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Munoz MJ, Reilly JL, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Sani SB, Rosenow JM, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Goelz LC, Corcos DM, David FJ. Benefits of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation on visually-guided saccades depend on stimulation side and classic paradigm in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2024; 162:41-52. [PMID: 38555666 PMCID: PMC11104565 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to gain further insight into previously reported beneficial effects of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) on visually-guided saccades by examining the effects of unilateral compared to bilateral stimulation, paradigm, and target eccentricity on saccades in individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Eleven participants with PD and STN-DBS completed the visually-guided saccade paradigms with OFF, RIGHT, LEFT, and BOTH stimulation. Rightward saccade performance was evaluated for three paradigms and two target eccentricities. RESULTS First, we found that BOTH and LEFT increased gain, peak velocity, and duration compared to OFF stimulation. Second, we found that BOTH and LEFT stimulation decreased latency during the gap and step paradigms but had no effect on latency during the overlap paradigm. Third, we found that RIGHT was not different compared to OFF at benefiting rightward saccade performance. CONCLUSIONS Left unilateral and bilateral stimulation both improve the motor outcomes of rightward visually-guided saccades. Additionally, both improve latency, a cognitive-motor outcome, but only in paradigms when attention does not require disengagement from a present stimulus. SIGNIFICANCE STN-DBS primarily benefits motor and cognitive-motor aspects of visually-guided saccades related to reflexive attentional shifting, with the latter only evident when the fixation-related attentional system is not engaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - James L Reilly
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gian D Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sepehr B Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yessenia M Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Quentin H Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lisa C Goelz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel M Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fabian J David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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2
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Antoniades CA, Spering M. Eye movements in Parkinson's disease: from neurophysiological mechanisms to diagnostic tools. Trends Neurosci 2024; 47:71-83. [PMID: 38042680 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD) impact oculomotor function - the ability to move the eyes accurately and purposefully to serve a multitude of sensory, cognitive, and secondary motor tasks. Decades of neurophysiological research in monkeys and behavioral studies in humans have characterized the neural basis of healthy oculomotor control. This review links eye movement abnormalities in persons living with PD to the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms and pathways. Building on this foundation, we highlight recent progress in using eye movements to gauge symptom severity, assess treatment effects, and serve as potential precision biomarkers. We conclude that whereas eye movements provide insights into PD mechanisms, based on current evidence they appear to lack sufficient sensitivity and specificity to serve as a standalone diagnostic tool. Their full potential may be realized when combined with other disease indicators in big datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalina A Antoniades
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miriam Spering
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences and Djavad Mowafaghian Center for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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3
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Munoz MJ, Arora R, Rivera YM, Drane QH, Pal GD, Verhagen Metman L, Sani SB, Rosenow JM, Goelz LC, Corcos DM, David FJ. Medication only improves limb movements while deep brain stimulation improves eye and limb movements during visually-guided reaching in Parkinson's disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1224611. [PMID: 37850040 PMCID: PMC10577235 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1224611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antiparkinson medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS), two common treatments of Parkinson's disease (PD), effectively improve skeletomotor movements. However, evidence suggests that these treatments may have differential effects on eye and limb movements, although both movement types are controlled through the parallel basal ganglia loops. Objective Using a task that requires both eye and upper limb movements, we aimed to determine the effects of medication and STN-DBS on eye and upper limb movement performance. Methods Participants performed a visually-guided reaching task. We collected eye and upper limb movement data from participants with PD who were tested both OFF and ON medication (n = 34) or both OFF and ON bilateral STN-DBS while OFF medication (n = 11). We also collected data from older adult healthy controls (n = 14). Results We found that medication increased saccade latency, while having no effect on reach reaction time (RT). Medication significantly decreased saccade peak velocity, while increasing reach peak velocity. We also found that bilateral STN-DBS significantly decreased saccade latency while having no effect on reach RT, and increased saccade and reach peak velocity. Finally, we found that there was a positive relationship between saccade latency and reach RT, which was unaffected by either treatment. Conclusion These findings show that medication worsens saccade performance and benefits reaching performance, while STN-DBS benefits both saccade and reaching performance. We explore what the differential beneficial and detrimental effects on eye and limb movements suggest about the potential physiological changes occurring due to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda J. Munoz
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Rishabh Arora
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- USF Health Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Yessenia M. Rivera
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Quentin H. Drane
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gian D. Pal
- Department of Neurology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Section of Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leo Verhagen Metman
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Sepehr B. Sani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Joshua M. Rosenow
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lisa C. Goelz
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel M. Corcos
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Fabian J. David
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
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4
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Mertin R, Diesta C, Brüggemann N, Rosales RL, Hanssen H, Westenberger A, Steinhardt J, Heldmann M, Manalo HTS, Oropilla JQ, Klein C, Helmchen C, Sprenger A. Oculomotor abnormalities indicate early executive dysfunction in prodromal X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP). J Neurol 2023; 270:4262-4275. [PMID: 37191726 PMCID: PMC10421788 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11761-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-Linked dystonia-parkinsonism (XDP) is a movement disorder characterized by the presence of both dystonia and parkinsonism with one or the other more prominent in the initial stages and later on manifesting with more parkinsonian features towards the latter part of the disease. XDP patients show oculomotor abnormalities indicating prefrontal and striatal impairment. This study investigated oculomotor behavior in non-manifesting mutation carriers (NMC). We hypothesized that oculomotor disorders occur before the appearance of dystonic or parkinsonian signs. This could help to functionally identify brain regions already affected in the prodromal stage of the disease. METHODS Twenty XDP patients, 13 NMC, and 28 healthy controls (HC) performed different oculomotor tasks typically affected in patients with parkinsonian signs. RESULTS The error rate for two types of volitional saccades, i.e., anti-saccades and memory-guided saccades, was increased not only in XDP patients but also in NMC compared to HC. However, the increase in error rates of both saccade types were highly correlated in XDP patients only. Hypometria of reflexive saccades was only found in XDP patients. Initial acceleration and maintenance velocity of smooth pursuit eye movements were only impaired in XDP patients. CONCLUSIONS Despite being asymptomatic, NMC already showed some oculomotor deficits reflecting fronto-striatal impairments, typically found in XDP patients. However, NMC did not show saccade hypometria and impaired smooth pursuit as seen in advanced Parkinson's disease and XDP, suggesting oculomotor state rather than trait signs in these mutation carriers. Neurodegeneration may commence in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, specifically the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renana Mertin
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Cid Diesta
- Makati Medical Center, Makati City, Philippines
- Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Raymond L Rosales
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Thomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Henrike Hanssen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julia Steinhardt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Jean Q Oropilla
- Makati Medical Center, Makati City, Philippines
- Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andreas Sprenger
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany.
- Center of Brain, Behavior and Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
- Institute of Psychology II, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
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5
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Zacharia A, Kaski D, Bouthour W, Dayal V, Bereau M, Mahlknecht P, Georgiev D, Péron J, Foltynie T, Zrinzo L, Jahanshahi M, Rothwell J, Limousin P. Effects of deep brain stimulation frequency on eye movements and cognitive control. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:50. [PMID: 37002261 PMCID: PMC10066205 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective treatment for Parkinson's disease (PD). Varying the frequency DBS has differential effects on axial and distal limb functions, suggesting differing modulation of relevant pathways. The STN is also a critical node in oculomotor and associative networks, but the effect of stimulation frequency on these networks remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effects of 80 hz vs. 130 Hz frequency STN-DBS on eye movements and executive control. Twenty-one STN-DBS PD patients receiving 130 Hz vs. 80 Hz stimulation were compared to a healthy control group (n = 16). All participants were tested twice in a double-blind manner. We examined prosaccades (latency and gain) and antisaccades (latency of correct and incorrect antisaccades, error rate and gain of the correct antisaccades). Executive function was tested with the Stroop task. The motor condition was assessed using Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III. The antisaccadic error rate was higher in patients (p = 0.0113), more so in patients on 80 Hz compared to 130 Hz (p = 0.001) stimulation. The differences between patients and controls and between frequencies for all other eye-movements or cognitive measures were not statistically significant. We show that 80 Hz STN-DBS in PD reduces the ability to maintain stable fixation but does not alter inhibition, resulting in a higher antisaccade error rate presumably due to less efficient fixation, without altering the motor state. This provides a wider range of stimulation parameters that can reduce specific DBS-related effects without affecting motor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Zacharia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Clinique Bernoise Montana, Crans-, Montana, Switzerland
- Service of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Walid Bouthour
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Viswas Dayal
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Matthieu Bereau
- Department of Neurology, Besançon University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Philipp Mahlknecht
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dejan Georgiev
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Julie Péron
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tom Foltynie
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Ludvic Zrinzo
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Marjan Jahanshahi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Patricia Limousin
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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6
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Tarnutzer AA, Ward BK, Shaikh AG. Novel ways to modulate the vestibular system: Magnetic vestibular stimulation, deep brain stimulation and transcranial magnetic stimulation / transcranial direct current stimulation. J Neurol Sci 2023; 445:120544. [PMID: 36621040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advances in neurotechnologies are revolutionizing our understanding of complex neural circuits and enabling new treatments for disorders of the human brain. In the vestibular system, electromagnetic stimuli can now modulate vestibular reflexes and sensations of self-motion by artificially stimulating the labyrinth, cerebellum, cerebral cortex, and their connections. OBJECTIVE In this narrative review, we describe evolving neuromodulatory techniques including magnetic vestibular stimulation (MVS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) and discuss current and potential future application in the field of neuro-otology. RESULTS MVS triggers both vestibular nystagmic (persistent) and perceptual (lasting ∼1 min) responses that may serve as a model to study central adaptational mechanisms and pathomechanisms of hemispatial neglect. By systematically mapping DBS electrodes, targeted stimulation of central vestibular pathways allowed modulating eye movements, vestibular heading perception, spatial attention and graviception, resulting in reduced anti-saccade error rates and hypometria, improved heading discrimination, shifts in verticality perception and transiently decreased spatial attention. For TMS/tDCS treatment trials have demonstrated amelioration of vestibular symptoms in various neuro-otological conditions, including chronic vestibular insufficiency, Mal-de-Debarquement and cerebellar ataxia. CONCLUSION Neuromodulation has a bright future as a potential treatment of vestibular dysfunction. MVS, DBS and TMS may provide new and sophisticated, customizable, and specific treatment options of vestibular symptoms in humans. While promising treatment responses have been reported for TMS/tDCS, treatment trials for vestibular disorders using MVS or DBS have yet to be defined and performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Tarnutzer
- Neurology, Cantonal Hospital of Baden, Baden, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - B K Ward
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals and Cleveland VA Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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7
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Su ZH, Patel S, Gavine B, Buchanan T, Bogdanovic M, Sarangmat N, Green AL, Bloem BR, FitzGerald JJ, Antoniades CA. Deep Brain Stimulation and Levodopa Affect Gait Variability in Parkinson Disease Differently. Neuromodulation 2023; 26:382-393. [PMID: 35562261 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both dopaminergic medication and subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) can improve the amplitude and speed of gait in Parkinson disease (PD), but relatively little is known about their comparative effects on gait variability. Gait irregularity has been linked to the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN). OBJECTIVES The STN and PPN have reciprocal connections, and we hypothesized that STN DBS might improve gait variability by modulating PPN function. Dopaminergic medication should not do this, and we therefore sought to compare the effects of medication and STN DBS on gait variability. MATERIALS AND METHODS We studied 11 patients with STN DBS systems on and off with no alteration to their medication, and 15 patients with PD without DBS systems on and off medication. Participants walked for two minutes in each state, wearing six inertial measurement units. Variability has previously often been expressed in terms of SD or coefficient of variation over a testing session, but these measures conflate long-term variability (eg, gradual slowing, which is not necessarily pathological) with short-term variability (true irregularity). We used Poincaré analysis to separate the short- and long-term variability. RESULTS DBS decreased short-term variability in lower limb gait parameters, whereas medication did not have this effect. In contrast, STN DBS had no effect on arm swing and trunk motion variability, whereas medication increased them, without obvious dyskinesia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that STN DBS acts through a nondopaminergic mechanism to reduce gait variability. We believe that the most likely explanation is the retrograde activation of cholinergic PPN projection neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi H Su
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Salil Patel
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bronwyn Gavine
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Marko Bogdanovic
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alexander L Green
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - James J FitzGerald
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Chrystalina A Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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8
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Waldthaler J, Stock L, Student J, Sommerkorn J, Dowiasch S, Timmermann L. Antisaccades in Parkinson's Disease: A Meta-Analysis. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:628-642. [PMID: 33742354 PMCID: PMC8592977 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The usefulness of eye-tracking tasks as potential biomarkers for motor or cognitive disease burden in Parkinson's disease (PD) has been subject of debate for many years. Several studies suggest that the performance in the antisaccade task may be altered in patients with PD and associated with motor disease severity or executive dysfunction. In this meta-analysis, random effects models were used to synthesize the existing evidence on antisaccade error rates and latency in PD. Furthermore, meta-regressions were performed to assess the role of motor and cognitive disease severity, dopaminergic medication and methodological factors. Additionally, the impact of acute levodopa administration and activation of deep brain stimulation was evaluated in two separate sub-analyses.This meta-analysis confirms that antisaccade latency and error rate are significantly increased in PD. Disease duration, Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale score and Hoehn and Yahr stage mediate the effect of PD on antisaccade latency with higher motor burden being associated with increased antisaccade latency.Acute administration of levodopa had no significant effects on antisaccade performance in a small number of eligible studies. Deep brain stimulation in the subthalamic nucleus, on the other hand, may alter the speed accuracy trade-off supporting an increase of impulsivity following deep brain stimulation in PD.According to the results of the meta-analysis, antisaccade latency may provide a potential marker for disease severity and progression in PD which needs further confirmation in longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Waldthaler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany.
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lena Stock
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Justus Student
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Sommerkorn
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Dowiasch
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurophysics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Thomas RECORDING GmbH, Giessen, Germany
| | - Lars Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Marburg, 35033, Marburg, Germany
- CMBB - Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Universities Gießen and Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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9
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Raghu ALB, Eraifej J, Sarangmat N, Stein J, FitzGerald JJ, Payne S, Aziz TZ, Green AL. Pallido-putaminal connectivity predicts outcomes of deep brain stimulation for cervical dystonia. Brain 2021; 144:3589-3596. [PMID: 34293093 PMCID: PMC8719844 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical dystonia is a non-degenerative movement disorder characterized by dysfunction of both motor and sensory cortico-basal ganglia networks. Deep brain stimulation targeted to the internal pallidum is an established treatment, but its specific mechanisms remain elusive, and response to therapy is highly variable. Modulation of key dysfunctional networks via axonal connections is likely important. Fifteen patients underwent preoperative diffusion-MRI acquisitions and then progressed to bilateral deep brain stimulation targeting the posterior internal pallidum. Severity of disease was assessed preoperatively and later at follow-up. Scans were used to generate tractography-derived connectivity estimates between the bilateral regions of stimulation and relevant structures. Connectivity to the putamen correlated with clinical improvement, and a series of cortical connectivity-based putaminal parcellations identified the primary motor putamen as the key node (r = 0.70, P = 0.004). A regression model with this connectivity and electrode coordinates explained 68% of the variance in outcomes (r = 0.83, P = 0.001), with both as significant explanatory variables. We conclude that modulation of the primary motor putamen–posterior internal pallidum limb of the cortico-basal ganglia loop is characteristic of successful deep brain stimulation treatment of cervical dystonia. Preoperative diffusion imaging contains additional information that predicts outcomes, implying utility for patient selection and/or individualized targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L B Raghu
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - John Eraifej
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Nagaraja Sarangmat
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - John Stein
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - James J FitzGerald
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen Payne
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tipu Z Aziz
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexander L Green
- Oxford Functional Neurosurgery, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Neurosurgery, John Radcliffe, Hospital, Oxford University NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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10
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Okada KI, Takahira M, Mano T, Uga T, Konaka K, Hosomi K, Saitoh Y. Concomitant improvement in anti-saccade success rate and postural instability gait difficulty after rTMS treatment for Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2472. [PMID: 33510266 PMCID: PMC7844238 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by motor and non-motor deficits. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) over the bilateral primary motor cortex at a high frequency (5 Hz or higher) is reported to be a potential treatment of PD. We aimed to assess the effect of rTMS on eye movement control in patients with PD in their ‘on’ state. We enrolled 14 patients with PD and assessed motor symptoms (Movement Disorder Society-Sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MDS-UPDRS) and eye movement performances (visually guided saccades, volitional anti-saccades, and small involuntary saccades during fixation) at baseline and after administering bilateral 10 Hz rTMS on leg region of the motor cortex. We confirmed that rTMS improved the MDS-UPDRS motor scores and found that rTMS improved the anti-saccade success rate, which requires adequate inhibition of the reflexive response. The improvement in anti-saccade success rate was correlated with that of the postural instability gait difficulty (PIGD) sub-scores of MDS-UPDRS and lower baseline Japanese version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores. This result is consistent with previous findings that PIGD and inhibitory control deficits share common brain dysfunctions in PD. rTMS may alleviate dysfunctions of that circuit and have a clinical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Okada
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Mizuki Takahira
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoo Mano
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, 634-8521, Japan
| | - Taichi Uga
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kuni Konaka
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Science, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, 1-1-41 Soujiji, Ibaraki, 567-0801, Japan
| | - Koichi Hosomi
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youichi Saitoh
- Department of Neuromodulation and Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Japan.
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11
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Klarendic M, Kaski D. Deep brain stimulation and eye movements. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2344-2361. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Klarendic
- Neurological Department University Clinical Center Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Diego Kaski
- Department of Clinical and Motor Neurosciences Centre for Vestibular and Behavioural Neurosciences University College London London UK
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12
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Neuropsychiatric aspects of Parkinson disease psychopharmacology: Insights from circuit dynamics. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 165:83-121. [PMID: 31727232 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64012-3.00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder with a complex pathophysiology characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra. Persons with PD experience several motoric and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Neuropsychiatric features of PD include depression, anxiety, psychosis, impulse control disorders, and apathy. In this chapter, we will utilize the National Institutes of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to frame and integrate observations from two prevailing disease constructions: neurotransmitter anomalies and circuit physiology. When there is available evidence, we posit how unified translational observations may have clinical relevance and postulate importance outside of PD. Finally, we review the limited evidence available for pharmacologic management of these symptoms.
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13
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Bakhtiari S, Altinkaya A, Pack CC, Sadikot AF. The Role of the Subthalamic Nucleus in Inhibitory Control of Oculomotor Behavior in Parkinson's Disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5429. [PMID: 32214128 PMCID: PMC7096507 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61572-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibiting inappropriate actions in a context is an important part of the human cognitive repertoire, and deficiencies in this ability are common in neurological and psychiatric disorders. An anti-saccade is a simple oculomotor task that tests this ability by requiring inhibition of saccades to peripheral targets (pro-saccade) and producing voluntary eye movements toward the mirror position (anti-saccades). Previous studies provide evidence for a possible contribution from the basal ganglia in anti-saccade behavior, but the precise role of different components is still unclear. Parkinson's disease patients with implanted deep brain stimulators (DBS) in subthalamic nucleus (STN) provide a unique opportunity to investigate the role of the STN in anti-saccade behavior. Previous attempts to show the effect of STN DBS on anti-saccades have produced conflicting observations. For example, the effect of STN DBS on anti-saccade error rate is not yet clear. Part of this inconsistency may be related to differences in dopaminergic states in different studies. Here, we tested Parkinson's disease patients on anti- and pro-saccade tasks ON and OFF STN DBS, in ON and OFF dopaminergic medication states. First, STN DBS increases anti-saccade error rate while patients are OFF dopamine replacement therapy. Second, dopamine replacement therapy and STN DBS interact: L-dopa reduces the effect of STN DBS on anti-saccade error rate. Third, STN DBS induces different effects on pro- and anti-saccades in different patients. These observations provide evidence for an important role for the STN in the circuitry underlying context-dependent modulation of visuomotor action selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Bakhtiari
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ayca Altinkaya
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Christopher C Pack
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Abbas F Sadikot
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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14
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The effect of levodopa on saccades – Oxford Quantification in Parkinsonism study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2019; 68:49-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Oculomotor effects of medical and surgical treatments of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2019; 249:297-305. [PMID: 31325988 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Oculomotor abnormalities are fast becoming a proxy for disease diagnosis and progression. Saccades-ballistic eye movements-are known to be affected by dopaminergic cell loss in the basal ganglia, caused by Parkinson's disease. Pharmaceutical and neurosurgical interventions such as deep brain stimulation and functional neurosurgery have both been noted to have an effect on saccades. Comparing and contrasting these effects may yield insights into Parkinson's disease pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of pharmacological and neurosurgical treatments. Computational models of saccadic control, such as the LATER model, can help to interpret the distribution of saccadic latencies, providing a framework for objectively comparing the effects of pharmaceutical interventions and deep brain stimulation.
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16
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Salinas E, Steinberg BR, Sussman LA, Fry SM, Hauser CK, Anderson DD, Stanford TR. Voluntary and involuntary contributions to perceptually guided saccadic choices resolved with millisecond precision. eLife 2019; 8:46359. [PMID: 31225794 PMCID: PMC6645714 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the antisaccade task, which is considered a sensitive assay of cognitive function, a salient visual cue appears and the participant must look away from it. This requires sensory, motor-planning, and cognitive neural mechanisms, but what are their unique contributions to performance, and when exactly are they engaged? Here, by manipulating task urgency, we generate a psychophysical curve that tracks the evolution of the saccadic choice process with millisecond precision, and resolve the distinct contributions of reflexive (exogenous) and voluntary (endogenous) perceptual mechanisms to antisaccade performance over time. Both progress extremely rapidly, the former driving the eyes toward the cue early on (∼100 ms after cue onset) and the latter directing them away from the cue ∼40 ms later. The behavioral and modeling results provide a detailed, dynamical characterization of attentional and oculomotor capture that is not only qualitatively consistent across participants, but also indicative of their individual perceptual capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Salinas
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Benjamin R Steinberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Lauren A Sussman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Sophia M Fry
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Christopher K Hauser
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Denise D Anderson
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
| | - Terrence R Stanford
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, United States
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17
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Jung I, Kim JS. Abnormal Eye Movements in Parkinsonism and Movement Disorders. J Mov Disord 2019; 12:1-13. [PMID: 30732429 PMCID: PMC6369379 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal eye movements are commonly observed in movement disorders. Ocular motility examination should include bedside evaluation and laboratory recording of ocular misalignment, involuntary eye movements, including nystagmus and saccadic intrusions/oscillations, triggered nystagmus, saccades, smooth pursuit (SP), and the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) mostly show hypometric saccades, especially for the selfpaced saccades, and impaired SP. Early vertical saccadic palsy is characteristic of progressive supranuclear palsy-Richardson's syndrome. Patients with cortico-basal syndrome typically show a delayed onset of saccades. Downbeat and gaze-evoked nystagmus and hypermetric saccades are characteristic ocular motor findings in ataxic disorders due to cerebellar dysfunction. In this review, we discuss various ocular motor findings in movement disorders, including PD and related disorders, ataxic syndromes, and hyperkinetic movement disorders. Systemic evaluation of the ocular motor functions may provide valuable information for early detection and monitoring of movement disorders, despite an overlap in the abnormal eye movements among different movement disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileok Jung
- Department of Neurology, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Korea
| | - Ji-Soo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Dizziness Center, Clinical Neuroscience Center, and Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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18
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Srivastava A, Ahmad OF, Pacia CP, Hallett M, Lungu C. The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion. J Mov Disord 2018; 11:93-106. [PMID: 30086615 PMCID: PMC6182301 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Omar F Ahmad
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Pham Pacia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Codrin Lungu
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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19
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Shaikh AG, Antoniades C, Fitzgerald J, Ghasia FF. Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation on Eye Movements and Vestibular Function. Front Neurol 2018; 9:444. [PMID: 29946295 PMCID: PMC6005881 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of inter-latching circuits in the basal ganglia and invention of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for their modulation is a breakthrough in basic and clinical neuroscience. The DBS not only changes the quality of life of hundreds of thousands of people with intractable movement disorders, but it also offers a unique opportunity to understand how the basal ganglia interacts with other neural structures. An attractive yet less explored area is the study of DBS on eye movements and vestibular function. From the clinical perspective such studies provide valuable guidance in efficient programming of stimulation profile leading to optimal motor outcome. From the scientific standpoint such studies offer the ability to assess the outcomes of basal ganglia stimulation on eye movement behavior in cognitive as well as in motor domains. Understanding the influence of DBS on ocular motor function also leads to analogies to interpret its effects on complex appendicular and axial motor function. This review focuses on the influence of globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and thalamus DBS on ocular motor and vestibular functions. The anatomy and physiology of basal ganglia, pertinent to the principles of DBS and ocular motility, is discussed. Interpretation of the effects of electrical stimulation of the basal ganglia in Parkinson's disease requires understanding of baseline ocular motor function in the diseased brain. Therefore we have also discussed the baseline ocular motor deficits in these patients and how the DBS changes such functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasef G Shaikh
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Chrystalina Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James Fitzgerald
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fatema F Ghasia
- Daroff-Dell'Osso Ocular Motility Laboratory, Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.,Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
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20
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FitzGerald JJ, Lu Z, Jareonsettasin P, Antoniades CA. Quantifying Motor Impairment in Movement Disorders. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:202. [PMID: 29695949 PMCID: PMC5904266 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently the assessment of many movement disorders has relied on clinical rating scales that despite careful design are inherently subjective and non-linear. This makes accurate and truly observer-independent quantification difficult and limits the use of sensitive parametric statistical methods. At last, devices capable of measuring neurological problems quantitatively are becoming readily available. Examples include the use of oculometers to measure eye movements and accelerometers to measure tremor. Many applications are being developed for use on smartphones. The benefits include not just more accurate disease quantification, but also consistency of data for longitudinal studies, accurate stratification of patients for entry into trials, and the possibility of automated data capture for remote follow-up. In this mini review, we will look at movement disorders with a particular focus on Parkinson's disease, describe some of the limitations of existing clinical evaluation tools, and illustrate the ways in which objective metrics have already been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J FitzGerald
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongjiao Lu
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurology, West China Hospital of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Prem Jareonsettasin
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Exeter College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Chrystalina A Antoniades
- NeuroMetrology Lab, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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Rowland MJ, Garry P, Westbrook J, Corkill R, Antoniades CA, Pattinson KTS. Acute impairment of saccadic eye movements is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2017; 127:754-760. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.8.jns16408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEDelayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) causing cerebral infarction remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Early brain injury in the first 72 hours following rupture is likely to play a key role in the pathophysiology underlying DCI but remains difficult to quantify objectively. Current diagnostic modalities are based on the concept of vasoconstriction causing cerebral ischemia and infarction and are either invasive or have a steep learning curve and user variability. The authors sought to determine whether saccadic eye movements are impaired following aSAH and whether this measurement in the acute period is associated with the likelihood of developing DCI.METHODSAs part of a prospective, observational cohort study, 24 male and female patients (mean age 53 years old, range 31–70 years old) were recruited. Inclusion criteria included presentation with World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) Grades 1 or 2 (“good grade”) aSAH on admission and endovascular treatment within 72 hours of aneurysmal rupture. DCI and DCI-related cerebral infarction were defined according to consensus guidelines. Saccadometry data were collected at 3 time points in patients: in the first 72 hours, between Days 5 and 10, and at 3 months after aSAH. Data from 10 healthy controls was collected on 1 occasion for comparison.RESULTSAge-adjusted saccadic latency in patients was significantly prolonged in the first 72 hours following aSAH when compared with controls (188.7 msec [95% CI 176.9–202.2 msec] vs 160.7 msec [95% CI 145.6–179.4 msec], respectively; p = 0.0054, t-test). By 3 months after aSAH, there was no significant difference in median saccadic latency compared with controls (188.7 msec [95% CI 176.9–202.2 msec] vs 180.0 msec [95% CI 165.1–197.8 msec], respectively; p = 0.4175, t-test). Patients diagnosed with cerebral infarction due to DCI had a significantly higher age-adjusted saccadic latency in the first 72 hours than those without infarction (240.6 msec [95% CI 216.7–270.3 msec] vs 204.1 msec [95% CI 190.7–219.5 msec], respectively; p = 0.0157, t-test). This difference was more pronounced during Days 5–10 following aSAH, the peak incidence for DCI (303.7 msec [95% CI 266.7–352.7 msec] vs 207.6 msec [95% CI 193.7–223.6 msec], respectively; p < 0.0001, t-test). A binary generalized linear model showed that latency in the first 72 hours was the only significant predictor of cerebral infarction (p = 0.0185).CONCLUSIONSThis is the first study to use saccadometry to measure the saccadic latency of eye movements in patients with aSAH during the acute period following aneurysm rupture. The results showed that median saccadic latency is associated with the risk of developing cerebral infarction due to DCI and may act as a potential objective biomarker to guide the need for intensive care admission and treatment. Future studies will look to formally validate saccadic latency as a biomarker of DCI in a larger cohort and assess whether the addition of saccades improves current clinical models for predicting patients at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Rowland
- 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; and
- 2Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Payashi Garry
- 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; and
- 2Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Westbrook
- 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; and
- 2Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rufus Corkill
- 2Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kyle T. S. Pattinson
- 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford; and
- 2Neurosciences Intensive Care Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Hurtado F, Cardenas MAN, Cardenas F, León LA. La Enfermedad de Parkinson: Etiología, Tratamientos y Factores Preventivos. UNIVERSITAS PSYCHOLOGICA 2017. [DOI: 10.11144/javeriana.upsy15-5.epet] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es la patología neurodegenerativa motora con mayor incidencia a nivel mundial. Esta afecta a aproximadamente 2-3% de la población mayor a 60 años de edad y sus causas aún no han sido bien determinadas. Actualmente no existe cura para esta patología; sin embargo, es posible contar con diferentes tratamientos que permiten aliviar algunos de sus síntomas y enlentecer su curso. Estos tratamientos tienen como premisa contrarrestar los efectos ocasionados por la pérdida de la función dopaminérgica de la sustancia nigra (SN) sobre estructuras como el núcleo subtálamico (NST) o globo pálido interno (GPi) ya sea por medio de tratamientos farmacológicos, estimulación cerebral profunda (ECP) o con el implante celular. Existen también investigaciones que están dirigiendo su interés al desarrollo de fármacos con potencial terapéutico, que presenten alta especificidad a receptores colinérgicos de nicotina (nAChRs) y antagonistas de receptores de adenosina, específicamente del subtipo A2A. Estos últimos, juegan un papel importante en el control de liberación dopaminérgica y en los procesos de neuroprotección. En esta revisión se pretende ofrecer una panorámica actual sobre algunos de los factores de riesgo asociados a EP, algunos de los tratamientos actuales más utilizados y acerca del rol de sustancias potencialmente útiles en la prevención de esta enfermedad.
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23
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TERAO Y, FUKUDA H, HIKOSAKA O. What do eye movements tell us about patients with neurological disorders? - An introduction to saccade recording in the clinical setting. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 93:772-801. [PMID: 29225306 PMCID: PMC5790757 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.93.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive and readily implemented in the clinical setting, eye movement studies have been conducted extensively not only in healthy human subjects but also in patients with neurological disorders. The purpose of saccade studies is to "read out" the pathophysiology underlying neurological disorders from the saccade records, referring to known primate physiology. In the current review, we provide an overview of studies in which we attempted to elucidate the patterns of saccade abnormalities in over 250 patients with neurological disorders, including cerebellar ataxia and brainstem pathology due to neurodegenerative disorders, and what they tell about the pathophysiology of patients with neurological disorders. We also discuss how interventions, such as deep brain stimulation, affect saccade performance and provide further insights into the workings of the oculomotor system in humans. Finally, we argue that it is important to understand the functional significance and behavioral correlate of saccade abnormalities in daily life, which could require eye tracking methodologies to be performed in settings similar to daily life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo TERAO
- Department of Cell Physiology, Kyorin University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Okihide HIKOSAKA
- Section of Neuronal Networks, Laboratory of Sensorimotor Research, National Eye Institute, U.S.A.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established treatment for several neurological conditions, and is most commonly used to treat Parkinson's disease by implanting electrodes in the basal ganglia. Despite the fact that circuits involved in eye movement control traverse the basal ganglia and are thus likely to be affected by DBS, studies combining DBS with eye movement analysis have been infrequent. This review focuses on recent research studies that examine the relationship between DBS and various types of eye movements and which highlight the potential of this approach. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work shows that DBS in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) can improve smooth pursuit in Parkinson's disease. STN DBS has also been shown to modulate visuospatial attention, and has provided experimental evidence backing a Bayesian model of basal ganglia function. DBS in the pallidum can improve antisaccadic performance in Parkinson's disease, suggesting improvement in higher control of oculomotor function, and implying retrograde striatal stimulation as part of the mechanism of action. SUMMARY These studies show that the combination of DBS with eye movement analysis is a powerful research tool. It may be used to study oculomotor physiology, basal ganglia pathophysiology, and the mechanism of action of DBS.
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Nemanich ST, Earhart GM. Freezing of gait is associated with increased saccade latency and variability in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:2394-401. [PMID: 27178858 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Freezing of gait (FOG) is a locomotor disturbance in Parkinson disease (PD) related to impaired motor automaticity. In this study, we investigated the impact of freezing on automaticity in the oculomotor system using an anti-saccade paradigm. METHODS Subjects with PD with (PD-FOG, n=13) and without (PD-NON, n=13) FOG, and healthy age-matched controls (CTRL, n=12) completed automatic pro-saccades and non-automatic anti-saccades. Primary outcomes were saccade latency, velocity, and gain. RESULTS PD-FOG (pro-saccade latency=271ms, anti-saccade latency=412ms) were slower to execute both types of saccades compared to PD-NON (253ms, 330ms) and CTRL (246ms, 327ms). Saccade velocity and gain variability was also increased in PD-FOG. CONCLUSIONS Saccade performance was affected in PD-FOG for both types of saccades, indicating differences in automaticity and control in the oculomotor system related to freezing. SIGNIFICANCE These results and others show that FOG impacts non-gait motor functions, suggesting global motor impairment in PD-FOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Nemanich
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA
| | - Gammon M Earhart
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 4444 Forest Park Ave., Campus Box 8502, St. Louis, MO 63108, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8108, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Campus Box 8111, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wang CA, McInnis H, Brien DC, Pari G, Munoz DP. Disruption of pupil size modulation correlates with voluntary motor preparation deficits in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2015; 80:176-184. [PMID: 26631540 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pupil size is an easy-to-measure, non-invasive method to index various cognitive processes. Although a growing number of studies have incorporated measures of pupil size into clinical investigation, there have only been limited studies in Parkinson's disease (PD). Convergent evidence has suggested PD patients exhibit cognitive impairment at or soon after diagnosis. Here, we used an interleaved pro- and anti-saccade paradigm while monitoring pupil size with saccadic eye movements to examine the relationship between executive function deficits and pupil size in PD patients. Subjects initially fixated a central cue, the color of which instructed them to either look at a peripheral stimulus automatically (pro-saccade) or suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction of the stimulus (anti-saccade). We hypothesized that deficits of voluntary control should be revealed not only on saccadic but also on pupil responses because of the recently suggested link between the saccade and pupil control circuits. In elderly controls, pupil size was modulated by task preparation, showing larger dilation prior to stimulus appearance in preparation for correct anti-saccades, compared to correct pro-saccades, or erroneous pro-saccades made in the anti-saccade condition. Moreover, the size of pupil dilation correlated negatively with anti-saccade reaction times. However, this profile of pupil size modulation was significantly blunted in PD patients, reflecting dysfunctional circuits for anti-saccade preparation. Our results demonstrate disruptions of modulated pupil responses by voluntary movement preparation in PD patients, highlighting the potential of using low-cost pupil size measurement to examine executive function deficits in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-An Wang
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6.
| | - Hailey McInnis
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Donald C Brien
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Giovanna Pari
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Douglas P Munoz
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6; Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
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