6450Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Antoine Fages
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mariya A. Kusliy
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France ,grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tomasz Suchan
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France ,grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Laure Tonasso-Calvière
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphanie Schiavinato
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Duha Alioglu
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurore Fromentier
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Aude Perdereau
- grid.460789.40000 0004 4910 6535Genoscope, Institut de biologie François-Jacob, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Charleen Gaunitz
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Lorelei Chauvey
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Andaine Seguin-Orlando
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Clio Der Sarkissian
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - John Southon
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Earth System Science Department, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Beth Shapiro
- grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA ,grid.205975.c0000 0001 0740 6917Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Alexey A. Tishkin
- grid.77225.350000000112611077Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Kovalev
- grid.465449.e0000 0001 1214 1108Department of Archaeological Heritage Preservation, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Saleh Alquraishi
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H. Alfarhan
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khaled A. S. Al-Rasheid
- grid.56302.320000 0004 1773 5396Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Timo Seregély
- grid.7359.80000 0001 2325 4853Institute for Archaeology, Heritage Conservation Studies and Art History, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany
| | | | - Rune Iversen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XSaxo Institute, section of Archaeology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Olivier Bignon-Lau
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Bodu
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Monique Olive
- grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282ArScAn-UMR 7041, Equipe Ethnologie préhistorique, CNRS, MSH-Mondes, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | | | - Myriam Boudadi-Maligne
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Nadir Alvarez
- grid.466902.f0000 0001 2248 6951Geneva Natural History Museum, Geneva, Switzerland ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mietje Germonpré
- grid.20478.390000 0001 2171 9581OD Earth & History of Life, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Magdalena Moskal-del Hoyo
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Wilczyński
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Sylwia Pospuła
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Lasota-Kuś
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Tunia
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marek Nowak
- grid.5522.00000 0001 2162 9631Institute of Archaeology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Eve Rannamäe
- Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Urmas Saarma
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gennady Boeskorov
- Diamond and Precious Metals Geology Institute, SB RAS, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Lembi Lōugas
- grid.8207.d0000 0000 9774 6466Archaeological Research Collection, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - René Kyselý
- grid.447879.10000 0001 0792 540XDepartment of Natural Sciences and Archaeometry, Institute of Archaeology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Adrian Bălășescu
- grid.418333.e0000 0004 1937 1389Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Valentin Dumitrașcu
- grid.418333.e0000 0004 1937 1389Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Roxana Dobrescu
- grid.418333.e0000 0004 1937 1389Vasile Pârvan Institute of Archaeology, Department of Bioarchaeology, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniel Gerber
- grid.481823.4Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary ,grid.5591.80000 0001 2294 6276Department of Genetics, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kiss
- grid.481830.60000 0001 2238 5843Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anna Szécsényi-Nagy
- grid.481823.4Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs G. Mende
- grid.481823.4Institute of Archaeogenomics, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Gabriella Kulcsár
- grid.481830.60000 0001 2238 5843Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Gál
- grid.481830.60000 0001 2238 5843Institute of Archaeology, Research Centre for the Humanities, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Robin Bendrey
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Old Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Morten E. Allentoft
- grid.1032.00000 0004 0375 4078Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Lab, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia Australia ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XLundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ghenadie Sirbu
- grid.435140.7Department of Academic Management, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Valentin Dergachev
- grid.435140.7Center of Archaeology, Institute of Cultural Heritage, Academy of Science of Moldova, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova
| | - Henry Shephard
- grid.446391.d0000 0001 2190 3450Archaeological Institute of America, Boston, MA USA
| | - Noémie Tomadini
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Grouard
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Aleksei Kasparov
- grid.473277.20000 0001 2291 1890Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Mikhail A. Anisimov
- grid.424187.c0000 0001 1942 9788Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Nikolskiy
- grid.465388.4Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Y. Pavlova
- grid.424187.c0000 0001 1942 9788Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vladimir Pitulko
- grid.473277.20000 0001 2291 1890Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gottfried Brem
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wallner
- grid.6583.80000 0000 9686 6466Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Schwall
- grid.466489.10000 0001 2151 4674Department of Prehistory and Western Asian/Northeast African Archaeology, Austrian Archaeological Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcel Keller
- grid.10939.320000 0001 0943 7661Estonian Biocentre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia ,grid.469873.70000 0004 4914 1197Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Keiko Kitagawa
- grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447SFB 1070 Resource Cultures, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,grid.10392.390000 0001 2190 1447Department of Early Prehistory and Quaternary Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany ,grid.4444.00000 0001 2112 9282UMR 7194 Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, UPVD, Paris, France
| | - Alexander N. Bessudnov
- grid.459698.f0000 0000 8989 8101Semenov-Tyan-Shanskii Lipetsk State Pedagogical University, Lipetsk, Russia
| | - Alexander Bessudnov
- grid.473277.20000 0001 2291 1890Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | - William Taylor
- grid.266190.a0000000096214564Museum of Natural History, University of Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - Jérome Magail
- Musée d’Anthropologie préhistorique de Monaco, Monaco, Monaco
| | - Jamiyan-Ombo Gantulga
- grid.425564.40000 0004 0587 3863Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Jamsranjav Bayarsaikhan
- grid.469873.70000 0004 4914 1197Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany ,Chinggis Khaan Museum, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | | | - Kubatbeek Tabaldiev
- grid.444269.90000 0004 0387 4627Department of History, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Enkhbayar Mijiddorj
- Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Bazartseren Boldgiv
- grid.260731.10000 0001 2324 0259Department of Biology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Turbat Tsagaan
- grid.425564.40000 0004 0587 3863Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Mélanie Pruvost
- grid.412041.20000 0001 2106 639XUMR 5199 De la Préhistoire à l’Actuel : Culture, Environnement et Anthropologie (PACEA), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Sandra Olsen
- grid.266515.30000 0001 2106 0692Division of Archaeology, Biodiversity Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
| | - Cheryl A. Makarewicz
- grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986Institute for Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany ,grid.9764.c0000 0001 2153 9986ROOTS Excellence Cluster, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Silvia Valenzuela Lamas
- grid.4711.30000 0001 2183 4846Archaeology of Social Dynamics, Institució Milà i Fontanals d’Humanitats, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IMF-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Albizuri Canadell
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Departament d’Història i Arqueologia–SERP, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ariadna Nieto Espinet
- grid.15043.330000 0001 2163 1432Grup d’Investigació Prehistòrica, Universitat de Lleida, PID2019-110022GB-I00, Lleida, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Lira Garrido
- grid.8393.10000000119412521Departamento de Medicina Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain ,Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Sebastián Celestino
- grid.454770.50000 0001 1945 3489Instituto de Arqueología (CSIC–Junta de Extremadura), Mérida, Spain
| | - Carmen Olària
- grid.9612.c0000 0001 1957 9153Laboratori d’Arqueologia Prehistòrica, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Juan Luis Arsuaga
- Centro Mixto UCM-ISCIII de Evolución y Comportamiento Humanos, Madrid, Spain ,grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Departamento de Geodinámica, Estratigrafía y Paleontología, Facultad de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadiia Kotova
- grid.418751.e0000 0004 0385 8977Department of Eneolithic and Bronze Age, Institute of Archaeology National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Alexander Pryor
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pam Crabtree
- grid.137628.90000 0004 1936 8753Center for the Study of Human Origins, Anthropology Department, New York University, New York, NY USA
| | - Rinat Zhumatayev
- grid.77184.3d0000 0000 8887 5266Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Abdesh Toleubaev
- grid.77184.3d0000 0000 8887 5266Department of Archaeology, Ethnology and Museology, Al Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Nina L. Morgunova
- grid.445474.20000 0001 1092 7131Scientific Research Department, Orenburg State Pedagogical University, Orenburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Department of paleontology, Faculty of Geology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia ,grid.77268.3c0000 0004 0543 9688Institute of Geology and Petroleum Technologies, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - David Lordkipanize
- grid.452450.20000 0001 0739 408XGeorgian National Museum, Tbilisi, Georgia ,grid.26193.3f0000 0001 2034 6082Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Matilde Marzullo
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy
| | - Ornella Prato
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Bagnasco Gianni
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy
| | - Umberto Tecchiati
- grid.4708.b0000 0004 1757 2822Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Beni Culturali e Ambientali, Milan, Italy
| | - Benoit Clavel
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lepetz
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France
| | - Hossein Davoudi
- grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marjan Mashkour
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Archéozoologie, Archéobotanique (AASPE), CP 56, Paris, France ,grid.46072.370000 0004 0612 7950University of Tehran, Central Laboratory, Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Archaeozoology Section, Tehran, Iran
| | - Natalia Ya. Berezina
- grid.14476.300000 0001 2342 9668Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Philipp W. Stockhammer
- grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XInstitute for Pre- and Protohistoric Archaeology and Archaeology of the Roman Provinces, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Krause
- grid.469873.70000 0004 4914 1197Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany ,grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Haak
- grid.469873.70000 0004 4914 1197Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena, Germany ,grid.419518.00000 0001 2159 1813Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany ,grid.1010.00000 0004 1936 7304School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| | - Arturo Morales-Muñiz
- grid.5515.40000000119578126Department of Biology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Norbert Benecke
- grid.424195.f0000 0001 2106 6832Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Hofreiter
- grid.11348.3f0000 0001 0942 1117Evolutionary Adaptive Genomics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arne Ludwig
- grid.418779.40000 0001 0708 0355Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany ,grid.7468.d0000 0001 2248 7639Albrecht Daniel Thaer-Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander S. Graphodatsky
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834Department of the Diversity and Evolution of Genomes, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Joris Peters
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XArchaeoBioCenter and Institute of Palaeoanatomy, Domestication Research and the History of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany ,grid.452781.d0000 0001 2203 6205SNSB, State Collection of Anthropology and Palaeoanatomy, Munich, Germany
| | - Kirill Yu. Kiryushin
- grid.77225.350000000112611077Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | | | - Nikolay A. Bokovenko
- grid.473277.20000 0001 2291 1890Institute for the History of Material Culture, Russian Academy of Sciences (IHMC RAS), St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey K. Vasiliev
- grid.415877.80000 0001 2254 1834ArchaeoZOOlogy in Siberia and Central Asia—ZooSCAn International Research Laboratory, Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the RAS, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikolai N. Seregin
- grid.77225.350000000112611077Department of Archaeology, Ethnography and Museology, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Chugunov
- grid.426493.e0000 0004 1800 742XDepartment of Eastern European and Siberian Archaeology, State Hermitage Museum, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalya A. Plasteeva
- grid.482778.60000 0001 2197 0186Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Gennady F. Baryshnikov
- grid.439287.30000 0001 2314 7601Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Petrova
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikhail Sablin
- grid.439287.30000 0001 2314 7601Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elina Ananyevskaya
- grid.6441.70000 0001 2243 2806Department of Archaeology, History Faculty, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Andrey Logvin
- grid.443586.8Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Irina Shevnina
- grid.443586.8Laboratory for Archaeological Research, Faculty of History and Law, Kostanay State University, Kostanay, Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Logvin
- Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia
| | - Saule Kalieva
- Department of History and Archaeology, Surgut Governmental University, Surgut, Russia
| | - Valeriy Loman
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Kukushkin
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Ilya Merz
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Merz
- Toraighyrov University, Joint Research Center for Archeological Studies, Pavlodar, Kazakhstan
| | - Sergazy Sakenov
- grid.55380.3b0000 0004 0398 5415Faculty of History, L. N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan
| | - Victor Varfolomeyev
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Emma Usmanova
- Saryarka Archaeological Institute, Buketov Karaganda University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Viktor Zaibert
- grid.77184.3d0000 0000 8887 5266Institute of Archaeology and Steppe Civilizations, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Benjamin Arbuckle
- grid.10698.360000000122483208Department of Anthropology, Alumni Building, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | | | | | - Sabine Reinhold
- grid.424195.f0000 0001 2106 6832Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svend Hansen
- grid.424195.f0000 0001 2106 6832Eurasia Department of the German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aleksandr I. Yudin
- Research Center for the Preservation of Cultural Heritage, Saratov, Russia
| | - Alekandr A. Vybornov
- grid.445790.b0000 0001 2218 2982Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Andrey Epimakhov
- grid.440724.10000 0000 9958 5862Russian and Foreign History Department, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia ,grid.465317.20000 0001 2224 8785South Ural Department, Institute of History and Archaeology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Natalia S. Berezina
- Archaeological School, Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, Cheboksary, Russia
| | - Natalia Roslyakova
- grid.445790.b0000 0001 2218 2982Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - Pavel A. Kosintsev
- grid.482778.60000 0001 2197 0186Paleoecology Laboratory, Institute of Plant and Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia ,grid.412761.70000 0004 0645 736XDepartment of History of the Institute of Humanities, Ural Federal University, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Pavel F. Kuznetsov
- grid.445790.b0000 0001 2218 2982Department of Russian History and Archaeology, Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education, Samara, Russia
| | - David Anthony
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA ,grid.418410.80000 0001 0115 6427Anthropology Faculty, Hartwick College, Oneonta NY, USA
| | - Guus J. Kroonen
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Nordic Studies and Linguistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5132.50000 0001 2312 1970Leiden University Center for Linguistics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian Kristiansen
- grid.8761.80000 0000 9919 9582Department of Historical Studies, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden ,grid.452548.a0000 0000 9817 5300Present Address: Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Patrick Wincker
- grid.8390.20000 0001 2180 5818Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut de biologie François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Université d’Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Alan Outram
- grid.8391.30000 0004 1936 8024Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- grid.15781.3a0000 0001 0723 035XCentre d’Anthropobiologie et de Génomique de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
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