1
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Song H, Mah B, Sun Y, Aloysius N, Bai Y, Zhang L. Development of spontaneous recurrent seizures accompanied with increased rates of interictal spikes and decreased hippocampal delta and theta activities following extended kindling in mice. Exp Neurol 2024; 379:114860. [PMID: 38876195 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Interictal epileptiform discharges refer to aberrant brain electrographic signals between seizures and feature intermittent interictal spikes (ISs), sharp waves, and/or abnormal rhythms. Recognition of these epileptiform activities by electroencephalographic (EEG) examinations greatly aids epilepsy diagnosis and localization of the seizure onset zone. ISs are a major form of interictal epileptiform discharges recognized in animal models of epilepsy. Progressive changes in IS waveforms, IS rates, and/or associated fast ripple oscillations have been shown to precede the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in various animal models. IS expressions in the kindling model of epilepsy have been demonstrated but IS changes during the course of SRS development in extended kindled animals remain to be detailed. We hence addressed this issue using a mouse model of kindling-induced SRS. Adult C57 black mice received twice daily hippocampal stimulations until SRS occurrence, with 24-h EEG monitoring performed following 50, 80, and ≥ 100 stimulations and after observation of SRS. In the stimulated hippocampus, increases in spontaneous ISs rates, but not in IS waveforms nor IS-associated fast ripples, along with decreased frequencies of hippocampal delta and theta rhythms, were observed before SRS onset. Comparable increases in IS rates were further observed in the unstimulated hippocampus, piriform cortex, and entorhinal cortex, but not in the unstimulated parietal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus. These data provide original evidence suggesting that increases in hippocampal IS rates, together with reductions in hippocampal delta and theta rhythms are closely associated with development of SRS in a rodent kindling model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, China; Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada.
| | - Bryan Mah
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Nancy Aloysius
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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2
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Zhang X, Zhao T, Su S, Li L, Zhang Y, Yan J, Cui X, Sun Y, Zhao J, Han X, Cao J. An explanation of the role of pyroptosis playing in epilepsy. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 136:112386. [PMID: 38850794 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a severe central nervous system disorder characterized by an imbalance between neuronal excitation and inhibition, resulting in heightened neuronal excitability, particularly within the hippocampus. About one-third of individuals with epilepsy experience difficult-to-manage seizures, known as refractory epilepsy. Epilepsy is closely linked to inflammatory immune response, with elevated levels of inflammatory mediators observed in individuals with this condition. This inflammation of the brain can lead to seizures of various types and is further exacerbated by the release of inflammatory factors, which heighten the excitability of peripheral neurons and worsen the progression of epilepsy. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory programmed cell death which has been shown to be involved in the pathological process of epilepsy. Inflammatory factors released during pyroptosis increase neuronal excitability and promote abnormal discharge in epilepsy, increasing susceptibility to epilepsy. This article provides an overview of the current knowledge on cell pyroptosis and its potential mechanisms, including both canonical and noncanonical pathways. Additionally, we discuss the potential mechanisms of pyroptosis occurrence in epilepsy and the potential therapeutic drugs targeting pyroptosis as a treatment strategy. In summary, this review highlights the promising potential of pyroptosis as a target for developing innovative therapies for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefei Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Ting Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yubing Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China
| | - Yanyan Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Institute for Developmental and Regenerative Cardiovascular Medicine, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xiong Han
- Department of Neurology and Basic Medicine, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, China.
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, Henan, China.
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3
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Vivien J, El Azraoui A, Lheraux C, Lanore F, Aouizerate B, Herry C, Humeau Y, Bienvenu TCM. Axo-axonic cells in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1212202. [PMID: 37435048 PMCID: PMC10330806 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1212202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance between excitation and inhibition in the cerebral cortex is one of the main theories in neuropsychiatric disorder pathophysiology. Cortical inhibition is finely regulated by a variety of highly specialized GABAergic interneuron types, which are thought to organize neural network activities. Among interneurons, axo-axonic cells are unique in making synapses with the axon initial segment of pyramidal neurons. Alterations of axo-axonic cells have been proposed to be implicated in disorders including epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. However, evidence for the alteration of axo-axonic cells in disease has only been examined in narrative reviews. By performing a systematic review of studies investigating axo-axonic cells and axo-axonic communication in epilepsy, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, we outline convergent findings and discrepancies in the literature. Overall, the implication of axo-axonic cells in neuropsychiatric disorders might have been overstated. Additional work is needed to assess initial, mostly indirect findings, and to unravel how defects in axo-axonic cells translates to cortical dysregulation and, in turn, to pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Vivien
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Anass El Azraoui
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cloé Lheraux
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frederic Lanore
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Bruno Aouizerate
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
- INRAE, Bordeaux INP, NutriNeuro, UMR 1286, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cyril Herry
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yann Humeau
- Univ Bordeaux, CNRS, Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, IINS, UMR 5297, Bordeaux, France
| | - Thomas C. M. Bienvenu
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
- Centre Hospitalier Charles Perrens, Inserm Neurocentre Magendie U1215, Bordeaux, France
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4
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Zahra A, Sun Y, Aloysius N, Zhang L. Convulsive behaviors of spontaneous recurrent seizures in a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1076718. [PMID: 36620863 PMCID: PMC9816810 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1076718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing studies indicate that vigilance states and circadian rhythms can influence seizure occurrence in patients with epilepsy and rodent models of epilepsy. Electrical kindling, referred to brief, repeated stimulations of a limbic structure, is a commonly used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Kindling via the classic protocol lasting a few weeks does not generally induce spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), but extended kindling that applies over the course of a few months has shown to induce SRS in several animal species. Kindling-induced SRS in monkeys and cats were observed mainly during resting wakefulness or sleep, but the behavioral activities associated with SRS in rodent models of extended kindling remain unknown. We aimed to add information in this area using a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Middle-aged C57 black mice experienced ≥80 hippocampal stimulations (delivered twice daily) and then underwent continuous 24 h electroencephalography (EEG)-video monitoring for SRS detection. SRS were recognized by EEG discharges and associated motor seizures. The five stages of the modified Racine scale for mice were used to score motor seizure severities. Seizure-preceding behaviors were assessed in a 3 min period prior to seizure onset and categorized as active and inactive. Three main observations emerged from the present analysis. (1) SRS were found to predominantly manifest as generalized (stage 3-5) motor seizures in association with tail erection or Straub tail. (2) SRS occurrences were not significantly altered by the light on/off cycle. (3) Generalized (stage 3-5) motor seizures were mainly preceded by inactive behaviors such as immobility, standing still, or apparent sleep without evident volitional movement. Considering deeper subcortical structures implicated in genesis of tail erection in other seizure models, we postulate that genesis of generalized motor seizures in extended kindled mice may involve deeper subcortical structures. Our present data together with previous findings from post-status epilepticus models support the notion that ambient cage behaviors are strong influencing factors of SRS occurrence in rodent models of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anya Zahra
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nancy Aloysius
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada,*Correspondence: Liang Zhang,
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5
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Rosen JB, Schulkin J. Hyperexcitability: From Normal Fear to Pathological Anxiety and Trauma. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:727054. [PMID: 35993088 PMCID: PMC9387392 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.727054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperexcitability in fear circuits is suggested to be important for development of pathological anxiety and trauma from adaptive mechanisms of fear. Hyperexcitability is proposed to be due to acquired sensitization in fear circuits that progressively becomes more severe over time causing changing symptoms in early and late pathology. We use the metaphor and mechanisms of kindling to examine gains and losses in function of one excitatory and one inhibitory neuropeptide, corticotrophin releasing factor and somatostatin, respectively, to explore this sensitization hypothesis. We suggest amygdala kindling induced hyperexcitability, hyper-inhibition and loss of inhibition provide clues to mechanisms for hyperexcitability and progressive changes in function initiated by stress and trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B. Rosen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Rosen,
| | - Jay Schulkin
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Seelman A, Vu K, Buckmaster P, Mackie K, Field C, Johnson S, Wyeth M. Cannabinoid receptor 1-labeled boutons in the sclerotic dentate gyrus of epileptic sea lions. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106965. [PMID: 35724601 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Pathology in the dentate gyrus, including sclerosis, is a hallmark of temporal lobe epilepsy, and reduced inhibition to dentate granule cells may contribute to epileptogenesis. The perisomatic-targeting axonal boutons of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons decrease in proportion with granule cells in temporal lobe epilepsy. In contrast, dendrite-targeting axonal boutons of somatostatin-expressing interneurons sprout exuberantly in temporal lobe epilepsy. A third major class of GABAergic interneurons expresses cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) on their terminal boutons, but there is conflicting evidence as to whether these boutons are increased or decreased in temporal lobe epilepsy. Naturally occurring temporal lobe epilepsy in California sea lions, with unilateral or bilateral sclerosis, offers the benefit of neuroanatomy and neuropathology akin to humans, but with the advantage that the entirety of both hippocampi from control and epileptic brains can be studied. Stereological quantification in the dentate gyrus revealed that sclerotic hippocampi from epileptic sea lions had fewer CB1-labeled boutons than controls. However, the reduction in the number of granule cells was greater, resulting in increased CB1-labeled boutons per granule cell in sclerotic hippocampi at temporal levels. This suggests that although CB1-expressing boutons are decreased in sclerotic dentate gyri, surviving cells have enhanced innervation from these boutons in epileptic sea lions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Seelman
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, East 2nd Street, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Kristina Vu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 602 Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Paul Buckmaster
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ken Mackie
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Gill Centre for Biomolecular Science, Indiana University, 702 North Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Cara Field
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Shawn Johnson
- The Marine Mammal Center, 2000 Bunker Road, Sausalito, CA 94965, USA
| | - Megan Wyeth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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7
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Tipton AE, Russek SJ. Regulation of Inhibitory Signaling at the Receptor and Cellular Level; Advances in Our Understanding of GABAergic Neurotransmission and the Mechanisms by Which It Is Disrupted in Epilepsy. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:914374. [PMID: 35874848 PMCID: PMC9302637 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.914374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory signaling in the brain organizes the neural circuits that orchestrate how living creatures interact with the world around them and how they build representations of objects and ideas. Without tight control at multiple points of cellular engagement, the brain’s inhibitory systems would run down and the ability to extract meaningful information from excitatory events would be lost leaving behind a system vulnerable to seizures and to cognitive decline. In this review, we will cover many of the salient features that have emerged regarding the dynamic regulation of inhibitory signaling seen through the lens of cell biology with an emphasis on the major building blocks, the ligand-gated ion channel receptors that are the first transduction point when the neurotransmitter GABA is released into the synapse. Epilepsy association will be used to indicate importance of key proteins and their pathways to brain function and to introduce novel areas for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E. Tipton
- Graduate Program for Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Biomolecular Pharmacology Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Boston University MD/PhD Training Program, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shelley J. Russek
- Biomolecular Pharmacology Program, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Boston University MD/PhD Training Program, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Shelley J. Russek,
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8
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Custodio V, Acosta J, Rubio C, Hernández L, Brito J, Taddei E. Accurate Neurosurgery for the Establishment of the Electric Kindling Model of Epilepsy in Mice. J INVEST SURG 2022; 35:1253-1262. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2022.2032488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Custodio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Jorge Acosta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Carmen Rubio
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Leonardo Hernández
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Javier Brito
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
| | - Elisa Taddei
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, México
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Shimoda Y, Beppu K, Ikoma Y, Morizawa YM, Zuguchi S, Hino U, Yano R, Sugiura Y, Moritoh S, Fukazawa Y, Suematsu M, Mushiake H, Nakasato N, Iwasaki M, Tanaka KF, Tominaga T, Matsui K. Optogenetic stimulus-triggered acquisition of seizure resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 163:105602. [PMID: 34954320 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike an electrical circuit, the hardware of the brain is susceptible to change. Repeated electrical brain stimulation mimics epileptogenesis. After such "kindling" process, a moderate stimulus would become sufficient in triggering a severe seizure. Here, we report that optogenetic neuronal stimulation can also convert the rat brain to a hyperexcitable state. However, continued stimulation once again converted the brain to a state that was strongly resistant to seizure induction. Histochemical examinations showed that moderate astrocyte activation was coincident with resilience acquisition. Administration of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist instantly reverted the brain back to a hyperexcitable state, suggesting that hyperexcitability was suppressed by adenosine. Furthermore, an increase in basal adenosine was confirmed using in vivo microdialysis. Daily neuron-to-astrocyte signaling likely prompted a homeostatic increase in the endogenous actions of adenosine. Our data suggest that a certain stimulation paradigm could convert the brain circuit resilient to epilepsy without exogenous drug administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Shimoda
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kaoru Beppu
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yoko Ikoma
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Yosuke M Morizawa
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Satoshi Zuguchi
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Utaro Hino
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Yano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry & Integrative Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Satoru Moritoh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of Fukui Faculty of Medical Sciences, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry & Integrative Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hajime Mushiake
- Department of Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Nakasato
- Department of Epileptology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masaki Iwasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Teiji Tominaga
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Division of Interdisciplinary Medical Science, Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan; Super-network Brain Physiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.
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10
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Rugiel MM, Setkowicz ZK, Drozdz AK, Janeczko KJ, Kutorasińska J, Chwiej JG. The Use of Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy for the Determination of Biochemical Anomalies of the Hippocampal Formation Characteristic for the Kindling Model of Seizures. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:4564-4579. [PMID: 34817152 PMCID: PMC8678993 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
![]()
The animal models
of seizures and/or epilepsy are widely used to
identify the pathomechanisms of the disease as well as to look for
and test the new antiseizure therapies. The understanding of the mechanisms
of action of new drugs and evaluation of their safety in animals require
previous knowledge concerning the biomolecular anomalies characteristic
for the particular model. Among different models of seizures, one
of the most widely used is the kindling model that was also applied
in our study. To examine the influence of multiple transauricular
electroshocks on the biochemical composition of rat hippocampal formation,
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectrosopy was utilized.
The chemical mapping of the main absorption bands and their ratios
allowed us to detect significant anomalies in both the distribution
and structure of main biomolecules for electrically stimulated rats.
They included an increased relative content of proteins with β-sheet
conformation (an increased ratio of the absorbance at the wavenumbers
of 1635 and 1658 cm–1), a decreased level of cholesterol
and/or its esters and compounds containing phosphate groups (a diminished
intensity of the massif of 1360–1480 cm–1 and the band at 1240 cm–1), as well as increased
accumulation of carbohydrates and the compounds containing carbonyl
groups (increased intensity of the bands at 1080 and 1740 cm–1, respectively). The observed biomolecular abnormalities seem to
be the consequence of lipid peroxidation promoted by reactive oxygen
species as well as the mobilization of glucose that resulted from
the increased demand to energy during postelectroshock seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena M. Rugiel
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Zuzanna K. Setkowicz
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Golebia 24, Krakow 31-007, Poland
| | - Agnieszka K. Drozdz
- Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Krzysztof J. Janeczko
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Golebia 24, Krakow 31-007, Poland
| | - Justyna Kutorasińska
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
| | - Joanna G. Chwiej
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Science and Technology, A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow 30-059, Poland
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11
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Liu H, Zhang L. Clustering of Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures in a Mouse Model of Extended Hippocampal Kindling. Front Neurol 2021; 12:738986. [PMID: 34899563 PMCID: PMC8654732 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.738986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute repetitive seizures or seizure clusters are common in epileptic patients. Seizure clusters are associated with a high risk of developing status epilepticus and increased morbidity and mortality. Seizure clusters are also recognizable in spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) that occur in animal models of epilepsy. The electrical kindling of a limbic structure is a commonly used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Although classic kindling over the course of a few weeks does not generally induce SRS, extended kindling over the course of a few months can induce SRS in several animal species. SRS in kindled cats often occur in clusters, but the existence of seizure clusters in rodent models of extended kindling remains to be demonstrated. We explored the existence of seizure clusters in mice following extended hippocampal kindling. Adult male mice (C57BL/6) experienced twice daily hippocampal stimulations and underwent continuous 24-hour electroencephalogram (EEG)-video monitoring after ≥80 stimulations. SRS events were recognized by EEG discharges and associated motor seizures. Seizure clusters, defined as ≥4 seizures per cluster and intra-cluster inter-seizure intervals ≤ 120 min, were observed in 19 of the 20 kindled mice. Individual mice showed variable seizure clusters in terms of cluster incidence and circadian-like expression patterns. For clusters consisting of 4-7 seizures and intra-seizure intervals ≤ 20 min, no consistent changes in inter-seizure intervals, EEG discharge duration, or motor seizure severity scores were observed approaching cluster termination. These results suggested that seizure clustering represents a prominent feature of SRS in hippocampal kindled mice. We speculate that, despite experimental limitations and confounding factors, systemic homeostatic mechanisms that have yet to be explored may play an important role in governing the occurrence and termination of seizure clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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12
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Hussain M, Rashid H, Katyal J. Response to sertraline and antiepileptic drugs in pentylenetetrazole kindling in rats. Brain Res 2021; 1771:147645. [PMID: 34480951 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) are the mainstay of epilepsy treatment but these may be a potential risk factor for behavioral disturbances particularly depression which requires treatment. In this study, the effect of antidepressant sertraline (SRT) in combination with AEDs sodium valproate (SV) and levetiracetam (LEV) on seizures, cognitive impairment and oxidative stress in rats was evaluated. After administration of 24th injection of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ), 77.8% rats were kindled. Administration of SRT showed no protective effect on kindling development while SV was 100% protective. With LEV 42.9% were kindled. On combining SRT with SV or LEV 25% and 20% rats were kindled. A significant increase in latency to reach platform zone in Morris water maze(MWM), and increased transfer latencies in Elevated plus maze(EPM) was observed in PTZ kindled rats as compared to normal control on day 49 and when LEV was combined with SRT. In EPM test, however none of the drug treatments had any effect on transfer latencies except LEV pretreated kindled group. In Passive avoidance (PA) test, kindling was associated with a significant decrease in retention time(p = 0.018) while LEV and SV had no effect. The PTZ kindled rats showed significantly higher malondialdehyde(MDA) levels in brain hippocampus(p = 0.0286) while both SRT and SV were associated with significantly lower MDA levels as compared to kindled control group. In case of glutathione (GSH), kindling had no significant effect. The use of sertraline for depression in persons with epilepsy on AEDs needs to be carefully evaluated and monitored due to likelihood of individual variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hussain
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Jatinder Katyal
- Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India.
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13
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Liu CH, Liao WC, Li HH, Tseng LH, Wang WH, Tung H, Lin PJ, Jao HT, Liu WY, Hung CS, Lin CL, Ho YJ. Treatment with the combination of clavulanic acid and valproic acid led to recovery of neuronal and behavioral deficits in an epilepsy rat model. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2021; 35:1032-1044. [PMID: 34545633 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy, which is caused by abnormal neuronal firing in the brain, is a common neurological disease and affects motor and cognitive functions. Excessive levels of glutamate and insufficient levels of inhibitory GABA are involved in its pathophysiology. Valproic acid (Val), a GABAergic agonist, is one of the first-line antiepileptic drugs, but it shows many adverse side effects at the clinical dose. Clavulanic acid (CA), a β-lactamase inhibitor, has been demonstrated to increase glutamate transporter-1 expression. This study evaluated the effects of CA and Val in an epilepsy rat model. Male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ, 35 mg/kg, every other day, IP, for 13 days) to induce kindling epilepsy. After four times of PTZ injection, rats received daily treatment with CA (1 or 10 mg/kg, IP), Val (50 or 100 mg/kg, IP), or the combination of CA (1 mg/kg) and Val (50 mg/kg) for 7 consecutive days. Motor, learning, and memory functions were measured. Rats with PTZ-induced kindling exhibited seizures, motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and cell loss and reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Neither 1 mg/kg CA nor 50 mg/kg Val treatment was effective in alleviating behavioral and neuronal deficits. However, treatment with 10 mg/kg CA, 100 mg/kg Val, and the combination of 1 mg/kg CA and 50 mg/kg Val improved these behavioral and neuronal deficits. Particularly, the combination of CA and Val showed synergistic effects on seizure suppression, suggesting the potential for treating epilepsy and related neuronal damage and motor and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Li
- General Education Center, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ho Tseng
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin Tung
- Center of Faculty Development; Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Jiun Lin
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Tung Jao
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Occupational Safety and Health Office, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Institute of Medicine, Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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14
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Li HH, Lin PJ, Wang WH, Tseng LH, Tung H, Liu WY, Lin CL, Liu CH, Liao WC, Hung CS, Ho YJ. Treatment effects of the combination of ceftriaxone and valproic acid on neuronal and behavioural functions in a rat model of epilepsy. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:1814-1828. [PMID: 34086374 DOI: 10.1113/ep089624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Imbalance of activities between GABAergic and glutamatergic systems is involved in epilepsy. It is not known whether simultaneously increasing GABAergic and decreasing glutamatergic activity using valproic acid and ceftriaxone, respectively, leads to better seizure control. What is the central question of this study? Ceftriaxone suppressed seizure and cognitive deficits and restored neuronal density and the number of newborn cells in the hippocampus in a rat model of epilepsy. Combined treatment with ceftriaxone and valproic acid showed additive effects in seizure suppression. ABSTRACT The pathophysiology of epilepsy is typically considered as an imbalance between inhibitory GABA and excitatory glutamate neurotransmission. Valproic acid (Val), a GABA agonist, is one of the first-line antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of epilepsy, but it exhibits adverse effects. Ceftriaxone (CEF) elevates expression of glutamate transporter-1, enhances the reuptake of synaptic glutamate, increases the number of newborn cells and exhibits neuroprotective effects in animal studies. In this study, we evaluated effects of the combination of CEF and Val on behavioural and neuronal measures in a rat epilepsy model. Male Wistar rats were injected i.p. with pentylenetetrazol (35 mg/kg, every other day for 13 days) to induce the epilepsy model. Ceftriaxone (10 or 50 mg/kg), Val (50 or 100 mg/kg) or the combination of CEF and Val were injected daily after the fourth pentylenetetrazol injection for seven consecutive days. Epileptic rats exhibited seizure and impairments in motor and cognitive functions. Treatment with CEF and Val reduced the seizure and enhanced motor and cognitive functions in a dose-dependent manner. The combination of CEF (10 mg/kg) and Val (50 mg/kg) improved behaviours considerably. Histologically, compared with control animals, epileptic rats exhibited lower neuronal density and a reduction in hippocampal newborn cells but higher apoptosis in the basolateral amygdala, all of which were restored by the treatment with CEF, Val or the combination of CEF and Val. The study findings demonstrated that the combination of low doses of CEF and Val has beneficial effects on seizure suppression, neuroprotection and improvement in motor and cognitive functions in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Li
- Department of Medical Research, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pin-Jiun Lin
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Han Wang
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Ho Tseng
- Graduate School of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin Tung
- Division of Epilepsy, Center of Faculty Development, Neurological Institute, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Liu
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chiung-Hui Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chieh Liao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Sui Hung
- Occupational Safety and Health Office, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ying-Jui Ho
- Department of Psychology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China
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15
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Kang YJ, Clement EM, Park IH, Greenfield LJ, Smith BN, Lee SH. Vulnerability of cholecystokinin-expressing GABAergic interneurons in the unilateral intrahippocampal kainate mouse model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Exp Neurol 2021; 342:113724. [PMID: 33915166 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures and behavioral comorbidities. Reduced hippocampal theta oscillations and hyperexcitability that contribute to cognitive deficits and spontaneous seizures are present beyond the sclerotic hippocampus in TLE. However, the mechanisms underlying compromised network oscillations and hyperexcitability observed in circuits remote from the sclerotic hippocampus are largely unknown. Cholecystokinin (CCK)-expressing basket cells (CCKBCs) critically participate in hippocampal theta rhythmogenesis, and regulate neuronal excitability. Thus, we examined whether CCKBCs were vulnerable in nonsclerotic regions of the ventral hippocampus remote from dorsal sclerotic hippocampus using the intrahippocampal kainate (IHK) mouse model of TLE, targeting unilateral dorsal hippocampus. We found a decrease in the number of CCK+ interneurons in ipsilateral ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice compared to those from sham controls. We also found that the number of boutons from CCK+ interneurons was reduced in the stratum pyramidale, but not in other CA1 layers, of ipsilateral hippocampus in epileptic mice, suggesting that CCKBCs are vulnerable. Electrical recordings showed that synaptic connectivity and strength from surviving CCKBCs to CA1 pyramidal cells (PCs) were similar between epileptic mice and sham controls. In agreement with reduced CCKBC number in TLE, electrical recordings revealed a significant reduction in amplitude and frequency of IPSCs in CA1 PCs evoked by carbachol (commonly used to excite CCK+ interneurons) in ventral CA1 regions from epileptic mice versus sham controls. These findings suggest that loss of CCKBCs beyond the hippocampal lesion may contribute to hyperexcitability and compromised network oscillations in TLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jin Kang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Ethan M Clement
- Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - In-Hyun Park
- Department of Genetics, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Lazar John Greenfield
- Department of Neurology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Bret N Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Sang-Hun Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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16
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Watts M, Williams G, Lu J, Nithianantharajah J, Claudianos C. MicroRNA-210 Regulates Dendritic Morphology and Behavioural Flexibility in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:1330-1344. [PMID: 33165828 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are known to be critical regulators of neuronal plasticity. The highly conserved, hypoxia-regulated microRNA-210 (miR-210) has been shown to be associated with long-term memory in invertebrates and dysregulated in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disease models. However, the role of miR-210 in mammalian neuronal function and cognitive behaviour remains unexplored. Here we generated Nestin-cre-driven miR-210 neuronal knockout mice to characterise miR-210 regulation and function using in vitro and in vivo methods. We identified miR-210 localisation throughout neuronal somas and dendritic processes and increased levels of mature miR-210 in response to neural activity in vitro. Loss of miR-210 in neurons resulted in higher oxidative phosphorylation and ROS production following hypoxia and increased dendritic arbour density in hippocampal cultures. Additionally, miR-210 knockout mice displayed altered behavioural flexibility in rodent touchscreen tests, particularly during early reversal learning suggesting processes underlying updating of information and feedback were impacted. Our findings support a conserved, activity-dependent role for miR-210 in neuroplasticity and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Watts
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Gabrielle Williams
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jess Nithianantharajah
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Florey Department of Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Charles Claudianos
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.
- Centre for Mental Health Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 0200, Australia.
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17
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Boldt L, Koska I, Maarten van Dijk R, Talbot SR, Miljanovic N, Palme R, Bleich A, Potschka H. Toward evidence-based severity assessment in mouse models with repeated seizures: I. Electrical kindling. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 115:107689. [PMID: 33418481 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ethical decisions about an allowance for animal experiments need to be based on scientifically sound information about the burden and distress associated with the experimental procedure and models. Thereby, species differences need to be considered for recommendations regarding evidence-based severity assessment and refinement measures. METHODS A comprehensive analysis of behavioral patterns and corticosterone or its metabolites in serum and feces was completed in kindled mice. The impact of kindling via two different stimulation sites in the amygdala and hippocampus was determined. Data were compared to those from naive and electrode-implanted groups. RESULTS Amygdala and hippocampus kindled mice exhibited comparable behavioral patterns with increased activity in the open field, reduced anxiety-associated behavior in the elevated-plus maze, and increased anhedonia-associated behavior in the saccharin preference test. In addition, repeated stimulation of the hippocampus caused a reduction in burrowing behavior and an increase in active social interaction. Levels of corticosterone and its metabolites were not altered in serum or feces, respectively. A comparison of mouse data with findings from amygdala kindled rats confirmed pronounced species differences in behavioral patterns associated with the kindling process. SIGNIFICANCE Taken together the findings suggest a severity classification for the mouse kindling paradigms as moderate regardless of the stimulation site. The outcome of the species comparison provides valuable guidance for species selection for studies exploring behavioral comorbidities. In this context, it is emphasized that the mouse kindling paradigms seem to be well suited for studies exploring the link between ictal events and network alterations on the one hand, and hyperactivity and anhedonia-associated behavior on the other hand. Moreover, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the impact of therapeutic interventions on these behavioral alterations can be studied in these paradigms providing guidance for the clinical management of respective psychiatric comorbidities in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Boldt
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ines Koska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - R Maarten van Dijk
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Steven R Talbot
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nina Miljanovic
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany; Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences (GSN), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Rupert Palme
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heidrun Potschka
- Institute of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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18
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Liu H, Tufa U, Zahra A, Chow J, Sivanenthiran N, Cheng C, Liu Y, Cheung P, Lim S, Jin Y, Mao M, Sun Y, Wu C, Wennberg R, Bardakjian B, Carlen PL, Eubanks JH, Song H, Zhang L. Electrographic Features of Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures in a Mouse Model of Extended Hippocampal Kindling. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 2:tgab004. [PMID: 34296153 PMCID: PMC8152854 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgab004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) and comorbidities. Kindling through repetitive brief stimulation of a limbic structure is a commonly used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Particularly, extended kindling over a period up to a few months can induce SRS, which may simulate slowly evolving epileptogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy. Currently, electroencephalographic (EEG) features of SRS in rodent models of extended kindling remain to be detailed. We explored this using a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Intracranial EEG recordings were made from the kindled hippocampus and unstimulated hippocampal, neocortical, piriform, entorhinal, or thalamic area in individual mice. Spontaneous EEG discharges with concurrent low-voltage fast onsets were observed from the two corresponding areas in nearly all SRS detected, irrespective of associated motor seizures. Examined in brain slices, epileptiform discharges were induced by alkaline artificial cerebrospinal fluid in the hippocampal CA3, piriform and entorhinal cortical areas of extended kindled mice but not control mice. Together, these in vivo and in vitro observations suggest that the epileptic activity involving a macroscopic network may generate concurrent discharges in forebrain areas and initiate SRS in hippocampally kindled mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Liu
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Uilki Tufa
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H5, Canada
| | - Anya Zahra
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Jonathan Chow
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Nila Sivanenthiran
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Chloe Cheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Yapg Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Phinehas Cheung
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Stellar Lim
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Yaozhong Jin
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Min Mao
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Richard Wennberg
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M2K 1E2, Canada
| | - Berj Bardakjian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H5, Canada
| | - Peter L Carlen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M2K 1E2, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James H Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Hongmei Song
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021 China.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 2S8.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M2K 1E2, Canada
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19
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Hu C, Wang S, Liu L. Long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 alleviates the progression of epilepsy by regulating the miR-181a/BCL-2 axis in vitro. Life Sci 2020; 267:118935. [PMID: 33359246 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in regulating epilepsy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the possibly regulatory mechanism of small nucleolar RNA host gene 1 (SNHG1) on epilepsy. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized to detect the expression of SNHG1, microRNA (miR)-181a, and B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2). Through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were determined. The viability and apoptosis of CTX-TNA2 cells were measured using MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis, respectively. Western blot assay was performed to analyze the protein levels of Bcl-2, BCL2-associated X, and Caspase-3. The relationships between miR-181a and SNHG1/BCL-2 were confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS SNHG1 expression was down-regulated in EP tissues and kainic acid (KA)-induced CTX-TNA2 cells. The apoptosis and release of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and COX-2) in KA-induced CTX-TNA2 cells were suppressed by SNHG1 overexpression and promoted by miR-181a up-regulation. In addition, we confirmed that SNHG1 targeted miR-181a, whereas BCL-2 was a target gene of miR-181a. Negative correlations between SNHG1 and miR-181a, as well as miR-181a and BCL-2 were exhibited. Both the up-regulation of miR-181a and down-regulation of BCL-2 reversed the inhibiting effects of SNHG1 on apoptosis and inflammatory response of KA-induced CTX-TNA2 cells, and the promoting effect upon cell viability. CONCLUSIONS SNHG1 alleviated the progression of EP by modulating the miR-181a/BCL-2 axis in vitro, thus SNHG1 could act as a possible therapeutic target for treating EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongling Hu
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China; Department of Neural Tumor, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181, Hanyu Road, Chongqing City 400030, China
| | - Shiqiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu City, Sichuan Province 610041, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Neural Tumor, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, No. 181, Hanyu Road, Chongqing City 400030, China.
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20
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Hannan S, Faulkner M, Aristovich K, Avery J, Walker MC, Holder DS. Optimised induction of on-demand focal hippocampal and neocortical seizures by electrical stimulation. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 346:108911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Delfino-Pereira P, Bertti-Dutra P, Del Vecchio F, de Oliveira JAC, Medeiros DDC, Cestari DM, Santos VR, Moraes MFD, Rosa JLG, Mendes EMAM, Garcia-Cairasco N. Behavioral and EEGraphic Characterization of the Anticonvulsant Effects of the Predator Odor (TMT) in the Amygdala Rapid Kindling, a Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2020; 11:586724. [PMID: 33250852 PMCID: PMC7674931 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.586724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that olfactory stimulation modulates limbic seizures, either blocking or inducing ictal activity. Objective: We aim to evaluate the behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEGraphic) effects of dihydro-2,4,5-trimethylthiazoline (TMT) olfactory exposure on limbic seizures induced by amygdala rapid kindling (ARK). Materials and Methods: Wistar male rats (280–300 g) underwent stereotaxic surgery for electrode implantation in piriform cortex (PC), hippocampal formation (HIP), and amygdaloid complex (AMYG). Part of the animals was exposed to a saturated chamber with water or TMT, while others had ARK and olfactory exposure prior to the 21st stimulus. Behavioral responses were measured by traditional seizure severity scales (Racine and Pinel and Rovner) and/or by sequential analysis/neuroethology. The electrographic activity of epileptogenic limbic networks was quantified by the occurrence of the first and second EEG afterdischarges, comparing the 1st and 21st stimulus. The spectral analysis [Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)] of the first afterdischarge was performed at the 21st stimulus. Results: TMT olfactory exposure reduced the seizure severity in kindled rats, altering the displayed behavioral sequence. Moreover, TMT decreased the occurrence of first and second afterdischarges, at the 21st stimulus, and altered the spectral features. Conclusions: Both behavioral and EEGraphic evaluations indicated that TMT, a potent molecule with strong biological relevance, in fact, “predator odor,” suppressed the epileptiform activity in limbic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polianna Delfino-Pereira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Poliana Bertti-Dutra
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Flávio Del Vecchio
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - José A Cortes de Oliveira
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Medeiros
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Daniel M Cestari
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Victor R Santos
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcio F D Moraes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Science Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João L G Rosa
- Department of Computer Science, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M A M Mendes
- Electrical Engineering Graduate Program, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Department of Physiology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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22
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Dudek FE. Loss of GABAergic Interneurons in Seizure-Induced Epileptogenesis-Two Decades Later and in a More Complex World. Epilepsy Curr 2020; 20:70S-72S. [PMID: 33059465 PMCID: PMC7726724 DOI: 10.1177/1535759720960464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Edward Dudek
- Department of Neurosurgery 14434University of Utah School of Medicine, USA
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23
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Sabetghadam A, Wu C, Liu J, Zhang L, Reid AY. Increased epileptogenicity in a mouse model of neurofibromatosis type 1. Exp Neurol 2020; 331:113373. [PMID: 32502580 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is associated with higher rates of epilepsy compared to the general population. Some NF1 patients with epilepsy do not have intracranial lesions, suggesting the genetic mutation itself may contribute to higher rates of epilepsy in these patients. We have recently demonstrated increased seizure susceptibility in the Nf1+/- mouse, but it is unknown whether this model displays altered epileptogenicity, as has been reported in patients with NF1. The aim of this study was to determine whether the Nf1+/- mouse is more susceptible to electrical kindling-induced epileptogenesis. METHODS Young male or female adult Nf1+/- or Nf1+/+ (wild-type; WT) mice were implanted with electrodes for neocortical or hippocampal kindling paradigms. Neocortical kindling was performed for 40 stimulation sessions followed by baseline EEG monitoring to detect possible SRSs. Hippocampal kindling was performed with a modified extended kindling paradigm, completed to a maximum of 80 sessions to try to induce spontaneous repetitive seizures (SRSs). Western blot assays were performed in naïve and kindled mice to compare levels of Akt and MAPK (ERK1/2), proteins downstream of the NF1 mutation. RESULTS The average initial neocortical after-discharge threshold (ADT) was significantly lower in the Nf1+/- group, which also required fewer stimulations to reach stage 5 seizure, had greater average seizure severity across all kindling sessions, had a greater number of convulsive seizures, and had a faster progression of after-discharge duration and Racine score during kindling. No WT mice exhibited SRS after neocortical kindling, versus 33% of Nf1+/- mice. The average initial hippocampal ADT was not significantly different between the WT and Nf1+/- groups, nor was there a difference in the number of stimulations required to reach the kindled state. The WT group had a significantly higher average seizure severity across all kindling sessions as compared with the Nf1+/- mice. The WT group also had faster progression of the Racine seizure score over the kindling sessions, mainly due to a faster increase in seizures severity early during the kindling process. However, SRSs were seen in 50% of Nf1+/- mice after modified extended kindling and in no WT mice. Western blots showed hippocampal kindling increased the ratio of phosphorylated/total Akt in both the WT and Nf1+/- mice, while neocortical kindling led to increased ratios of phosphorylated/total Akt and MAPK in Nf1+/- mice only. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated for the first time an increased rate of epileptogenesis in an animal model of NF1 with no known macroscopic/neoplastic brain lesions. This work provides evidence for the genetic mutation itself playing a role in seizures and epilepsy in patients with NF1, and supports the use of the Nf1+/- mouse model in future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sabetghadam
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada.
| | - C Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - J Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada
| | - L Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Y Reid
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, 60 Leonard Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5T 0S8, Canada; Department of Medicine (Neurology), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Epilepsy is considered a major serious chronic neurological disorder, characterized by recurrent seizures. It is usually associated with a history of a lesion in the nervous system. Irregular activation of inflammatory molecules in the injured tissue is an important factor in the development of epilepsy. It is unclear how the imbalanced regulation of inflammatory mediators contributes to epilepsy. A recent research goal is to identify interconnected inflammation pathways which may be involved in the development of epilepsy. The clinical use of available antiepileptic drugs is often restricted by their limitations, incidence of several side effects, and drug interactions. So development of new drugs, which modulate epilepsy through novel mechanisms, is necessary. Alternative therapies and diet have recently reported positive treatment outcomes in epilepsy. Vitamin D (Vit D) has shown prophylactic and therapeutic potential in different neurological disorders. So, the aim of current study was to review the associations between different brain inflammatory mediators and epileptogenesis, to strengthen the idea that targeting inflammatory pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy to prevent or treat epilepsy. In addition, neuroprotective effects and mechanisms of Vit D in clinical and preclinical studies of epilepsy were reviewed.
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25
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Wyeth M, Nagendran M, Buckmaster PS. Ictal onset sites and γ-aminobutyric acidergic neuron loss in epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats. Epilepsia 2020; 61:856-867. [PMID: 32242932 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study tested whether ictal onset sites are regions of more severe interneuron loss in epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats, a model of human temporal lobe epilepsy. METHODS Local field potential recordings were evaluated to identify ictal onset sites. Electrode sites were visualized in Nissl-stained sections. Adjacent sections were processed with proximity ligation in situ hybridization for glutamic acid decarboxylase 2 (Gad2). Gad2 neuron profile numbers at ictal onset sites were compared to contralateral regions. Other sections were processed with immunocytochemistry for reelin or nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which labeled major subtypes of granule cell layer-associated interneurons. Stereology was used to estimate numbers of reelin and NOS granule cell layer-associated interneurons per hippocampus. RESULTS Ictal onset sites varied between and within rats but were mostly in the ventral hippocampus and were frequently bilateral. There was no conclusive evidence of more severe Gad2 neuron profile loss at sites of earliest seizure activity compared to contralateral regions. Numbers of granule cell layer-associated NOS neurons were reduced in the ventral hippocampus. SIGNIFICANCE In epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats, ictal onset sites were mostly in the ventral hippocampus, where there was loss of granule cell layer-associated NOS interneurons. These findings suggest the hypothesis that loss of granule cell layer-associated NOS interneurons in the ventral hippocampus is a mechanism of temporal lobe epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Wyeth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Monica Nagendran
- Department of Medicine-Pulmonary and Critical Care, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Paul S Buckmaster
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
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26
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Krishnamurthy K, Huang YZ, Harward SC, Sharma KK, Tamayo DL, McNamara JO. Regression of Epileptogenesis by Inhibiting Tropomyosin Kinase B Signaling following a Seizure. Ann Neurol 2019; 86:939-950. [PMID: 31525273 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is a devastating disease in which seizures persist in 35% of patients despite optimal use of antiseizure drugs. Clinical and preclinical evidence implicates seizures themselves as one factor promoting epilepsy progression. What is the molecular consequence of a seizure that promotes progression? Evidence from preclinical studies led us to hypothesize that activation of tropomyosin kinase B (TrkB)-phospholipase-C-gamma-1 (PLCγ1) signaling induced by a seizure promotes epileptogenesis. METHODS To examine the effects of inhibiting TrkB signaling on epileptogenesis following an isolated seizure, we implemented a modified kindling model in which we induced a seizure through amygdala stimulation and then used either a chemical-genetic strategy or pharmacologic methods to disrupt signaling for 2 days following the seizure. The severity of a subsequent seizure was assessed by behavioral and electrographic measures. RESULTS Transient inhibition of TrkB-PLCγ1 signaling initiated after an isolated seizure limited progression of epileptogenesis, evidenced by the reduced severity and duration of subsequent seizures. Unexpectedly, transient inhibition of TrkB-PLCγ1 signaling initiated following a seizure also reverted a subset of animals to an earlier state of epileptogenesis. Remarkably, inhibition of TrkB-PLCγ1 signaling in the absence of a recent seizure did not reduce severity of subsequent seizures. INTERPRETATION These results suggest a novel strategy for limiting progression or potentially ameliorating severity of TLE whereby transient inhibition of TrkB-PLCγ1 signaling is initiated following a seizure. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:939-950.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - James O McNamara
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC.,Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC.,Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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27
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Liu H, Stover KR, Sivanenthiran N, Chow J, Cheng C, Liu Y, Lim S, Wu C, Weaver DF, Eubanks JH, Song H, Zhang L. Impaired Spatial Learning and Memory in Middle-Aged Mice with Kindling-Induced Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1077. [PMID: 31611787 PMCID: PMC6768971 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Temporal lobe epilepsy is the most common and often drug-resistant type of epilepsy in the adult and aging populations and has great diversity in etiology, electro-clinical manifestations, and comorbidities. Kindling through repeated brief stimulation of limbic structures is a commonly used model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Particularly, extended kindling can induce spontaneous recurrent seizures in several animal species. However, kindling studies in middle-aged, aging, or aged animals remain scarce, and currently, little is known about kindling-induced behavioral changes in middle-aged/aging animals. We therefore attempted to provide more information in this area using a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. We conducted experiments in middle-aged mice (C57BL/6, male, 12-14 months of age) to model new-onset epilepsy in adult/aging populations. Mice experienced twice daily hippocampal stimulations or handling manipulations for 60-70 days and then underwent continuous electroencephalogram (EEG)-video monitoring to detect spontaneous recurrent seizures. Extended kindled mice consistently exhibited spontaneous recurrent seizures with mean incidences of 6-7 events per day, and these seizures featured EEG discharges and corresponding convulsions. The handling control mice showed neither seizure nor aberrant EEG activity. The two groups of mice underwent the Morris water maze test of spatial learning and memory 1-2 weeks after termination of the kindling stimulation or handling manipulation. During visible platform trials, the kindled mice took a longer distance and required more time than the control mice to find the platform. During hidden platform trials, the kindled mice showed no improvement over 5-day trials in finding the platform whereas the control mice improved significantly. During probe tests in which the hidden platform was removed, the kindled mice spent less time than the controls searching in the correct platform location. There were no significant differences between the kindled and control mice with respect to swim speed or total locomotor activity in an open-field test. Together, these observations indicate that the extended kindled mice with spontaneous recurrent seizures are impaired in spatial learning and memory as assessed by the Morris water maze test. We postulate that the extended hippocampal kindling in middle-aged mice may help explore epileptogenic mechanisms and comorbidities potentially relevant to new-onset temporal lobe epilepsy in adult and aging patients. Limitations and confounds of our present experiments are discussed to improve future examinations of epileptic comorbidities in extended kindled mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kurt R. Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nila Sivanenthiran
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chow
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chloe Cheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yapeng Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stellar Lim
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Donald F. Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hongmei Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, China
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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28
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Liu DH, Agbo E, Zhang SH, Zhu JL. Anticonvulsant and Neuroprotective Effects of Paeonol in Epileptic Rats. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2556-2565. [PMID: 31520267 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol is the main active compound in the root bark extract of the peony tree, and it has antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent studies have reported the neuroprotective effects of paeonol including its capacity in improving impaired memory. However, the effect of paeonol on epilepsy is yet to be demystified. We aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of paeonol in epilepsy and its relationship with oxidative stress damage and neuronal loss in the rat brain to reveal the underlying mechanisms of epileptic seizures. A rat model for chronic epilepsy was established, and the seizure scores of the rats in different groups were recorded. The seizure duration and the seizure onset latency were used to evaluate the anticonvulsant effects of paeonol. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling staining, Nissl staining and H/E staining were used to evaluate the effects of paeonol on neuronal loss and apoptosis in epileptic rats. The colorimetric assessment of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase activity and total antioxidant capacity of paeonol were used in assessing paeonol's effect on oxidative stress in epileptic rats. Evaluation of Caspase-3 mRNA and protein expression levels were determined using western blot and quantitative real-time (RT-q)PCR. In this study, we found that paeonol reduced the seizure scores of epileptic rats and attenuated the duration and onset latency of seizures. Paeonol can also increase the activities of total antioxidant capacity, SOD and catalase activity and reduce MDA content as well. This suggests that paeonol can improve the level of oxidative stress in rats. More significantly, paeonol can improve neuronal loss and apoptosis in epileptic rats. These results indicate that paeonol has anticonvulsant and neuroprotective effects in epileptic rats. This effect may be caused by reducing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hai Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Elvis Agbo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-Hong Zhang
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ling Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Siripornpanich V, Visudtibhan A, Kotchabhakdi N, Chutabhakdikul N. Delayed cortical maturation at the centrotemporal brain regions in patients with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS). Epilepsy Res 2019; 154:124-131. [PMID: 31129368 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS) is an epilepsy syndrome commonly found in child and adolescent. Although the prognosis is mostly favorable as long as the seizure is well controlled. However, they are often suffering from the cognitive and behavioral problems which might be the consequences of the initial insults. It is still not clear whether the initial epileptiform discharges has long term impact on the resting-state brain activities at later ages. This study investigated the resting-state brain activities in BCECTS patients with clinical seizure remission stage (n = 16; 11 males) and compared with the non-epileptic, age-matched control subjects. Quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) revealed a significantly higher absolute power of the theta and alpha waves in BCECTS patients with clinical seizure remission as compared with the non-epileptic control subjects. Interestingly, the differences were observed mainly over the centrotemporal electrodes which are the common sites of the initial epileptiform discharges. The differences were more significant in patients with bilateral epileptiform discharges than those with the unilateral epileptic activities. Typically, the brain wave power continuously decreases with increasing ages. Therefore, higher absolute powers of the brain waves indicate more delayed in cortical maturation compared with the non-epileptic control group. These findings indicated that BCECTS patients have delay cortical maturation at the centrotemporal brain regions even at the clinical seizure remission phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorasith Siripornpanich
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Anannit Visudtibhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Naiphinich Kotchabhakdi
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Nuanchan Chutabhakdikul
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, 73170, Thailand.
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30
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Song H, Tufa U, Chow J, Sivanenthiran N, Cheng C, Lim S, Wu C, Feng J, Eubanks JH, Zhang L. Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs on Spontaneous Recurrent Seizures in a Novel Model of Extended Hippocampal Kindling in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:451. [PMID: 29867462 PMCID: PMC5968120 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by naturally-occurring spontaneous recurrent seizures and comorbidities. Kindling has long been used to model epileptogenic mechanisms and to assess antiepileptic drugs. In particular, extended kindling can induce spontaneous recurrent seizures without gross brain lesions, as seen clinically. To date, the development of spontaneous recurrent seizures following extended kindling, and the effect of the antiepileptic drugs on these seizures are not well understood. In the present study we aim to develop a mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling for the first time. Once established, we plan to evaluate the effect of three different antiepileptic drugs on the development of the extended-hippocampal-kindled-induced spontaneous recurrent seizures. Male C57 black mice were used for chronic hippocampal stimulations or handling manipulations (twice daily for up to 70 days). Subsequently, animals underwent continuous video/EEG monitoring for seizure detection. Spontaneous recurrent seizures were consistently observed in extended kindled mice but no seizures were detected in the control animals. The aforementioned seizures were generalized events characterized by hippocampal ictal discharges and concurrent motor seizures. Incidence and severity of the seizures was relatively stable while monitored over a few months after termination of the hippocampal stimulation. Three antiepileptic drugs with distinct action mechanisms were tested: phenytoin, lorazepam and levetiracetam. They were applied via intra-peritoneal injections at anticonvulsive doses and their effects on the spontaneous recurrent seizures were analyzed 10-12 h post-injection. Phenytoin (25 mg/kg) and levetiracetam (400 mg/kg) abolished the spontaneous recurrent seizures. Lorazepam (1.5 mg/kg) decreased motor seizure severity but did not reduce the incidence and duration of corresponding hippocampal discharges, implicating its inhibitory effects on seizure spread. No gross brain lesions were observed in a set of extended hippocampal kindled mice submitted to histological evaluation. All these data suggests that our model could be considered as a novel mouse model of extended hippocampal kindling. Some limitations remain to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Song
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Uilki Tufa
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jonathan Chow
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nila Sivanenthiran
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chloe Cheng
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stellar Lim
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chiping Wu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiachun Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - James H. Eubanks
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Epilepsy Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Epilepsy Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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31
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Wu XL, Ma DM, Zhang W, Zhou JS, Huo YW, Lu M, Tang FR. Cx36 in the mouse hippocampus during and after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2018; 141:64-72. [PMID: 29476948 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions play an important role in the synchronization activity of coupled cells. Hippocampal inhibitory interneurons are involved in epileptogenesis and seizure activity, and express gap junction protein connexin (Cx) 36. Cx36 is also localized in the axons (mossy fibers) of granule cells in the dentate gyrus. While it has been documented that Cx36 is involved in epileptogenesis, there are still controversies regarding the expression levels of Cx36 at different developmental stages of human and animal models of epileptogenesis. In this study, the expression of Cx36 was investigated in the mouse hippocampus at 1 h, 4 h during pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (PISE) and 1 week, 2 months after PISE. We found that Cx36 was down-regulated in neurons at different time points during and after PISE, whereas it was increased significantly in the stratum lucidum of CA3 area at 2 months after PISE. Double immunofluorescence indicated that Cx36 was localized in parvalbumin (PV) immunopositive interneuron in CA1 area and in mossy fibers and their terminals in the stratum lucidum of CA3 area. It suggests that decreased expression of Cx36 in interneurons may be related to less effective inhibitory control of excitatory activity of hippocampal principal neurons. However, the increased Cx36 immunopositive product in mossy fibers at the chronic stage after PISE may enhance the contacts between granule cells in the dentate gyrus and pyramidal neurons in CA3 area. The two different changes of Cx36 may be implicated in the epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- X L Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - D M Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Ninth Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - J S Zhou
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Y W Huo
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - M Lu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - F R Tang
- Radiation Physiology Laboratory, Singapore Nuclear Research and Safety Initiative (SNRSI), National University of Singapore, 1 CREATE Way #04-01, CREATE Tower 138602, Singapore.
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Becker AJ. Review: Animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human epileptogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:112-129. [DOI: 10.1111/nan.12451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research; Department of Neuropathology; University of Bonn Medical Center; Bonn Germany
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Pelkey KA, Chittajallu R, Craig MT, Tricoire L, Wester JC, McBain CJ. Hippocampal GABAergic Inhibitory Interneurons. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1619-1747. [PMID: 28954853 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the hippocampus GABAergic local circuit inhibitory interneurons represent only ~10-15% of the total neuronal population; however, their remarkable anatomical and physiological diversity allows them to regulate virtually all aspects of cellular and circuit function. Here we provide an overview of the current state of the field of interneuron research, focusing largely on the hippocampus. We discuss recent advances related to the various cell types, including their development and maturation, expression of subtype-specific voltage- and ligand-gated channels, and their roles in network oscillations. We also discuss recent technological advances and approaches that have permitted high-resolution, subtype-specific examination of their roles in numerous neural circuit disorders and the emerging therapeutic strategies to ameliorate such pathophysiological conditions. The ultimate goal of this review is not only to provide a touchstone for the current state of the field, but to help pave the way for future research by highlighting where gaps in our knowledge exist and how a complete appreciation of their roles will aid in future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A Pelkey
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ramesh Chittajallu
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Michael T Craig
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tricoire
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Jason C Wester
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
| | - Chris J McBain
- Porter Neuroscience Center, Eunice Kennedy-Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland; Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom; and Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University of Paris, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine-Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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Vitamin D enhances antiepileptic and cognitive effects of lamotrigine in pentylenetetrazole-kindled rats. Brain Res 2017; 1673:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Garcia-Cairasco N, Umeoka EHL, Cortes de Oliveira JA. The Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR) strain and its contributions to epileptology and related comorbidities: History and perspectives. Epilepsy Behav 2017; 71:250-273. [PMID: 28506440 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the context of modeling epilepsy and neuropsychiatric comorbidities, we review the Wistar Audiogenic Rat (WAR), first introduced to the neuroscience international community more than 25years ago. The WAR strain is a genetically selected reflex model susceptible to audiogenic seizures (AS), acutely mimicking brainstem-dependent tonic-clonic seizures and chronically (by audiogenic kindling), temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Seminal neuroethological, electrophysiological, cellular, and molecular protocols support the WAR strain as a suitable and reliable animal model to study the complexity and emergent functions typical of epileptogenic networks. Furthermore, since epilepsy comorbidities have emerged as a hot topic in epilepsy research, we discuss the use of WARs in fields such as neuropsychiatry, memory and learning, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and cardio-respiratory autonomic regulation. Last, but not least, we propose that this strain be used in "omics" studies, as well as with the most advanced molecular and computational modeling techniques. Collectively, pioneering and recent findings reinforce the complexity associated with WAR alterations, consequent to the combination of their genetically-dependent background and seizure profile. To add to previous studies, we are currently developing more powerful behavioral, EEG, and molecular methods, combined with computational neuroscience/network modeling tools, to further increase the WAR strain's contributions to contemporary neuroscience in addition to increasing knowledge in a wide array of neuropsychiatric and other comorbidities, given shared neural networks. During the many years that the WAR strain has been studied, a constantly expanding network of multidisciplinary collaborators has generated a growing research and knowledge network. Our current and major wish is to make the WARs available internationally to share our knowledge and to facilitate the planning and execution of multi-institutional projects, eagerly needed to contribute to paradigm shifts in epileptology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Genetic and Reflex Epilepsies, Audiogenic Seizures and Strains: From Experimental Models to the Clinic".
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Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Garcia-Cairasco
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo H L Umeoka
- Physiology Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences Department, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Radu BM, Epureanu FB, Radu M, Fabene PF, Bertini G. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in clinical and experimental epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2017; 131:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Farrell JS, Wolff MD, Teskey GC. Neurodegeneration and Pathology in Epilepsy: Clinical and Basic Perspectives. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:317-334. [PMID: 28674987 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is commonly associated with a number of neurodegenerative and pathological alterations in those areas of the brain that are involved in repeated electrographic seizures. These most prominently include neuron loss and an increase in astrocyte number and size but may also include enhanced blood-brain barrier permeability, the formation of new capillaries, axonal sprouting, and central inflammation. In animal models in which seizures are either repeatedly elicited or are self-generated, a similar set of neurodegenerative and pathological alterations in brain anatomy are observed. The primary causal agent responsible for these alterations may be the cascade of events that follow a seizure and lead to an hypoperfusion/hypoxic episode. While epilepsy has long and correctly been considered an electrical disorder, the vascular system likely plays an important causal role in the neurodegeneration and pathology that occur as a consequence of repeated seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Farrell
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Marshal D Wolff
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - G Campbell Teskey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Disrupted hippocampal network physiology following PTEN deletion from newborn dentate granule cells. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 96:105-114. [PMID: 27597527 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal hippocampal granule cells are present in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy, and are a prominent feature of most animal models of the disease. These abnormal cells are hypothesized to contribute to epileptogenesis. Isolating the specific effects of abnormal granule cells on hippocampal physiology, however, has been difficult in traditional temporal lobe epilepsy models. While epilepsy induction in these models consistently produces abnormal granule cells, the causative insults also induce widespread cell death among hippocampal, cortical and subcortical structures. Recently, we demonstrated that introducing morphologically abnormal granule cells into an otherwise normal mouse brain - by selectively deleting the mTOR pathway inhibitor PTEN from postnatally-generated granule cells - produced hippocampal and cortical seizures. Here, we conducted acute slice field potential recordings to assess the impact of these cells on hippocampal function. PTEN deletion from a subset of granule cells reproduced aberrant responses present in traditional epilepsy models, including enhanced excitatory post-synaptic potentials (fEPSPs) and multiple, rather than single, population spikes in response to perforant path stimulation. These findings provide new evidence that abnormal granule cells initiate a process of epileptogenesis - in the absence of widespread cell death - which culminates in an abnormal dentate network similar to other models of temporal lobe epilepsy. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that accumulation of abnormal granule cells is a common mechanism of temporal lobe epileptogenesis.
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Alexander A, Maroso M, Soltesz I. Organization and control of epileptic circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 226:127-54. [PMID: 27323941 PMCID: PMC5140277 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
When studying the pathological mechanisms of epilepsy, there are a seemingly endless number of approaches from the ultrastructural level-receptor expression by EM-to the behavioral level-comorbid depression in behaving animals. Epilepsy is characterized as a disorder of recurrent seizures, which are defined as "a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain" (Fisher et al., 2005). Such abnormal activity typically does not occur in a single isolated neuron; rather, it results from pathological activity in large groups-or circuits-of neurons. Here we choose to focus on two aspects of aberrant circuits in temporal lobe epilepsy: their organization and potential mechanisms to control these pathological circuits. We also look at two scales: microcircuits, ie, the relationship between individual neurons or small groups of similar neurons, and macrocircuits, ie, the organization of large-scale brain regions. We begin by summarizing the large body of literature that describes the stereotypical anatomical changes in the temporal lobe-ie, the anatomical basis of alterations in microcircuitry. We then offer a brief introduction to graph theory and describe how this type of mathematical analysis, in combination with computational neuroscience techniques and using parameters obtained from experimental data, can be used to postulate how microcircuit alterations may lead to seizures. We then zoom out and look at the changes which are seen over large whole-brain networks in patients and animal models, and finally we look to the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alexander
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - M Maroso
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - I Soltesz
- Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States.
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40
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Zhu X, Dong J, Shen K, Bai Y, Chao J, Yao H. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase contributes to pentylenetetrazole-kindling-induced hippocampal neurogenesis. Brain Res Bull 2016; 121:138-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Chauvette S, Soltani S, Seigneur J, Timofeev I. In vivo models of cortical acquired epilepsy. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 260:185-201. [PMID: 26343530 PMCID: PMC4744568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neocortex is the site of origin of several forms of acquired epilepsy. Here we provide a brief review of experimental models that were recently developed to study neocortical epileptogenesis as well as some major results obtained with these methods. Most of neocortical seizures appear to be nocturnal and it is known that neuronal activities reveal high levels of synchrony during slow-wave sleep. Therefore, we start the review with a description of mechanisms of neuronal synchronization and major forms of synchronized normal and pathological activities. Then, we describe three experimental models of seizures and epileptogenesis: ketamine-xylazine anesthesia as feline seizure triggered factor, cortical undercut as cortical penetrating wound model and neocortical kindling. Besides specific technical details describing these models we also provide major features of pathological brain activities recorded during epileptogenesis and seizures. The most common feature of all models of neocortical epileptogenesis is the increased duration of network silent states that up-regulates neuronal excitability and eventually leads to epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Chauvette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3
| | - Sara Soltani
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée Seigneur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3
| | - Igor Timofeev
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec (CRIUSMQ), Local F-6500, 2601 de la Canardière, Québec, QC, Canada G1J2G3; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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Temporal progression of evoked field potentials in neocortical slices after unilateral hypoxia-ischemia in perinatal rats: Correlation with cortical epileptogenesis. Neuroscience 2015; 316:232-48. [PMID: 26724579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infarcts of the neonatal cerebral cortex can lead to progressive epilepsy, which is characterized by time-dependent increases in seizure frequency after the infarct and by shifts in seizure-onset zones from focal to multi-focal. Using a rat model of unilateral perinatal hypoxia-ischemia (PHI), where long-term seizure monitoring had previously demonstrated progressive epilepsy, evoked field potentials (EFPs) were recorded in layers II/III of coronal neocortical slices to analyze the underlying time-dependent, network-level alterations ipsilateral vs. contralateral to the infarct. At 3weeks after PHI, EFPs ipsilateral to the infarct were normal in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF); however, after blocking GABAA receptors with bicuculline methiodide (BMI, 30μM), the slices with an infarct were more hyperexcitable than slices without an infarct. At 3weeks, contralateral PHI slices had responses indistinguishable from controls. Six months after PHI in normal ACSF, both ipsi- and contralateral slices from rats with cortical infarcts showed prolonged afterdischarges, which were only slightly augmented in BMI. These data suggest that the early changes after PHI are localized to the ipsilateral infarcted cortex and masked by GABA-mediated inhibition; however, after 6months, progressive epileptogenesis results in generation of robust bilateral hyperexcitability. Because these afterdischarges were only slightly prolonged by BMI, a time-dependent reduction of GABAergic transmission is hypothesized to contribute to the pronounced hyperexcitability at 6months. These changes in the EFPs coincide with the seizure semiology of the epilepsy and therefore offer an opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying this form of progressive pediatric epilepsy.
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Yilmazer-Hanke D, O'Loughlin E, McDermott K. Contribution of amygdala pathology to comorbid emotional disturbances in temporal lobe epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:486-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yilmazer-Hanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine; Creighton University; Omaha Nebraska
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College; Cork Ireland
| | - Elaine O'Loughlin
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College; Cork Ireland
- Ann Romney Centre for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School; Boston Massachusetts
| | - Kieran McDermott
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience; University College; Cork Ireland
- Graduate Entry Medical School; University of Limerick; Limerick Ireland
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Langberg T, Dashek R, Mulvey B, Miller KA, Osting S, Stafstrom CE, Sutula TP. Distinct behavioral phenotypes in novel "fast" kindling-susceptible and "slow" kindling-resistant rat strains selected by stimulation of the hippocampal perforant path. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 85:122-129. [PMID: 26462817 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kindling is a phenomenon of activity-dependent neural circuit plasticity induced by repeated seizures that results in progressive permanent increases in susceptibility to epilepsy. As the permanent structural and functional modifications induced by kindling include a diverse range of molecular, cellular, and functional alterations in neural circuits, it is of interest to determine if genetic background associated with seizure-induced plasticity might also influence plasticity in neural circuitry underlying other behaviors. Outbred Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were selected and bred for ~15 generations for "fast' or "slow" rates of kindling development in response to stimulation of the perforant path input to the hippocampus. After 7-8 generations of selection and breeding, consistent phenotypes of "fast" and "slow" kindling rates were observed. By the 15th generation "fast" kindling rats referred to as Perforant Path Kindling Susceptible (PPKS) rats demonstrated a kindling rate of 10.7 ± 1.1 afterdischarges (ADs) to the milestone of the first secondary generalized (Class V) seizure, which differed significantly from "slow" kindling Perforant Path Kindling Resistant (PPKR) rats requiring 25.5 ± 2.0 ADs, and outbred SD rats requiring 16.8 ± 2.5 ADs (p<0.001, ANOVA). Seizure-naïve adult PPKS and PPKR rats from offspring of this generation and age-matched adult outbred SD rats were compared in validated behavioral measures including the open field test as a measure of exploratory activity, the Morris water maze as a measure of hippocampal spatial memory, and fear conditioning as a behavioral paradigm of associative fear learning. The PPKS ("fast" kindling) strain with increased susceptibility to seizure-induced plasticity demonstrated statistically significant increases in motor exploratory activity in the open field test and reduced spatial learning the Morris water maze, but demonstrated normal fear conditioned learning comparable to outbred SD rats and the "slow" kindling-resistant PPKR strain. These results confirm that selection and breeding on the basis of responses to repeated pathway activation by stimulation can produce enduring modification of genetic background influencing behavior. These observations also suggest that genetic background underlying susceptibility or resistance to seizure-induced plasticity in hippocampal circuitry also differentially influences distinct behaviors and learning that depend on circuitry activated by the kindling selection process, and may have implications for associations between epilepsy, comorbid behavioral conditions, and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomer Langberg
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Ryan Dashek
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Bernard Mulvey
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Kimberly A Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Susan Osting
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Carl E Stafstrom
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
| | - Thomas P Sutula
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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Activity-dependent mismatch between axo-axonic synapses and the axon initial segment controls neuronal output. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26195803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502902112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a structure at the start of the axon with a high density of sodium and potassium channels that defines the site of action potential generation. It has recently been shown that this structure is plastic and can change its position along the axon, as well as its length, in a homeostatic manner. Chronic activity-deprivation paradigms in a chick auditory nucleus lead to a lengthening of the AIS and an increase in neuronal excitability. On the other hand, a long-term increase in activity in dissociated rat hippocampal neurons results in an outward movement of the AIS and a decrease in the cell's excitability. Here, we investigated whether the AIS is capable of undergoing structural plasticity in rat hippocampal organotypic slices, which retain the diversity of neuronal cell types present at postnatal ages, including chandelier cells. These interneurons exclusively target the AIS of pyramidal neurons and form rows of presynaptic boutons along them. Stimulating individual CA1 pyramidal neurons that express channelrhodopsin-2 for 48 h leads to an outward shift of the AIS. Intriguingly, both the pre- and postsynaptic components of the axo-axonic synapses did not change position after AIS relocation. We used computational modeling to explore the functional consequences of this partial mismatch and found that it allows the GABAergic synapses to strongly oppose action potential generation, and thus downregulate pyramidal cell excitability. We propose that this spatial arrangement is the optimal configuration for a homeostatic response to long-term stimulation.
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Fluvoxamine alleviates seizure activity and downregulates hippocampal GAP-43 expression in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:369-82. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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48
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Gorter JA, van Vliet EA, Lopes da Silva FH. Which insights have we gained from the kindling and post-status epilepticus models? J Neurosci Methods 2015; 260:96-108. [PMID: 25842270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental animal epilepsy research got a big boost since the discovery that daily mild and short (seconds) tetanic stimulations in selected brain regions led to seizures with increasing duration and severity. This model that was developed by Goddard (1967) became known as the kindling model for epileptogenesis and has become a widely used model for temporal lobe epilepsy with complex partial seizures. During the late ninety-eighties the number of publications related to electrical kindling reached its maximum. However, since the kindling procedure is rather labor intensive and animals only develop spontaneous seizures (epilepsy) after hundreds of stimulations, research has shifted toward models in which the animals exhibit spontaneous seizures after a relatively short latent period. This led to post-status epilepticus (SE) models in which animals experience SE after injection of pharmacological compounds (e.g. kainate or pilocarpine) or via electrical stimulation of (limbic) brain regions. These post-SE models are the most widely used models in epilepsy research today. However, not all aspects of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) are reproduced and the widespread brain damage is often a caricature of the situation in the patient. Therefore, there is a need for models that can better replicate the disease. Kindling, although already a classic model, can still offer valid clues in this context. In this paper, we review different aspects of the kindling model with emphasis on experiments in the rat. Next, we review characteristic properties of the post-SE models and compare the neuropathological, electrophysiological and molecular differences between kindling and post-SE epilepsy models. Finally, we shortly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Gorter
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Erwin A van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando H Lopes da Silva
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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Shi L, Yang AC, Li JJ, Meng DW, Jiang B, Zhang JG. Favorable modulation in neurotransmitters: Effects of chronic anterior thalamic nuclei stimulation observed in epileptic monkeys. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Sayin U, Hutchinson E, Meyerand ME, Sutula T. Age-dependent long-term structural and functional effects of early-life seizures: evidence for a hippocampal critical period influencing plasticity in adulthood. Neuroscience 2014; 288:120-134. [PMID: 25555928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neural activity promotes circuit formation in developing systems and during critical periods permanently modifies circuit organization and functional properties. These observations suggest that excessive neural activity, as occurs during seizures, might influence developing neural circuitry with long-term outcomes that depend on age at the time of seizures. We systematically examined long-term structural and functional consequences of seizures induced in rats by kainic acid, pentylenetetrazol, and hyperthermia across postnatal ages from birth through postnatal day 90 in adulthood (P90). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and electrophysiological methods at ⩾P95 following seizures induced from P1 to P90 demonstrated consistent patterns of gross atrophy, microstructural abnormalities in the corpus callosum (CC) and hippocampus, and functional alterations in hippocampal circuitry at ⩾P95 that were independent of the method of seizure induction and varied systematically as a function of age at the time of seizures. Three distinct epochs were observed in which seizures resulted in distinct long-term structural and functional outcomes at ⩾P95. Seizures prior to P20 resulted in DTI abnormalities in CC and hippocampus in the absence of gross cerebral atrophy, and increased paired-pulse inhibition (PPI) in the dentate gyrus (DG) at ⩾P95. Seizures after P30 induced a different pattern of DTI abnormalities in the fimbria and hippocampus accompanied by gross cerebral atrophy with increases in lateral ventricular volume, as well as increased PPI in the DG at ⩾P95. In contrast, seizures between P20 and P30 did not result in cerebral atrophy or significant imaging abnormalities in the hippocampus or white matter, but irreversibly decreased PPI in the DG compared to normal adult controls. These age-specific long-term structural and functional outcomes identify P20-30 as a potential critical period in hippocampal development defined by distinctive long-term structural and functional properties in adult hippocampal circuitry, including loss of capacity for seizure-induced plasticity in adulthood that could influence epileptogenesis and other hippocampal-dependent behaviors and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Sayin
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building 1685 Highland Ave Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - E Hutchinson
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building 1685 Highland Ave Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Wisconsin Institutes Medical Research 1111 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - M E Meyerand
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin Wisconsin Institutes Medical Research 1111 Highland Avenue Madison, WI 53705, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin Room 2130 Engineering Centers Building 1550 Engineering Drive Madison, WI 53706-1609, USA
| | - T Sutula
- Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building 1685 Highland Ave Madison, WI 53705, USA
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