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Akiba R, Lind Boniec S, Knecht S, Uyama H, Tu HY, Baba T, Takahashi M, Mandai M, Wong RO. Cellular and circuit remodeling of the primate foveal midget pathway after acute photoreceptor loss. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2413104121. [PMID: 39231211 PMCID: PMC11406236 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2413104121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The retinal fovea in human and nonhuman primates is essential for high acuity and color vision. Within the fovea lies specialized circuitry in which signals from a single cone photoreceptor are largely conveyed to one ON and one OFF type midget bipolar cell (MBC), which in turn connect to a single ON or OFF midget ganglion cell (MGC), respectively. Restoring foveal vision requires not only photoreceptor replacement but also appropriate reconnection with surviving ON and OFF MBCs and MGCs. However, our current understanding of the effects of cone loss on the remaining foveal midget pathway is limited. We thus used serial block-face electron microscopy to determine the degree of plasticity and potential remodeling of this pathway in adult Macaca fascicularis several months after acute photoreceptor loss upon photocoagulation. We reconstructed MBC structure and connectivity within and adjacent to the region of cone loss. We found that MBC dendrites within the scotoma retracted and failed to reach surviving cones to form new connections. However, both surviving cones and ON and OFF MBC dendrites at the scotoma border exhibited remodeling, suggesting that these neurons can demonstrate plasticity and rewiring at maturity. At six months postlesion, disconnected OFF MBCs clearly lost output ribbon synapses with their postsynaptic partners, whereas the majority of ON MBCs maintained their axonal ribbon numbers, suggesting differential timing or extent in ON and OFF midget circuit remodeling after cone loss. Our findings raise rewiring considerations for cell replacement approaches in the restoration of foveal vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Akiba
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Shane Lind Boniec
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sharm Knecht
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Hirofumi Uyama
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hung-Ya Tu
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takayuki Baba
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masayo Takahashi
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Research Center, Kobe City Eye Hospital Research Center, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Mandai
- Laboratory for Retinal Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Research Center, Kobe City Eye Hospital Research Center, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Rachel O Wong
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
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2
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Maddox JW, Ordemann GJ, de la Rosa Vázquez J, Huang A, Gault C, Wisner SR, Randall K, Futagi D, Salem NA, Mayfield RD, Zemelman BV, DeVries SH, Hoon M, Lee A. A non-conducting role of the Ca v1.4 Ca 2+ channel drives homeostatic plasticity at the cone photoreceptor synapse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.05.570129. [PMID: 38106079 PMCID: PMC10723350 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
In congenital stationary night blindness type 2 (CSNB2)-a disorder involving the Cav1.4 (L-type) Ca2+ channel-visual impairment is mild considering that Cav1.4 mediates synaptic release from rod and cone photoreceptors. Here, we addressed this conundrum using a Cav1.4 knockout (KO) mouse and a knock-in (G369i KI) mouse expressing a non-conducting Cav1.4. Surprisingly, Cav3 (T-type) Ca2+ currents were detected in cones of G369i KI mice and Cav1.4 KO mice but not in cones of wild-type mouse, ground squirrel, and macaque retina. Whereas Cav1.4 KO mice are blind, G369i KI mice exhibit normal photopic (i.e., cone-mediated) visual behavior. Cone synapses, which fail to form in Cav1.4 KO mice, are present, albeit enlarged, and with some errors in postsynaptic wiring in G369i KI mice. While Cav1.4 KO mice lack evidence of cone synaptic responses, electrophysiological recordings in G369i KI mice revealed nominal transmission from cones to horizontal cells and bipolar cells. In CSNB2, we propose that Cav3 channels maintain cone synaptic output provided that the nonconducting role of Cav1.4 in cone synaptogenesis remains intact. Our findings reveal an unexpected form of homeostatic plasticity that relies on a non-canonical role of an ion channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Wesley Maddox
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Gregory J. Ordemann
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | | | - Angie Huang
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Christof Gault
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Serena R. Wisner
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Kate Randall
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Daiki Futagi
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Nihal A. Salem
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Boris V. Zemelman
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Steven H. DeVries
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Mrinalini Hoon
- Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- McPherson Eye Research Institute, Madison WI 53706 USA
| | - Amy Lee
- Dept of Neuroscience, University of Texas-Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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3
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Zueva MV, Neroeva NV, Zhuravleva AN, Bogolepova AN, Kotelin VV, Fadeev DV, Tsapenko IV. Fractal Phototherapy in Maximizing Retina and Brain Plasticity. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2024; 36:585-637. [PMID: 38468055 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-47606-8_31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The neuroplasticity potential is reduced with aging and impairs during neurodegenerative diseases and brain and visual system injuries. This limits the brain's capacity to repair the structure and dynamics of its activity after lesions. Maximization of neuroplasticity is necessary to provide the maximal CNS response to therapeutic intervention and adaptive reorganization of neuronal networks in patients with degenerative pathology and traumatic injury to restore the functional activity of the brain and retina.Considering the fractal geometry and dynamics of the healthy brain and the loss of fractality in neurodegenerative pathology, we suggest that the application of self-similar visual signals with a fractal temporal structure in the stimulation therapy can reactivate the adaptive neuroplasticity and enhance the effectiveness of neurorehabilitation. This proposition was tested in the recent studies. Patients with glaucoma had a statistically significant positive effect of fractal photic therapy on light sensitivity and the perimetric MD index, which shows that methods of fractal stimulation can be a novel nonpharmacological approach to neuroprotective therapy and neurorehabilitation. In healthy rabbits, it was demonstrated that a long-term course of photostimulation with fractal signals does not harm the electroretinogram (ERG) and retina structure. Rabbits with modeled retinal atrophy showed better dynamics of the ERG restoration during daily stimulation therapy for a week in comparison with the controls. Positive changes in the retinal function can indirectly suggest the activation of its adaptive plasticity and the high potential of stimulation therapy with fractal visual stimuli in a nonpharmacological neurorehabilitation, which requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Zueva
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia V Neroeva
- Department of Pathology of the Retina and Optic Nerve, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia N Zhuravleva
- Department of Glaucoma, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna N Bogolepova
- Department of neurology, neurosurgery and medical genetics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav V Kotelin
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Fadeev
- Scientific Experimental Center Department, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina V Tsapenko
- Department of Clinical Physiology of Vision, Helmholtz National Medical Research Center of Eye Diseases, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Scalabrino ML, Field GD. Neuroscience: Visual restoration with optogenetics. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R110-R112. [PMID: 36750022 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Treating photoreceptor degenerative diseases is an exciting application of optogenetic technologies. However, there are significant challenges, such as producing normal visual signaling as the retina rewires in response to photoreceptor death. However, a new study shows remarkable functional stability in retinal circuits that can be engaged by optogenetics following photoreceptor loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda L Scalabrino
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Greg D Field
- Stein Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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5
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Leinonen H, Fu Z, Bull E. Neural and Müller glial adaptation of the retina to photoreceptor degeneration. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:701-707. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.354511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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6
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Fei Z, Fei F, Huan Y, Wu XQ, Chen T, Dou YN, Jia B, He X, Wei DY. Necroptosis plays a crucial role in the exacerbation of retinal injury after blunt ocular trauma. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:922-928. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Lin TH, Kolodkin AL. Circuit engineering: Rewiring adult outer retina connections. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R1276-R1278. [PMID: 36413972 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Rewiring and repairing neural circuitry has long been an important goal in neuroscience research. A new study employing clever genetic tools successfully restored synaptic connections in the adult mammalian outer retina and accompanying visually evoked behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Huai Lin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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8
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Fitzpatrick MJ, Kerschensteiner D. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 94:101131. [PMID: 36244950 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vision begins in the retina, whose intricate neural circuits extract salient features of the environment from the light entering our eyes. Neurodegenerative diseases of the retina (e.g., inherited retinal degenerations, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma) impair vision and cause blindness in a growing number of people worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that homeostatic plasticity (i.e., the drive of a neural system to stabilize its function) can, in principle, preserve retinal function in the face of major perturbations, including neurodegeneration. Here, we review the circumstances and events that trigger homeostatic plasticity in the retina during development, sensory experience, and disease. We discuss the diverse mechanisms that cooperate to compensate and the set points and outcomes that homeostatic retinal plasticity stabilizes. Finally, we summarize the opportunities and challenges for unlocking the therapeutic potential of homeostatic plasticity. Homeostatic plasticity is fundamental to understanding retinal development and function and could be an important tool in the fight to preserve and restore vision.
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9
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Sinha T, Ikelle L, Makia MS, Crane R, Zhao X, Kakakhel M, Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI. Riboflavin deficiency leads to irreversible cellular changes in the RPE and disrupts retinal function through alterations in cellular metabolic homeostasis. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102375. [PMID: 35738087 PMCID: PMC9233280 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ariboflavinosis is a pathological condition occurring as a result of riboflavin deficiency. This condition is treatable if detected early enough, but it lacks timely diagnosis. Critical symptoms of ariboflavinosis include neurological and visual manifestations, yet the effects of flavin deficiency on the retina are not well investigated. Here, using a diet induced mouse model of riboflavin deficiency, we provide the first evidence of how retinal function and metabolism are closely intertwined with riboflavin homeostasis. We find that diet induced riboflavin deficiency causes severe decreases in retinal function accompanied by structural changes in the neural retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This is preceded by increased signs of cellular oxidative stress and metabolic disorder, in particular dysregulation in lipid metabolism, which is essential for both photoreceptors and the RPE. Though many of these deleterious phenotypes can be ameliorated by riboflavin supplementation, our data suggests that some patients may continue to suffer from multiple pathologies at later ages. These studies provide an essential cellular and mechanistic foundation linking defects in cellular flavin levels with the manifestation of functional deficiencies in the visual system and paves the way for a more in-depth understanding of the cellular consequences of ariboflavinosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirthankar Sinha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Larissa Ikelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mustafa S Makia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Ryan Crane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mashal Kakakhel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Muayyad R Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Muna I Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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10
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Zhuo Y. Synaptic or Non-synaptic? Different Intercellular Interactions with Retinal Ganglion Cells in Optic Nerve Regeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:3052-3072. [PMID: 35266115 PMCID: PMC9016027 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Axons of adult neurons in the mammalian central nervous system generally fail to regenerate by themselves, and few if any therapeutic options exist to reverse this situation. Due to a weak intrinsic potential for axon growth and the presence of strong extrinsic inhibitors, retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) cannot regenerate their axons spontaneously after optic nerve injury and eventually undergo apoptosis, resulting in permanent visual dysfunction. Regarding the extracellular environment, research to date has generally focused on glial cells and inflammatory cells, while few studies have discussed the potentially significant role of interneurons that make direct connections with RGCs as part of the complex retinal circuitry. In this study, we provide a novel angle to summarize these extracellular influences following optic nerve injury as "intercellular interactions" with RGCs and classify these interactions as synaptic and non-synaptic. By discussing current knowledge of non-synaptic (glial cells and inflammatory cells) and synaptic (mostly amacrine cells and bipolar cells) interactions, we hope to accentuate the previously neglected but significant effects of pre-synaptic interneurons and bring unique insights into future pursuit of optic nerve regeneration and visual function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Yehong Zhuo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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11
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Mathew D, Luo Q, Bhatwadekar AD. Circadian Rhythm Disruption Results in Visual Dysfunction. FASEB Bioadv 2022; 4:364-378. [PMID: 35664832 PMCID: PMC9164246 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial light has been increasingly in use for the past 70 years. The aberrant light exposure and round‐the‐clock nature of work lead to the disruption of biological clock. Circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) contributes to multiple metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effect on vision is not understood. Moreover, the mammalian retina possesses an autonomous clock that could be reset with light exposure. We evaluated the impact of CRD on retinal morphology, physiology, and vision after housing mice in a disruption inducing shorter light/dark cycle (L10:D10). Interestingly, the mice under L10:D10 exhibited three different entrainment behaviors; “entrained,” “free‐running,” and “zigzagging.” These behavior groups under CRD exhibited reduced visual acuity, retinal thinning, and a decrease in the number of photoreceptors. Intriguingly, the electroretinogram response was decreased only in the mice exhibiting “entrained” behavior. The retinal proteome showed distinct changes with each entrainment behavior, and there was a dysfunctional oxidative stress‐antioxidant mechanism. These results demonstrate that CRD alters entrainment behavior and leads to visual dysfunction in mice. Our studies uniquely show the effect of entrainment behavior on retinal physiology. Our data have broader implications in understanding and mitigating the impact of CRD on vision and its potential role in the etiology of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Mathew
- Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
| | - Qianyi Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University Indianapolis IN USA
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12
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mTORC1 Activation in Chx10-Specific Tsc1 Knockout Mice Accelerates Retina Aging and Degeneration. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6715758. [PMID: 34777691 PMCID: PMC8589503 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6715758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated decline in retina function is largely responsible for the irreversible vision deterioration in the elderly population. It is also an important risk factor for the development of degenerative and angiogenic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in the process of aging in the retina remain largely elusive. This study investigated the role of mTORC1 signaling in aging of the retina. We showed that mTORC1 was activated in old-aged retina, particularly in the ganglion cells. The role of mTORC1 activation was further investigated in Chx10-Cre;Tsc1fx/fx mouse (Tsc1-cKO). Activation of mTORC1 was found in bipolar and some of the ganglion and amacrine cells in the adult Tsc1-cKO retina. Bipolar cell hypertrophy and Müller gliosis were observed in Tsc1-cKO since 6 weeks of age. The abnormal endings of bipolar cell dendritic tips at the outer nuclear layer resembled that of the old-aged mice. Microglial cell activation became evident in 6-week-old Tsc1-cKO. At 5 months, the Tsc1-cKO mice exhibited advanced features of old-aged retina, including the expression of p16Ink4a and p21, expression of SA-β-gal in ganglion cells, decreased photoreceptor cell numbers, decreased electroretinogram responses, increased oxidative stress, microglial cell activation, and increased expression of immune and inflammatory genes. Inhibition of microglial cells by minocycline partially prevented photoreceptor cell loss and restored the electroretinogram responses. Collectively, our study showed that the activation of mTORC1 signaling accelerated aging of the retina by both cell autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms. Our study also highlighted the role of microglia cells in driving the decline in retina function.
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13
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Abstract
Our sense of sight relies on photoreceptors, which transduce photons into the nervous system's electrochemical interpretation of the visual world. These precious photoreceptors can be disrupted by disease, injury, and aging. Once photoreceptors start to die, but before blindness occurs, the remaining retinal circuitry can withstand, mask, or exacerbate the photoreceptor deficit and potentially be receptive to newfound therapies for vision restoration. To maximize the retina's receptivity to therapy, one must understand the conditions that influence the state of the remaining retina. In this review, we provide an overview of the retina's structure and function in health and disease. We analyze a collection of observations on photoreceptor disruption and generate a predictive model to identify parameters that influence the retina's response. Finally, we speculate on whether the retina, with its remarkable capacity to function over light levels spanning nine orders of magnitude, uses these same adaptational mechanisms to withstand and perhaps mask photoreceptor loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Yeun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
| | - Rachel A Care
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
| | - Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Felice A Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, USA; , , ,
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14
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Della Santina L, Yu AK, Harris SC, Soliño M, Garcia Ruiz T, Most J, Kuo YM, Dunn FA, Ou Y. Disassembly and rewiring of a mature converging excitatory circuit following injury. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109463. [PMID: 34348156 PMCID: PMC8381591 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Specificity and timing of synapse disassembly in the CNS are essential to learning how individual circuits react to neurodegeneration of the postsynaptic neuron. In sensory systems such as the mammalian retina, synaptic connections of second-order neurons are known to remodel and reconnect in the face of sensory cell loss. Here we analyzed whether degenerating third-order neurons can remodel their local presynaptic connectivity. We injured adult retinal ganglion cells by transiently elevating intraocular pressure. We show that loss of presynaptic structures occurs before postsynaptic density proteins and accounts for impaired transmission from presynaptic neurons, despite no evidence of presynaptic cell loss, axon terminal shrinkage, or reduced functional input. Loss of synapses is biased among converging presynaptic neuron types, with preferential loss of the major excitatory cone-driven partner and increased connectivity with rod-driven presynaptic partners, demonstrating that this adult neural circuit is capable of structural plasticity while undergoing neurodegeneration. Della Santina et al. injure a converging excitatory circuit in the adult retina by intraocular pressure elevation. Postsynaptic retinal ganglion cells disconnect from presynaptic bipolar cells with stereotyped bias against their major partner and rewire with developmental presynaptic partners, underscoring the potential of the adult CNS to adopt developmental patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Alfred K Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Scott C Harris
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manuel Soliño
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Tonatiuh Garcia Ruiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jesse Most
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Felice A Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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15
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Care RA, Anastassov IA, Kastner DB, Kuo YM, Della Santina L, Dunn FA. Mature Retina Compensates Functionally for Partial Loss of Rod Photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107730. [PMID: 32521255 PMCID: PMC8049532 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of primary neuronal inputs inevitably strikes every neural circuit. The deafferented circuit could propagate, amplify, or mitigate input loss, thus affecting the circuit’s output. How the deafferented circuit contributes to the effect on the output is poorly understood because of lack of control over loss of and access to circuit elements. Here, we control the timing and degree of rod photoreceptor ablation in mature mouse retina and uncover compensation. Following loss of half of the rods, rod bipolar cells mitigate the loss by preserving voltage output. Such mitigation allows partial recovery of ganglion cell responses. We conclude that rod death is compensated for in the circuit because ganglion cell responses to stimulation of half of the rods in an unperturbed circuit are weaker than responses after death of half of the rods. The dominant mechanism of such compensation includes homeostatic regulation of inhibition to balance the loss of excitation. Care et al. ablate half of the rods in mature mouse retina and find that primary neuron loss is functionally compensated for by balanced inhibition and excitation at the secondary neuron. Changes in cone-mediated, but not rod-mediated, output neuron spikes are recapitulated by half stimulation, demonstrating independent regulation of pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Care
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ivan A Anastassov
- Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - David B Kastner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Felice A Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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16
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Xu S, Zhang P, Zhang M, Wang X, Li G, Xu G, Ni Y. Synaptic changes and the response of microglia in a light-induced photoreceptor degeneration model. Mol Vis 2021; 27:206-220. [PMID: 33967574 PMCID: PMC8100860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To explore synaptic changes and the response of microglia in a light-induced photoreceptor degeneration model. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were euthanized 1 h, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, and 14 days after being exposed to intense blue light for 24 h. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to evaluate changes in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was applied to observe the ultrastructural changes in the synapses between the photoreceptors and second-order neurons. Western blotting was conducted to evaluate specific proteins, including postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), metabotropic glutamate receptor 6 (mGluR6), synapsin I, and synaptophysin. Immunofluorescence of CD11b and PKC-α or mGluR6 was used to explore the spatial relationships between microglial processes and synaptic elements. Immunoelectron microscopy of PSD-95 was performed to further confirm its engulfment of synaptic materials. Results H&E and TUNEL staining showed that the thickness of the ONL decreased markedly, and the number of apoptotic photoreceptors peaked at day 1. TEM revealed darkened photoreceptor terminals and that ribbons of them were floating in the cytoplasm, coinciding with the downregulation of PSD-95 and mGluR6. Downstream synaptic protein synapsin I and synaptophysin exhibited upregulation in the inner plexiform layer. Activated microglia migrated to the outer retina, and their processes were found in close proximity to synapses in the outer plexiform layer under light and electron microscopy levels. Double immunostaining of CD11b and mGluR6 showed colocalization. PSD-95-immunoreactive electron-dense materials were observed inside the microglia suggesting engulfment of synaptic components. Conclusions The study showed that there are early synaptic impairment and late compensatory changes in downstream synapses in this photic injury model. Activated microglia touched and directly engulfed synaptic materials. Microglia may play a role or a partial role in synaptic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Li
- Research Center, Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gezhi Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingqin Ni
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Key NHC Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University); Laboratory of Myopia, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
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17
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Huang YM, Yang M, Yuan RD. Differential degeneration of rod/cone bipolar cells during retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:626-629. [PMID: 33875958 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.04.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ming Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Rong-Di Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
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18
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Ribeiro J, Procyk CA, West EL, O'Hara-Wright M, Martins MF, Khorasani MM, Hare A, Basche M, Fernando M, Goh D, Jumbo N, Rizzi M, Powell K, Tariq M, Michaelides M, Bainbridge JWB, Smith AJ, Pearson RA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR. Restoration of visual function in advanced disease after transplantation of purified human pluripotent stem cell-derived cone photoreceptors. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109022. [PMID: 33882303 PMCID: PMC8065177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration and other macular diseases result in the loss of light-sensing cone photoreceptors, causing irreversible sight impairment. Photoreceptor replacement may restore vision by transplanting healthy cells, which must form new synaptic connections with the recipient retina. Despite recent advances, convincing evidence of functional connectivity arising from transplanted human cone photoreceptors in advanced retinal degeneration is lacking. Here, we show restoration of visual function after transplantation of purified human pluripotent stem cell-derived cones into a mouse model of advanced degeneration. Transplanted human cones elaborate nascent outer segments and make putative synapses with recipient murine bipolar cells (BCs), which themselves undergo significant remodeling. Electrophysiological and behavioral assessments demonstrate restoration of surprisingly complex light-evoked retinal ganglion cell responses and improved light-evoked behaviors in treated animals. Stringent controls exclude alternative explanations, including material transfer and neuroprotection. These data provide crucial validation for photoreceptor replacement therapy and for the potential to rescue cone-mediated vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Ribeiro
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Emma L West
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Monica F Martins
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Aura Hare
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Mark Basche
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Milan Fernando
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Debbie Goh
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Neeraj Jumbo
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Matteo Rizzi
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Kate Powell
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Menahil Tariq
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | | | - Alexander J Smith
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | | | - Robin R Ali
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK; Kellogg Eye Centre, University of Michigan, 1000 Wall St., Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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19
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Fu Z, Qiu C, Cagnone G, Tomita Y, Huang S, Cakir B, Kotoda Y, Allen W, Bull E, Akula JD, Joyal JS, Hellström A, Talukdar S, Smith LEH. Retinal glial remodeling by FGF21 preserves retinal function during photoreceptor degeneration. iScience 2021; 24:102376. [PMID: 33937726 PMCID: PMC8079476 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The group of retinal degenerations, retinitis pigmentosa (RP), comprises more than 150 genetic abnormalities affecting photoreceptors. Finding degenerative pathways common to all genetic abnormalities may allow general treatment such as neuroprotection. Neuroprotection may include enhancing the function of cells that directly support photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and Müller glia. Treatment with fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a neuroprotectant, from postnatal week 4-10, during rod and cone loss in P23H mice (an RP model) with retinal degeneration, preserved photoreceptor function and normalized Müller glial cell morphology. Single-cell transcriptomics of retinal cells showed that FGF21 receptor Fgfr1 was specifically expressed in Müller glia/astrocytes. Of all retinal cells, FGF21 predominantly affected genes in Müller glia/astrocytes with increased expression of axon development and synapse formation pathway genes. Therefore, enhancing retinal glial axon and synapse formation with neurons may preserve retinal function in RP and may suggest a general therapeutic approach for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Chenxi Qiu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gael Cagnone
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Yohei Tomita
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Bertan Cakir
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yumi Kotoda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - William Allen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Edward Bull
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - James D Akula
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jean-Sébastien Joyal
- Department of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Ophthalmology, CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Qc H3A 0C4, Canada
| | - Ann Hellström
- Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Saswata Talukdar
- Cardiometabolic Diseases, Merck Research Laboratories, 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Leinonen H, Pham NC, Boyd T, Santoso J, Palczewski K, Vinberg F. Homeostatic plasticity in the retina is associated with maintenance of night vision during retinal degenerative disease. eLife 2020; 9:59422. [PMID: 32960171 PMCID: PMC7529457 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity of the inner retina has been observed in response to photoreceptor degeneration. Typically, this phenomenon has been considered maladaptive and may preclude vision restoration in the blind. However, several recent studies utilizing triggered photoreceptor ablation have shown adaptive responses in bipolar cells expected to support normal vision. Whether such homeostatic plasticity occurs during progressive photoreceptor degenerative disease to help maintain normal visual behavior is unknown. We addressed this issue in an established mouse model of Retinitis Pigmentosa caused by the P23H mutation in rhodopsin. We show robust modulation of the retinal transcriptomic network, reminiscent of the neurodevelopmental state, and potentiation of rod – rod bipolar cell signaling following rod photoreceptor degeneration. Additionally, we found highly sensitive night vision in P23H mice even when more than half of the rod photoreceptors were lost. These results suggest retinal adaptation leading to persistent visual function during photoreceptor degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Leinonen
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Nguyen C Pham
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Taylor Boyd
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
| | - Johanes Santoso
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Krzysztof Palczewski
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States.,Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, and Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, United States
| | - Frans Vinberg
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, United States
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21
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Pfeiffer RL, Anderson JR, Dahal J, Garcia JC, Yang JH, Sigulinsky CL, Rapp K, Emrich DP, Watt CB, Johnstun HA, Houser AR, Marc RE, Jones BW. A pathoconnectome of early neurodegeneration: Network changes in retinal degeneration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 199:108196. [PMID: 32810483 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Connectomics has demonstrated that synaptic networks and their topologies are precise and directly correlate with physiology and behavior. The next extension of connectomics is pathoconnectomics: to map neural network synaptology and circuit topologies corrupted by neurological disease in order to identify robust targets for therapeutics. In this report, we characterize a pathoconnectome of early retinal degeneration. This pathoconnectome was generated using serial section transmission electron microscopy to achieve an ultrastructural connectome with 2.18nm/px resolution for accurate identification of all chemical and gap junctional synapses. We observe aberrant connectivity in the rod-network pathway and novel synaptic connections deriving from neurite sprouting. These observations reveal principles of neuron responses to the loss of network components and can be extended to other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Pfeiffer
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - James R Anderson
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeebika Dahal
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jessica C Garcia
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jia-Hui Yang
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Kevin Rapp
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Daniel P Emrich
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Carl B Watt
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hope Ab Johnstun
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alexis R Houser
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Robert E Marc
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Signature Immunologics, Torrey, UT, USA
| | - Bryan W Jones
- John Moran Eye Center at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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22
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Care RA, Kastner DB, De la Huerta I, Pan S, Khoche A, Della Santina L, Gamlin C, Santo Tomas C, Ngo J, Chen A, Kuo YM, Ou Y, Dunn FA. Partial Cone Loss Triggers Synapse-Specific Remodeling and Spatial Receptive Field Rearrangements in a Mature Retinal Circuit. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2171-2183.e5. [PMID: 31091454 PMCID: PMC6624172 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience of neural circuits has been observed in the persistence of function despite neuronal loss. In vision, acuity and sensitivity can be retained after 50% loss of cones. While neurons in the cortex can remodel after input loss, the contributions of cell-type-specific circuits to resilience are unknown. Here, we study the effects of partial cone loss in mature mouse retina where cell types and connections are known. At first-order synapses, bipolar cell dendrites remodel and synaptic proteins diminish at sites of input loss. Sites of remaining inputs preserve synaptic proteins. Second-order synapses between bipolar and ganglion cells remain stable. Functionally, ganglion cell spatio-temporal receptive fields retain center-surround structure following partial cone loss. We find evidence for slower temporal filters and expanded receptive field surrounds, derived mainly from inhibitory inputs. Surround expansion is absent in partially stimulated control retina. Results demonstrate functional resilience to input loss beyond pre-existing mechanisms in control retina. Care et al. find that photoreceptor ablation causes structural rearrangement of bipolar cell input synapses while output synapses endure. Functionally, recipient ganglion cells show altered receptive field sizes, an effect not seen after partial stimulation of control retina, demonstrating de novo changes that occur in inhibitory circuitry after photoreceptor loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Care
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David B Kastner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Irina De la Huerta
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simon Pan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Atrey Khoche
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Luca Della Santina
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Clare Gamlin
- Program in Neuroscience, Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Chad Santo Tomas
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jenita Ngo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Allen Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yvonne Ou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Felice A Dunn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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23
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Abstract
In humans high quality, high acuity visual experience is mediated by the fovea, a tiny, specialized patch of retina containing the locus of fixation. Despite this, vision restoration strategies are typically developed in animal models without a fovea. While electrical prostheses have been approved by regulators, as yet they have failed to restore high quality, high acuity vision in patients. Approaches under pre-clinical development include regenerative cell therapies, optogenetics and chemical photosensitizers. All retinal vision restoration therapies require reactivation of inner retina that has lost photoreceptor input and that the restored signals can be interpreted at a behavioural level. A greater emphasis on tackling these challenges at the fovea may accelerate progress toward high quality vision restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette E McGregor
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, 601 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, New York, USA
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24
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Wu XS, Wang YC, Liu TT, Wang L, Sun XH, Wang LQ, Weng SJ, Zhong YM. Morphological alterations of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells after ablation of mouse photoreceptors with selective photocoagulation. Exp Eye Res 2019; 188:107812. [PMID: 31550445 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigated changes in the morphology of intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), M1 subtype, and pupillary light reflex following local and selective ablation of photoreceptors in mice. Laser photocoagulation was used to selectively destroy four patches of photoreceptors per eye at around 4 papillary diameters from the optic disc and at the 3, 6, 9, and 12 o'clock positions between the retinal vessels in the adult mouse retina, leaving cells in the inner retina intact. Morphological parameters of individual M1 cells specifically labeled by the antibody against melanopsin (PA1-780), including dendritic field size, total dendritic length, and dendritic branch number, were examined 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after photocoagulation with Neurolucida software. A considerable reduction in these parameters in M1 cells in the "lesioned areas" was found at all the four time points after photocoagulation, as compared with those in the "unlesioned areas". Although M1 cells in the lesioned areas showed significant changes as early as 1 week after laser treatment and the changes gradually increased, reaching a peak value at 2 weeks, morphological restoration was clearly seen in these cells over time. However, no difference in the morphological parameters of M1 cells was observed between the unlesioned areas of laser-treated mice and the corresponding areas of age-matched normal mice without laser lesions. Fluorescence intensity of the somata of melanopsin-positive M1 cells located inside the lesioned areas was significantly decreased at all the four time points after photocoagulation, whereas no changes in pupillary light reflex were detected at different light irradiations, indicating that photocoagulation-induced local photoreceptor loss and alterations of ipRGCs may be insufficient to cause abnormalities in non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions. The results suggest that intact photoreceptors could be crucial for maintaining the expression levels of melanopsin and normal morphology of M1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Sha Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Yong-Chen Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Xing-Huai Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology at Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200031, PR China
| | - Li-Qin Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
| | - Shi-Jun Weng
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Yong-Mei Zhong
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontier Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science and Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
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25
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In vivo imaging reveals transient microglia recruitment and functional recovery of photoreceptor signaling after injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16603-16612. [PMID: 31350349 PMCID: PMC6697899 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903336116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system, are critical for synaptic pruning and maintenance and for mitigating injury and neurodegeneration. Determining whether microglia–neuron interactions are beneficial in specific instances has been difficult, largely because of the local and transient nature of the interactions. Using simultaneous optical coherence tomography/scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and adaptive optics SLO retinal imaging in mice, we show interactions of microglia and photoreceptors over time scales from seconds to months during injury, degeneration, and repair. In vivo optical assessment of photoreceptor signaling in a large neuronal field encompassing the injured area allows us to relate the time course of these microglia movements to that of the tissue remodeling and functional recovery. Microglia respond to damage and microenvironmental changes within the central nervous system by morphologically transforming and migrating to the lesion, but the real-time behavior of populations of these resident immune cells and the neurons they support have seldom been observed simultaneously. Here, we have used in vivo high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT) and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy with and without adaptive optics to quantify the 3D distribution and dynamics of microglia in the living retina before and after local damage to photoreceptors. Following photoreceptor injury, microglia migrated both laterally and vertically through the retina over many hours, forming a tight cluster within the area of visible damage that resolved over 2 wk. In vivo OCT optophysiological assessment revealed that the photoreceptors occupying the damaged region lost all light-driven signaling during the period of microglia recruitment. Remarkably, photoreceptors recovered function to near-baseline levels after the microglia had departed the injury locus. These results demonstrate the spatiotemporal dynamics of microglia engagement and restoration of neuronal function during tissue remodeling and highlight the need for mechanistic studies that consider the temporal and structural dynamics of neuron–microglia interactions in vivo.
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26
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Activation of Rod Input in a Model of Retinal Degeneration Reverses Retinal Remodeling and Induces Formation of Functional Synapses and Recovery of Visual Signaling in the Adult Retina. J Neurosci 2019; 39:6798-6810. [PMID: 31285302 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2902-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A major cause of human blindness is the death of rod photoreceptors. As rods degenerate, synaptic structures between rod and rod bipolar cells disappear and the rod bipolar cells extend their dendrites and occasionally make aberrant contacts. Such changes are broadly observed in blinding disorders caused by photoreceptor cell death and are thought to occur in response to deafferentation. How the remodeled retinal circuit affects visual processing following rod rescue is not known. To address this question, we generated male and female transgenic mice wherein a disrupted cGMP-gated channel (CNG) gene can be repaired at the endogenous locus and at different stages of degeneration by tamoxifen-inducible cre-mediated recombination. In normal rods, light-induced closure of CNG channels leads to hyperpolarization of the cell, reducing neurotransmitter release at the synapse. Similarly, rods lacking CNG channels exhibit a resting membrane potential that was ~10 mV hyperpolarized compared to WT rods, indicating diminished glutamate release. Retinas from these mice undergo stereotypic retinal remodeling as a consequence of rod malfunction and degeneration. Upon tamoxifen-induced expression of CNG channels, rods recovered their structure and exhibited normal light responses. Moreover, we show that the adult mouse retina displays a surprising degree of plasticity upon activation of rod input. Wayward bipolar cell dendrites establish contact with rods to support normal synaptic transmission, which is propagated to the retinal ganglion cells. These findings demonstrate remarkable plasticity extending beyond the developmental period and support efforts to repair or replace defective rods in patients blinded by rod degeneration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Current strategies for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders are focused on the repair of the primary affected cell type. However, the defective neurons function within a complex neural circuitry, which also becomes degraded during disease. It is not known whether rescued neurons and the remodeled circuit will establish communication to regain normal function. We show that the adult mammalian neural retina exhibits a surprising degree of plasticity following rescue of rod photoreceptors. The wayward dendrites of rod bipolar cells re-establish contact with rods to support normal synaptic transmission, which is propagated to the retinal ganglion cells. These findings support efforts to repair or replace defective rods in patients blinded by rod cell loss.
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Laird JG, Gardner SH, Kopel AJ, Kerov V, Lee A, Baker SA. Rescue of Rod Synapses by Induction of Cav Alpha 1F in the Mature Cav1.4 Knock-Out Mouse Retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3150-3161. [PMID: 31335952 PMCID: PMC6656410 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cav1.4 is a voltage-gated calcium channel clustered at the presynaptic active zones of photoreceptors. Cav1.4 functions in communication by mediating the Ca2+ influx that triggers neurotransmitter release. It also aids in development since rod ribbon synapses do not form in Cav1.4 knock-out mice. Here we used a rescue strategy to investigate the ability of Cav1.4 to trigger synaptogenesis in both immature and mature mouse rods. Methods In vivo electroporation was used to transiently express Cav α1F or tamoxifen-inducible Cav α1F in a subset of Cav1.4 knock-out mouse rods. Synaptogenesis was assayed using morphologic markers and a vision-guided water maze. Results We found that introduction of Cav α1F to knock-out terminals rescued synaptic development as indicated by PSD-95 expression and elongated ribbons. When expression of Cav α1F was induced in mature animals, we again found restoration of PSD-95 and elongated ribbons. However, the induced expression of Cav α1F led to diffuse distribution of Cav α1F in the terminal instead of being clustered beneath the ribbon. Approximately a quarter of treated animals passed the water maze test, suggesting the rescue of retinal signaling in these mice. Conclusions These data confirm that Cav α1F expression is necessary for rod synaptic terminal development and demonstrate that rescue is robust even in adult animals with late stages of synaptic disease. The degree of rod synaptic plasticity seen here should be sufficient to support future vision-restoring treatments such as gene or cell replacement that will require photoreceptor synaptic rewiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G. Laird
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Sarah H. Gardner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Ariel J. Kopel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Vasily Kerov
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Amy Lee
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
| | - Sheila A. Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and the Institute for Vision Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, United States
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Lorach H, Kang S, Bhuckory MB, Trouillet A, Dalal R, Marmor M, Palanker D. Transplantation of Mature Photoreceptors in Rodents With Retinal Degeneration. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2019; 8:30. [PMID: 31171997 PMCID: PMC6543858 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.8.3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate survival and integration of mature photoreceptors transplanted with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Methods Full-thickness retina with attached RPE was harvested from healthy adult rats. Grafts were implanted into two rat models of retinal degeneration, Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) and S334ter-3. Survival of the host and transplanted retina was monitored using optical coherence tomography (OCT) for up to 6 months. The retinal structure and synaptogenesis between the host and transplant was assessed by histology and immunohistochemistry. Results OCT and histology demonstrated a well-preserved photoreceptor layer with inner and outer segments, while the inner retinal layers of the transplant largely disappeared. Grafts, including RPE, survived better than without and the transplanted RPE appeared as a monolayer integrated with the native one. Synaptogenesis was observed through sprouting of new dendrites from the host bipolar cells and synaptic connections forming with cells of the transplant. However, in many samples, a glial fibrillary acidic protein–positive membrane separated the host retina and the graft. Conclusions Presence of RPE in the graft improved the survival of transplanted photoreceptors. Functional integration between the transplant and the host retina is likely to be further enhanced if formation of a glial seal could be prevented. Transplantation of the mature photoreceptors with RPE may be a practical approach to restoration of sight in retinal degeneration. Translational Relevance This approach to restoration of sight in patients with photoreceptor degeneration can be rapidly advanced to clinical testing. In patients with central scotoma, autologous transplantation of the peripheral retina can be an option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henri Lorach
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Seungbum Kang
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohajeet B Bhuckory
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Alix Trouillet
- Department of Otolaryngology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Roopa Dalal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Michael Marmor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, CA, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, CA, USA
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He J, Zhao C, Dai J, Weng CH, Bian BSJ, Gong Y, Ge L, Fang Y, Liu H, Xu H, Yin ZQ. Microglia Mediate Synaptic Material Clearance at the Early Stage of Rats With Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Immunol 2019; 10:912. [PMID: 31105708 PMCID: PMC6499027 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident microglia are the main immune cells in the retina and play a key role in the pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Many previous studies on the roles of microglia mainly focused on the neurotoxicity or neuroprotection of photoreceptors, while their contributions to synaptic remodeling of neuronal circuits in the retina of early RP remained unclarified. In the present study, we used Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats, a classic RP model characterized by progressive microglia activation and synapse loss, to investigate the constitutive effects of microglia on the synaptic lesions and ectopic neuritogenesis. Rod degeneration resulted in synapse disruption and loss in the outer plexiform layer (OPL) at the early stage of RP. Coincidentally, the resident microglia in the OPL increased phagocytosis and mainly engaged in phagocytic engulfment of postsynaptic mGluR6 of rod bipolar cells (RBCs). Complement pathway might be involved in clearance of postsynaptic elements of RBCs by microglia. We pharmacologically deleted microglia using a CSF1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor to confirm this finding, and found that it caused the accumulation of postsynaptic mGluR6 levels and increased the number and length of ectopic dendrites in the RBCs. Interestingly, the numbers of presynaptic sites expressing CtBP2 and colocalized puncta in the OPL of RCS rats were not affected by microglia elimination. However, sustained microglial depletion led to progressive functional deterioration in the retinal responses to light in RCS rats. Based on our results, microglia mediated the remodeling of RBCs by phagocytosing postsynaptic materials and inhibiting ectopic neuritogenesis, contributing to delay the deterioration of vision at the early stage of RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juncai He
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Congjian Zhao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaman Dai
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuan Huang Weng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Bai Shi Jiao Bian
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Gong
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingling Ge
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Yajie Fang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Amy Medical University), Chongqing, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration and Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing, China
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Prigge CL, Kay JN. Dendrite morphogenesis from birth to adulthood. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:139-145. [PMID: 30092409 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are the conduits for receiving (and in some cases transmitting) neural signals; their ability to do these jobs is a direct result of their morphology. Developmental patterning mechanisms are critical to ensuring concordance between dendritic form and function. This article reviews recent studies in vertebrate retina and brain that elucidate key strategies for dendrite functional maturation. Specific cellular and molecular signals control the initiation and elaboration of dendritic arbors, and facilitate integration of young neurons into particular circuits. In some cells, dendrite growth and remodeling continues into adulthood. Once formed, dendrites subdivide into compartments with distinct physiological properties that enable dendritic computations. Understanding these key stages of dendrite patterning will help reveal how circuit functional properties arise during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron L Prigge
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jeremy N Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Beier C, Palanker D, Sher A. Stereotyped Synaptic Connectivity Is Restored during Circuit Repair in the Adult Mammalian Retina. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1818-1824.e2. [PMID: 29804805 PMCID: PMC6550309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proper function of the central nervous system (CNS) depends on the specificity of synaptic connections between cells of various types. Cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the establishment and refinement of these connections during development are the subject of an active area of research [1-6]. However, it is unknown if the adult mammalian CNS can form new type-selective synapses following neural injury or disease. Here, we assess whether selective synaptic connections can be reestablished after circuit disruption in the adult mammalian retina. The stereotyped circuitry at the first synapse in the retina, as well as the relatively short distances new neurites must travel compared to other areas of the CNS, make the retina well suited to probing for synaptic specificity during circuit reassembly. Selective connections between short-wavelength sensitive cone photoreceptors (S-cones) and S-cone bipolar cells provides the foundation of the primordial blue-yellow vision, common to all mammals [7-18]. We take advantage of the ground squirrel retina, which has a one-to-one S-cone-to-S-cone-bipolar-cell connection, to test if this connectivity can be reestablished following local photoreceptor loss [8, 19]. We find that after in vivo selective photoreceptor ablation, deafferented S-cone bipolar cells expand their dendritic trees. The new dendrites randomly explore the proper synaptic layer, bypass medium-wavelength sensitive cone photoreceptors (M-cones), and selectively synapse with S-cones. However, non-connected dendrites are not pruned back to resemble unperturbed S-cone bipolar cells. We show, for the first time, that circuit repair in the adult mammalian retina can recreate stereotypic selective wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Beier
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Daniel Palanker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexander Sher
- Santa Cruz Institute for Particle Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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Oswald J, Baranov P. Regenerative medicine in the retina: from stem cells to cell replacement therapy. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2018; 10:2515841418774433. [PMID: 29998222 PMCID: PMC6016968 DOI: 10.1177/2515841418774433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the fast pace of the growing field of stem cell research, retinal cell replacement is finally emerging as a feasible mean to be explored for clinical application. Although neuroprotective treatments are able to slow the progression of retinal degeneration caused by diseases such as age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, they are insufficient to fully halt disease progression and unable to recover previously lost vision. Comprehensive, technological and intellectual advances over the past years, including the in vitro differentiation of retinal cells at manufacturing scale from embryonic stem (ES) cell and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell cultures, progress within the area of retinal disease modeling, and the first clinical trials have started to shape the way towards addressing this treatment gap and translating retinal cell replacement to the clinic. Here, summarize the most recent advances within retinal cell replacement from both a scientific and clinical perspective, and discuss the remaining challenges towards the delivery of the first retinal cell products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Oswald
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Petr Baranov
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
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Simmons AB, Bloomsburg SJ, Sukeena JM, Miller CJ, Ortega-Burgos Y, Borghuis BG, Fuerst PG. DSCAM-mediated control of dendritic and axonal arbor outgrowth enforces tiling and inhibits synaptic plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10224-E10233. [PMID: 29114051 PMCID: PMC5703318 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713548114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature mammalian neurons have a limited ability to extend neurites and make new synaptic connections, but the mechanisms that inhibit such plasticity remain poorly understood. Here, we report that OFF-type retinal bipolar cells in mice are an exception to this rule, as they form new anatomical connections within their tiled dendritic fields well after retinal maturity. The Down syndrome cell-adhesion molecule (Dscam) confines these anatomical rearrangements within the normal tiled fields, as conditional deletion of the gene permits extension of dendrite and axon arbors beyond these borders. Dscam deletion in the mature retina results in expanded dendritic fields and increased cone photoreceptor contacts, demonstrating that DSCAM actively inhibits circuit-level plasticity. Electrophysiological recordings from Dscam-/- OFF bipolar cells showed enlarged visual receptive fields, demonstrating that expanded dendritic territories comprise functional synapses. Our results identify cell-adhesion molecule-mediated inhibition as a regulator of circuit-level neuronal plasticity in the adult retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Simmons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | | | - Joshua M Sukeena
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Calvin J Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844
| | - Yohaniz Ortega-Burgos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico-Humacao, Humacao Puerto Rico, 00792
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202;
| | - Peter G Fuerst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844;
- Washington-Wyoming-Alaska-Montana-Idaho Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, ID 83844
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