1
|
Vlădăreanu L, Iliescu MG, Andronache IT, Danteș E. Incidence and Importance of Peripheral Vestibular Dysfunction in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:723. [PMID: 38929302 PMCID: PMC11201755 DOI: 10.3390/children11060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a common form of scoliosis. As the name suggests, etiopathogenesis is not clearly defined, so treatment is still anchored in the musculoskeletal theory and correction/prevention of high Cobb angle values. This study aimed to determine whether there is any connection between developing scoliotic curvature and a positive history of motion sickness as a symptom of a peripheral vestibular dysfunction/deficit, and if vestibular rehabilitation exercises could be integrated into the treatment plan. The study was conducted over 12 months on a selected population of 159 patients to evaluate or treat scoliotic curvatures in a private clinic. The collected data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25 and illustrated using Microsoft Office Excel/Word 2021. Patients with peripheral vestibular dysfunction had significantly higher Cobb angle values when compared to patients with a negative result in an instrumental test for peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Motion sickness was considerably more associated with peripheral vestibular dysfunction, and a positive Fukuda stepping test was associated with a positive history of motion sickness. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis with higher Cobb angles is related to positive motion sickness history as part of peripheral vestibular dysfunction. Conservative treatment for scoliosis could incorporate sensory integration techniques, and a positive history of motion sickness could be an indicator of a higher risk of progression in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Vlădăreanu
- Doctoral School of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (L.V.); (I.T.A.); (E.D.)
- Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Department, Techirghiol Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium, 34-41 Climescu Blvd., 906100 Techirghiol, Romania
| | - Mădălina Gabriela Iliescu
- Doctoral School of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (L.V.); (I.T.A.); (E.D.)
- Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Department, Techirghiol Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium, 34-41 Climescu Blvd., 906100 Techirghiol, Romania
| | - Iulia Tania Andronache
- Doctoral School of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (L.V.); (I.T.A.); (E.D.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Internal Medicine Clinic, “Alexandru Gafencu” Military Emergency Hospital Constanta, Mamaia Blvd., 900527 Constanța, Romania
| | - Elena Danteș
- Doctoral School of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania; (L.V.); (I.T.A.); (E.D.)
- Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Medicine, “Ovidius” University of Constanta, 1 University Alley, 900470 Constanta, Romania
- Clinical Hospital of Pulmonology, 40 Sentinelei Street, 900002 Constanta, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
McCallum-Loudeac J, Moody E, Williams J, Johnstone G, Sircombe KJ, Clarkson AN, Wilson MJ. Deletion of a conserved genomic region associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis leads to vertebral rotation in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2024; 33:787-801. [PMID: 38280229 PMCID: PMC11031364 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most common form of scoliosis, in which spinal curvature develops in adolescence, and 90% of patients are female. Scoliosis is a debilitating disease that often requires bracing or surgery in severe cases. AIS affects 2%-5.2% of the population; however, the biological origin of the disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to determine the function of a highly conserved genomic region previously linked to AIS using a mouse model generated by CRISPR-CAS9 gene editing to knockout this area of the genome to understand better its contribution to AIS, which we named AIS_CRMΔ. We also investigated the upstream factors that regulate the activity of this enhancer in vivo, whether the spatial expression of the LBX1 protein would change with the loss of AIS-CRM function, and whether any phenotype would arise after deletion of this region. We found a significant increase in mRNA expression in the developing neural tube at E10.5, and E12.5, for not only Lbx1 but also other neighboring genes. Adult knockout mice showed vertebral rotation and proprioceptive deficits, also observed in human AIS patients. In conclusion, our study sheds light on the elusive biological origins of AIS, by targeting and investigating a highly conserved genomic region linked to AIS in humans. These findings provide valuable insights into the function of the investigated region and contribute to our understanding of the underlying causes of this debilitating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy McCallum-Loudeac
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Edward Moody
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jack Williams
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Georgia Johnstone
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kathleen J Sircombe
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Andrew N Clarkson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Megan J Wilson
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kučerová K, Šafářová M, Illinger V, Koutná S, Šonská K, Levínská K, Čakrt O. Subjective visual vertical and head position in patients with idiopathic scoliosis. J Vestib Res 2023; 33:187-193. [PMID: 37212080 DOI: 10.3233/ves-230005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a structural spinal deformity that can affect the position of the head. One of the etiological hypotheses is that it can be caused by dysfunction of the vestibular system, which can cause abnormal perception of subjective visual vertical (SVV). OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the differences in head position and its possible correlation with the perception of SVV in children with IS. METHODS We examined 37 patients with IS and 37 healthy individuals. The position of the head was evaluated from digital photographs, where we compared the coronal head tilt and the coronal shoulder angle. Measurement of SVV perception was performed using the Bucket method. RESULTS Coronal head tilt values were significantly different between the groups (median 2.3° [interquartile range 1.8-4.2] vs 1.3° [0.9-2.3], p = 0.001; patients vs. controls). There was a significant difference in SVV between the groups (2.33° [1.40-3.25] vs 0.50° [0.41-1.10], p < 0.001; patients vs controls). There was a correlation between the side of head tilt and the side of SVV in patients with IS (χ2 = 5.6, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Patients with IS had a greater head tilt in the coronal plane and impaired SVV perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Kučerová
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Šafářová
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Illinger
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sára Koutná
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Šonská
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Levínská
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Čakrt
- Department of Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol UniversityHospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vestibular Morphological Alterations in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 10:children10010035. [PMID: 36670586 PMCID: PMC9856763 DOI: 10.3390/children10010035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is the most frequent pediatric spinal deformity. Its treatment still shows limited results due to the existent lack of knowledge regarding etiopathogenesis. Thus, the purpose of the study is to check the existence of vestibular morphological alterations among idiopathic scoliosis patients. To meet the objective, we performed this systematic review searching studies in PubMed Medline, SCOPUS, Web of Science, CINAHL Complete and SciELO until 15 September 2022. Articles that analyzed the morphology of the vestibular apparatus were selected, comparing subjects with AIS versus healthy subjects. Variables were selected that measured the orientation of the channels as well as the general conformation of the vestibular apparatus. One hundred and eighty-five records were retrieved in the preliminary searches, of which five studies were finally included, providing data from 154 participants (83 cases and 71 healthy controls) with a mean age 16.07 ± 2.48 years old. Two studies conclude that the superior and lateral semicircular canals are longer and thinner in patients with AIS. One study concluded that the measure between centers of superior and lateral canals and the angle whose vertex is placed the center of posterior canal were significantly shorter in subjects with AIS than in healthy controls in the left-side of vestibular apparatus. Two studies found an asymmetry in the verticality of the lateral canals on both sides in subjects with AIS, although it is not clear whether the left canal is in a more horizontal or vertical position. Patients with AIS seem to present morphological asymmetries of the vestibular apparatus, fundamentally on the left side. These anomalies seem to correlate with the location of the curve but not with its laterality or severity.
Collapse
|
5
|
Simoneau M, Pialasse JP, Mercier P, Blouin JS. Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis show decreased intermuscular coherence in lumbar paraspinal muscles: a new pathophysiological perspective. Clin Neurophysiol 2022; 138:38-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
6
|
Muñoz-Montecinos C, Romero A, Sepúlveda V, Vira MÁ, Fehrmann-Cartes K, Marcellini S, Aguilera F, Caprile T, Fuentes R. Turning the Curve Into Straight: Phenogenetics of the Spine Morphology and Coordinate Maintenance in the Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:801652. [PMID: 35155449 PMCID: PMC8826430 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.801652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertebral column, or spine, provides mechanical support and determines body axis posture and motion. The most common malformation altering spine morphology and function is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a three-dimensional spinal deformity that affects approximately 4% of the population worldwide. Due to AIS genetic heterogenicity and the lack of suitable animal models for its study, the etiology of this condition remains unclear, thus limiting treatment options. We here review current advances in zebrafish phenogenetics concerning AIS-like models and highlight the recently discovered biological processes leading to spine malformations. First, we focus on gene functions and phenotypes controlling critical aspects of postembryonic aspects that prime in spine architecture development and straightening. Second, we summarize how primary cilia assembly and biomechanical stimulus transduction, cerebrospinal fluid components and flow driven by motile cilia have been implicated in the pathogenesis of AIS-like phenotypes. Third, we highlight the inflammatory responses associated with scoliosis. We finally discuss recent innovations and methodologies for morphometrically characterize and analyze the zebrafish spine. Ongoing phenotyping projects are expected to identify novel and unprecedented postembryonic gene functions controlling spine morphology and mutant models of AIS. Importantly, imaging and gene editing technologies are allowing deep phenotyping studies in the zebrafish, opening new experimental paradigms in the morphometric and three-dimensional assessment of spinal malformations. In the future, fully elucidating the phenogenetic underpinnings of AIS etiology in zebrafish and humans will undoubtedly lead to innovative pharmacological treatments against spinal deformities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Muñoz-Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Adrián Romero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Vania Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - María Ángela Vira
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karen Fehrmann-Cartes
- Núcleo de Investigaciones Aplicadas en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Universidad de las Américas, Concepción, Chile
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Felipe Aguilera
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Teresa Caprile
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Grupo de Procesos en Biología del Desarrollo (GDeP), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gordy C, Straka H. Vestibular Influence on Vertebrate Skeletal Symmetry and Body Shape. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:753207. [PMID: 34690711 PMCID: PMC8526847 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.753207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Vestibular endorgans in the vertebrate inner ear form the principal sensors for head orientation and motion in space. Following the evolutionary appearance of these organs in pre-vertebrate ancestors, specific sensory epithelial patches, such as the utricle, which is sensitive to linear acceleration and orientation of the head with respect to earth’s gravity, have become particularly important for constant postural stabilization. This influence operates through descending neuronal populations with evolutionarily conserved hindbrain origins that directly and indirectly control spinal motoneurons of axial and limb muscles. During embryogenesis and early post-embryonic periods, bilateral otolith signals contribute to the formation of symmetric skeletal elements through a balanced activation of axial muscles. This role has been validated by removal of otolith signals on one side during a specific developmental period in Xenopus laevis tadpoles. This intervention causes severe scoliotic deformations that remain permanent and extend into adulthood. Accordingly, the functional influence of weight-bearing otoconia, likely on utricular hair cells and resultant afferent discharge, represents a mechanism to ensure a symmetric muscle tonus essential for establishing a normal body shape. Such an impact is presumably occurring within a critical period that is curtailed by the functional completion of central vestibulo-motor circuits and by the modifiability of skeletal elements before ossification of the bones. Thus, bilateral otolith organs and their associated sensitivity to head orientation and linear accelerations are not only indispensable for real time postural stabilization during motion in space but also serve as a guidance for the ontogenetic establishment of a symmetric body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Gordy
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Straka
- Department Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Etiology of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), a complicated three-dimensional spinal deformity with early-onset, receives continuous attention but remains unclear. To gain an insight into AIS pathogenesis, this review searched PubMed database up to June 2019, using key words or medical subject headings terms including "adolescent idiopathic scoliosis," "scoliosis," "pathogenesis," "etiology," "genetics," "mesenchymal stem cells," and their combinations, summarized existing literatures and categorized the theories or hypothesis into nine aspects. These aspects include bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell studies, genetic studies, tissue analysis, spine biomechanics measurements, neurologic analysis, hormone studies, biochemical analysis, environmental factor analysis, and lifestyle explorations. These categories could be a guidance for further etiology or treatment researches to gain inspiration.
Collapse
|
9
|
Scheyerer MJ, Rohde A, Stuermer KJ, Kluenter HD, Bredow J, Oikonomidis S, Klußmann JP, Eysel P, Eysel-Gosepath K. Impact of the Vestibular System on the Formation and Progression to Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Review of Literature. Asian Spine J 2020; 15:701-707. [PMID: 33189104 PMCID: PMC8561148 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2020.0308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis remains unknown. However, a multifactorial pathogenesis is being assumed. Besides biomechanical, biochemical, and genetic factors, some studies have focused on congenital or acquired abnormalities in the vestibular organ with consecutive development of scoliosis. This study aims to analyze a possible correlation between any vestibular organ congenital or acquired pathologies and scoliosis based on the current literature. Therefore, we conducted a literature search in three databases, with search terms such as “scoliosis,” “organ of balance,” “idiopathic scoliosis,” “vestibular organ,” “spine,” and “balance.” Fifteen studies were selected and used for research. The relationship between scoliosis and vestibular organ abnormalities was recorded from all included works. Seven studies demonstrated a direct correlation between vestibular organ anatomical abnormalities and the form of the scoliotic spine. Another study confirmed the influence of the pathology of the vestibular organ on scoliosis but questioned whether it had an impact on the formation or the progression of the curvature. Others demonstrated a temporal overlap of the embryonic development of the vestibular organ and the beginning of pre-scoliotic characteristics, but their relationship remained questionable. In three studies, the correlation remained unclear, and any context has been denied. It seems unlikely that an isolated vestibular disorder can trigger structural scoliosis. However, the vestibular system pathologies may certainly occur in the multifactorial genesis of idiopathic scoliosis. Whether the correlation refers to the expression or the progression of scoliosis or may even have an influence on both remains unclear. New treatment options could be derived from these findings with a positive influence on the course of the deformity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max Joseph Scheyerer
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Axel Rohde
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Konrad Johannes Stuermer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Heinz-Dieter Kluenter
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jan Bredow
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stavros Oikonomidis
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Peter Klußmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peer Eysel
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin Eysel-Gosepath
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, Duesseldorf University Hospital, Duesseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Obrero-Gaitán E, Molina F, Del-Pino-Casado R, Ibáñez-Vera AJ, Rodríguez-Almagro D, Lomas-Vega R. Visual Verticality Perception in Spinal Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E1725. [PMID: 32503240 PMCID: PMC7356295 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9061725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients diagnosed with traumatic or non-traumatic spinal pain and idiopathic scoliosis frequently suffer from imbalance. The evaluation of the perception of verticality by means of visual tests emerges as a quick and easy tool for clinical management of the balance disorders. Several studies have assessed the visual perception of verticality in spinal diseases obtaining controversial results. The aim of our study is to analyze the perception of visual verticality in subjects with several spinal diseases in comparison with healthy subjects. A meta-analysis was carried out. PubMed MEDLINE, Scopus, WoS, CINAHL, and SciELO databases were searched until January 2020. The standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated to analyze differences between patients and healthy controls. Fifteen studies with a total of 2052 patients were included. In comparison with healthy subjects, a misperception of verticality was found in patients with spinal pain when the perception of the verticality was assessed with the rod and frame test (SMD = 0.339; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.181, 0.497; p < 0.001). It seems that the perception of visual verticality is not altered in patients with idiopathic scoliosis (p = 0.294). The present meta-analysis shows a misperception of visual verticality only in patients with spinal pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esteban Obrero-Gaitán
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Francisco Molina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Del-Pino-Casado
- Department of Nursing, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Alfonso Javier Ibáñez-Vera
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Almagro
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| | - Rafael Lomas-Vega
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Jaén, Paraje Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain; (E.O.-G.); (A.J.I.-V.); (D.R.-A.); (R.L.-V.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Carry PM, Duke VR, Brazell CJ, Stence N, Scholes M, Rousie DL, Hadley Miller N. Lateral semi-circular canal asymmetry in females with idiopathic scoliosis. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232417. [PMID: 32349123 PMCID: PMC7190182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal structural deformity that occurs in otherwise normal individuals. Although curve progression and severity vary amongst individuals, AIS can lead to significant cosmetic and functional deformity. AIS etiology has been determined to be genetic, however, exact genetic and biological processes underlying this disorder remain unknown. Vestibular structure and function have potentially been related to the etiopathogenesis of AIS. Here, we aimed to characterize the anatomy of the semicircular canals (SCC) within the vestibular system through a novel approach utilizing T2-weighted magnetic resonance images (MRI). Methods Three dimensional, MRI-based models of the SCCs were generated from AIS subjects (n = 20) and healthy control subjects (n = 19). Linear mixed models were used to compare SCC morphological measurements in the two groups. We compared side-to-side differences in the SCC measurements between groups (group*side interaction). Results Side-to-side differences in the lateral SCC were different between the two groups [false discovery rate adjusted p-value: 0.0107]. Orientation of right versus left lateral SCC was significantly different in the AIS group compared to the control group [mean side-to-side difference: -4.1°, 95% CI: -6.4° to -1.7°]. Overall, among subjects in the AIS group, the left lateral SCC tended to be oriented in a more horizontal position than subjects in the control group. Significance Asymmetry within the SCCs of the vestibular system of individuals with AIS potentially results in abnormal efferent activity to postural muscles. Consequences of this muscular activity during periods of rapid growth, which often coincides with AIS onset and progression, warrant consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M. Carry
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Victoria R. Duke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Christopher J. Brazell
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Stence
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Melissa Scholes
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Nancy Hadley Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Woo EJ, Siegmund GP, Reilly CW, Blouin JS. Asymmetric Unilateral Vestibular Perception in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:1270. [PMID: 31849828 PMCID: PMC6903771 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.01270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cause of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) remains unclear, but one proposed cause of AIS is asymmetric vestibular function and the related descending drive to the spine musculature. The objective of this study was to determine if asymmetric vestibular function is present in individuals with AIS. Ten individuals with AIS (8F, 2M) and 10 healthy age- and sex-matched controls were exposed to 10s-long virtual rotations induced by monaural or binaural electrical vestibular stimulation (EVS), and 10s-long real rotations delivered by a rotating chair. Using a forced-choice paradigm, participants indicated their perceived rotation direction (right or left) to stimuli of varying intensity. A Bayesian adaptive algorithm adjusted the stimulus intensity and direction to identify a stimulus level, which we called the direction recognition threshold, at which participants correctly identified the rotation direction 69% of the time. For unilateral vestibular stimuli (monaural EVS), the direction recognition thresholds were more asymmetric in all participants with AIS compared to control participants [(0.22-1.00 mA) vs. (0.01-0.21 mA); p < 0.001]. For bilateral vestibular stimuli, however, the direction recognition thresholds did not differ between groups for either the real or virtual rotations (multiple p > 0.05). Previous reports of semicircular canal orientation asymmetry in individuals with AIS could not explain the magnitude of the vestibular function asymmetry we observed, suggesting a functional cause to the observed vestibular asymmetry. Thus, the present results suggest that a unilateral vestibular dysfunction is linked to AIS, potentially revealing a new path for the screening and monitoring of scoliosis in adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma J Woo
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gunter P Siegmund
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,MEA Forensic Engineers & Scientists, Richmond, BC, Canada
| | - Christopher W Reilly
- British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jean-Sébastien Blouin
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Institute for Computing, Information, and Cognitive System, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hatzilazaridis I, Hatzitaki V, Antoniadou N, Samoladas E. Postural and muscle responses to galvanic vestibular stimulation reveal a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3614-3626. [PMID: 31336391 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
One of the most appealing hypotheses around the aetiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis attributes the development of the spine deformity to an imbalance in the descending vestibulospinal drive to the muscles resulting in a differential mechanical pull on the spine during the early life stages. In this study, we explored this hypothesis by examining postural and muscle responses to binaural bipolar galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) of randomly alternating polarity. Adolescents diagnosed with idiopathic scoliosis (n = 12) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 12) stood quietly with feet together (stance duration 66-102 s), eyes closed and facing forward, while 10 short (2s), transmastoidal, bipolar square wave GVS pulses (0.3-2.0 mA) of randomly alternating polarity were delivered at varying time intervals. Responses depicted in the electromyographic (EMG) activity of bilateral axial and appendicular muscles, vertical reaction forces and segment kinematics were recorded and analysed. Scoliotic patients demonstrated smaller ankle muscle responses and a delayed postural shift to the right relative to controls during anode right/cathode left GVS. When GVS polarity was reversed, patients had a greater soleus short-latency response on the left anodal side, while the rest of the muscle and postural responses were similar between groups. Vestibular stimulation also evoked greater head and upper trunk sway in scoliotic compared with healthy adolescents irrespective of stimulus polarity. Results provide new preliminary evidence for a vestibular imbalance in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis that is compensated by somatosensory, load-related afferent feedback from the lower limbs during the latter part of the response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Hatzilazaridis
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior and Adapted Physical Activity, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilia Hatzitaki
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior and Adapted Physical Activity, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikoleta Antoniadou
- Laboratory of Motor Behavior and Adapted Physical Activity, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthimios Samoladas
- Orthopeadics Division of Genimatas Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Nenni MJ, Fisher ME, James-Zorn C, Pells TJ, Ponferrada V, Chu S, Fortriede JD, Burns KA, Wang Y, Lotay VS, Wang DZ, Segerdell E, Chaturvedi P, Karimi K, Vize PD, Zorn AM. Xenbase: Facilitating the Use of Xenopus to Model Human Disease. Front Physiol 2019; 10:154. [PMID: 30863320 PMCID: PMC6399412 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
At a fundamental level most genes, signaling pathways, biological functions and organ systems are highly conserved between man and all vertebrate species. Leveraging this conservation, researchers are increasingly using the experimental advantages of the amphibian Xenopus to model human disease. The online Xenopus resource, Xenbase, enables human disease modeling by curating the Xenopus literature published in PubMed and integrating these Xenopus data with orthologous human genes, anatomy, and more recently with links to the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man resource (OMIM) and the Human Disease Ontology (DO). Here we review how Xenbase supports disease modeling and report on a meta-analysis of the published Xenopus research providing an overview of the different types of diseases being modeled in Xenopus and the variety of experimental approaches being used. Text mining of over 50,000 Xenopus research articles imported into Xenbase from PubMed identified approximately 1,000 putative disease- modeling articles. These articles were manually assessed and annotated with disease ontologies, which were then used to classify papers based on disease type. We found that Xenopus is being used to study a diverse array of disease with three main experimental approaches: cell-free egg extracts to study fundamental aspects of cellular and molecular biology, oocytes to study ion transport and channel physiology and embryo experiments focused on congenital diseases. We integrated these data into Xenbase Disease Pages to allow easy navigation to disease information on external databases. Results of this analysis will equip Xenopus researchers with a suite of experimental approaches available to model or dissect a pathological process. Ideally clinicians and basic researchers will use this information to foster collaborations necessary to interrogate the development and treatment of human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mardi J Nenni
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Malcolm E Fisher
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christina James-Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Troy J Pells
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Virgilio Ponferrada
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Stanley Chu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Joshua D Fortriede
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kevin A Burns
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Vaneet S Lotay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Dong Zhou Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Erik Segerdell
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Praneet Chaturvedi
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kamran Karimi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Peter D Vize
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
A Short Overview of the Effects of Kinesio Taping for Postural Spine Curvature Disorders. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2018; 3:jfmk3040059. [PMID: 33466987 PMCID: PMC7739308 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk3040059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spine curvature disorders are very common in the population. Several therapeutic methods have been implemented over time. Kinesio Taping (KT) is a solution that is utilized for several purposes. This narrative review aims to discuss KT methodology as a valid solution for spinal curvature disorders, especially for structured and non-structured spine deviations. The matter is poorly discussed in the current literature. Nevertheless, KT seems to indirectly influence posture and spine curvature disorders through peripheral and central nervous system stimulation, but further investigations are needed to demonstrate these unknown effects clearly. The present review provides a valuable contribution to the existing literature and may represent a starting point and a useful guide for further studies in this field of research.
Collapse
|
16
|
Verticality perception reveals a vestibular deficit in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:1725-1734. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
17
|
Plasticity within excitatory and inhibitory pathways of the vestibulo-spinal circuitry guides changes in motor performance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:853. [PMID: 28405011 PMCID: PMC5429812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00956-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations of behaviors with well-characterized circuitry are required to understand how the brain learns new motor skills and ensures existing behaviors remain appropriately calibrated over time. Accordingly, here we recorded from neurons within different sites of the vestibulo-spinal circuitry of behaving macaque monkeys during temporally precise activation of vestibular afferents. Behaviorally relevant patterns of vestibular nerve activation generated a rapid and substantial decrease in the monosynaptic responses recorded at the first central stage of processing from neurons receiving direct input from vestibular afferents within minutes, as well as a decrease in the compensatory reflex response that lasted up to 8 hours. In contrast, afferent responses to this same stimulation remained constant, indicating that plasticity was not induced at the level of the periphery but rather at the afferent-central neuron synapse. Strikingly, the responses of neurons within indirect brainstem pathways also remained constant, even though the efficacy of their central input was significantly reduced. Taken together, our results show that rapid plasticity at the first central stage of vestibulo-spinal pathways can guide changes in motor performance, and that complementary plasticity on the same millisecond time scale within inhibitory vestibular nuclei networks contributes to ensuring a relatively robust behavioral output.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sensorimotor Control Impairment in Young Adults With Idiopathic Scoliosis Compared With Healthy Controls. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2016; 39:473-479. [PMID: 27544925 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It has been hypothesized that the impaired sensorimotor control observed in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (IS) may be related more to the onset of scoliosis than to the maturation of sensory systems or sensorimotor control mechanisms. The objective of this study was to assess sensorimotor control in adults diagnosed with IS in adolescence versus healthy controls. METHODS The study included 20 young adults 20 to 24 years of age (10 healthy controls and 10 diagnosed with adolescent IS but not treated for it). Binaural bipolar galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) was delivered to assess sensorimotor control. Vertical forces under each foot and upper body kinematics along the frontal plane were measured before GVS (2-second window), during GVS (2-second window), immediately after the cessation of GVS (1-second window), and during the following 2 seconds. Balance control was assessed by calculating the root mean square values of vertical forces and upper body kinematics. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, the IS group showed greater body sway upon GVS; the amplitude of this sway was even greater immediately after the cessation of GVS-an outcome requiring sensorimotor control. CONCLUSION Compared with normal controls, adults who had been diagnosed with IS in adolescence showed altered balance control immediately following GVS. This finding suggests that dysfunctional sensorimotor control may be related to the onset of scoliosis rather than to a transient suboptimal development of the sensory systems or sensorimotor control mechanisms.
Collapse
|
19
|
Lacour M, Helmchen C, Vidal PP. Vestibular compensation: the neuro-otologist's best friend. J Neurol 2016; 263 Suppl 1:S54-64. [PMID: 27083885 PMCID: PMC4833803 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-015-7903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Why vestibular compensation (VC) after an acute unilateral vestibular loss is the neuro-otologist’s best friend is the question at the heart of this paper. The different plasticity mechanisms underlying VC are first reviewed, and the authors present thereafter the dual concept of vestibulo-centric versus distributed learning processes to explain the compensation of deficits resulting from the static versus dynamic vestibular imbalance. The main challenges for the plastic events occurring in the vestibular nuclei (VN) during a post-lesion critical period are neural protection, structural reorganization and rebalance of VN activity on both sides. Data from animal models show that modulation of the ipsilesional VN activity by the contralateral drive substitutes for the normal push–pull mechanism. On the other hand, sensory and behavioural substitutions are the main mechanisms implicated in the recovery of the dynamic functions. These newly elaborated sensorimotor reorganizations are vicarious idiosyncratic strategies implicating the VN and multisensory brain regions. Imaging studies in unilateral vestibular loss patients show the implication of a large neuronal network (VN, commissural pathways, vestibulo-cerebellum, thalamus, temporoparietal cortex, hippocampus, somatosensory and visual cortical areas). Changes in gray matter volume in these multisensory brain regions are structural changes supporting the sensory substitution mechanisms of VC. Finally, the authors summarize the two ways to improve VC in humans (neuropharmacology and vestibular rehabilitation therapy), and they conclude that VC would follow a “top-down” strategy in patients with acute vestibular lesions. Future challenges to understand VC are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lacour
- Université Aix-Marseille/CNRS, UMR 7260, Fédération de Recherche 3C, Centre de St Charles, 3 Place Victor Hugo, 13331, Marseille Cedex 03, France. .,, 21 Impasse des Vertus, 13710, Fuveau, France.
| | - Christoph Helmchen
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pierre-Paul Vidal
- Université Paris Descartes/CNRS, UMR-MD-SSA, COGNAC-G (COGNition and Action Group), 45 Rue des Saints Pères, 75270, Paris Cedex 06, France
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pialasse JP, Mercier P, Descarreaux M, Simoneau M. Assessment of sensorimotor control in adults with surgical correction for idiopathic scoliosis. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2016; 25:3347-3352. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-016-4421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
Pialasse JP, Descarreaux M, Mercier P, Blouin J, Simoneau M. The Vestibular-Evoked Postural Response of Adolescents with Idiopathic Scoliosis Is Altered. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143124. [PMID: 26580068 PMCID: PMC4651355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a multifactorial disorder including neurological factors. A dysfunction of the sensorimotor networks processing vestibular information could be related to spine deformation. This study investigates whether feed-forward vestibulomotor control or sensory reweighting mechanisms are impaired in adolescent scoliosis patients. Vestibular evoked postural responses were obtained using galvanic vestibular stimulation while participants stood with their eyes closed and head facing forward. Lateral forces under each foot and lateral displacement of the upper body of adolescents with mild (n = 20) or severe (n = 16) spine deformation were compared to those of healthy control adolescents (n = 16). Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients demonstrated greater lateral displacement and net lateral forces than controls both during and immediately after vestibular stimulation. Altered sensory reweighting of vestibular and proprioceptive information changed balance control of AIS patients during and after vestibular stimulation. Therefore, scoliosis onset could be related to abnormal sensory reweighting, leading to altered sensorimotor processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Pialasse
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Descarreaux
- Département des sciences de l’activité physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Pierre Mercier
- Clinique d’Orthopédie Infantile de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Jean Blouin
- Laboratoire de neurosciences cognitives, FR 3C 3512, CNRS—Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Martin Simoneau
- Faculté de médecine, Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hitier M, Hamon M, Denise P, Lacoudre J, Thenint MA, Mallet JF, Moreau S, Quarck G. Lateral Semicircular Canal Asymmetry in Idiopathic Scoliosis: An Early Link between Biomechanical, Hormonal and Neurosensory Theories? PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131120. [PMID: 26186348 PMCID: PMC4506017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite its high incidence and severe morbidity, the physiopathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is still unknown. Here, we looked for early anomalies in AIS which are likely to be the cause of spinal deformity and could also be targeted by early treatments. We focused on the vestibular system, which is suspected of acting in AIS pathogenesis and which exhibits an end organ with size and shape fixed before birth. We hypothesize that, in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis, vestibular morphological anomalies were already present at birth and could possibly have caused other abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The vestibular organ of 18 adolescents with AIS and 9 controls were evaluated with MRI in a prospective case controlled study. We studied lateral semicircular canal orientation and the three semicircular canal positions relative to the midline. Lateral semicircular canal function was also evaluated by vestibulonystagmography after bithermal caloric stimulation. RESULTS The left lateral semicircular canal was more vertical and further from the midline in AIS (p = 0.01) and these two parameters were highly correlated (r = -0.6; p = 0.02). These morphological anomalies were associated with functional anomalies in AIS (lower excitability, higher canal paresis), but were not significantly different from controls (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis exhibit morphological vestibular asymmetry, probably determined well before birth. Since the vestibular system influences the vestibulospinal pathway, the hypothalamus, and the cerebellum, this indicates that the vestibular system is a possible cause of later morphological, hormonal and neurosensory anomalies observed in AIS. Moreover, the simple lateral SCC MRI measurement demonstrated here could be used for early detection of AIS, selection of children for close follow-up, and initiation of preventive treatment before spinal deformity occurs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hitier
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; School of Medical Sciences and Brain Health Research Center, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- U 1075 COMETE, INSERM, Caen, 14032, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Michèle Hamon
- Department of Neuroradiology, CHU de Caen, Caen, 14000, France
| | | | - Julien Lacoudre
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
| | | | | | - Sylvain Moreau
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery, CHU de Caen, Caen, F-14000, France
- Department of Anatomy, UNICAEN, Caen, 14032, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Evaluation of motion sickness susceptibility by motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2015; 25:438-43. [PMID: 26077100 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-015-4060-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine, with unknown origin. Some studies have noted impaired postural balance in AIS, in particular, difficulty to manage situations with sensory conflict. The motion sickness susceptibility can be secondary to a sensory conflict, for example, between visual and vestibular information. Our hypothesis is: patients with AIS have difficulty in managing situations with sensory conflict and therefore have increased motion sickness susceptibility. The purpose of this study was to evaluate in AIS subjects by evaluating their susceptibility to motion sickness, as compared to a control group. METHODS We conducted an analysis of data on motion sickness susceptibility collected prospectively from 2012, with the B score of motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire. This evaluation was completed for 65 adolescents (age 14.5 ± 1.6 year) with major right thoracic AIS (Cobb = 40.7° ± 13.1°) and 71 matched controls (14.6 ± 1.6 year). RESULTS Adolescents with major right thoracic AIS were more susceptible to motion sickness (B score = 5.3 ± 5.8) than controls (B score = 3.4 ± 3.7) with significant difference (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS We interpret our results suggesting there is difficulty for patients with AIS to manage situations with sensory conflict. Previous studies focusing on situations with sensory conflict in AIS have required sophisticated technology. They are not accessible for routine patient management. Our research shows the same result with simple, non invasive, low-cost and quick method: B score of motion sickness susceptibility questionnaire.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wen C, Wang D, Shi L, Chu WCW, Cheng JCY, Lui LM. Landmark constrained registration of high-genus surfaces applied to vestibular system morphometry. Comput Med Imaging Graph 2015; 44:1-12. [PMID: 26069905 DOI: 10.1016/j.compmedimag.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of the vestibular system (VS) is an important research topic in medical image analysis. VS is a sensory structure in the inner ear for the perception of spatial orientation. It is believed several diseases, such as the Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS), are due to the impairment of the VS function. The morphology of the VS is thus of great research significance. A major challenge is that the VS is a genus-3 surface. The high-genus topology of the VS poses great challenges to find accurate pointwise correspondences between the surfaces and whereby perform accurate shape analysis. In this paper, we present a method to obtain the landmark constrained diffeomorphic registration between the VS surfaces based on the quasi-conformal theory. Given a set of corresponding landmarks on the VS surfaces, a diffeomorphism between the VS surfaces that matches the features consistently can be obtained. The basic idea is to iteratively search for an admissible Beltrami coefficient, which is associated to our desired landmark matching registration. With the obtained surface registrations, vertex-wise morphometric analysis can be carried out. Two types of geometric features are used for shape comparison. One is the collection of homotopic loops on each canals of the VS, which can be used to measure the local thickness of the canals. From the homotopic loops, centerlines can be extracted. By examining the deviations of the centerlines from the best fit planes, bendings of the canals can be detected. The second geometric feature is the minimal surface enclosed by the homotopic loop. From the minimal surfaces of each homotopic loops, cross-sectional area of the canals can be evaluated. To study the local shape difference more comprehensively, a complete shape index, which is defined using the Beltrami coefficients and surface curvatures, is used. We test proposed registration method on 15 VS of normal control subjects and 12 VS of patients suffering from AIS. Experimental results show the efficacy and accuracy of the proposed algorithm to compute the VS surface registration. Shape analysis has also been carried out using the proposed geometric features and shape index, which reveals shape differences in the posterior canal between normal and diseased AIS groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengfeng Wen
- Department of Computer Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | - Defeng Wang
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong; Chow Yuk Ho Technology Center for Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| | - Winnie C W Chu
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Jack C Y Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Lok Ming Lui
- Department of Mathematics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hawasli AH, Hullar TE, Dorward IG. Idiopathic scoliosis and the vestibular system. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 24:227-33. [PMID: 25430569 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3701-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite its high prevalence, the etiology underlying idiopathic scoliosis remains unclear. Although initial scrutiny has focused on genetic, biochemical, biomechanical, nutritional and congenital causes, there is growing evidence that aberrations in the vestibular system may play a role in the etiology of scoliosis. In this article, we discuss putative mechanisms for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and review the current evidence supporting a role for the vestibular system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. METHODS A comprehensive search of the English literature was performed using PubMed ( http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed ). Research articles studying interactions between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the vestibular system were selected and evaluated for inclusion in a literature review. RESULTS Eighteen manuscripts of level 3-4 clinical evidence to support an association between adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and dysfunction of the vestibular system were identified. These studies include data from physiologic and morphologic studies in humans. Clinical data are supported by animal model studies to suggest a causative link between the vestibular system and AIS. CONCLUSIONS Clinical data and a limited number of animal model studies suggest a causative role of the vestibular system in AIS, although this association has not been reproduced in all studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar H Hawasli
- Department of Neurosurgery, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8057, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Eijgelaar PN, Wapstra FH, Otten E, Veldhuizen AG. Altered head orientation patterns in children with idiopathic scoliosis in conditions with sensory conflict. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:2626-34. [PMID: 25129654 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3508-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 08/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the most common spinal deformity in adolescents. Defective postural equilibrium may be a contributing factor. The information of the three sensory systems combined enables the formation of a central representation of head position and body posture. Comparison of head angles of girls with and without scoliosis may result in a difference in head orientation. METHODS 25 girls with IS and 16 girls without scoliosis (NS) between the age of 10-16 years stand in a special constructed box on a roll-tilting platform (tilt -14° to +14°). RESULTS NS and IS subjects behave quite similarly if there is no sensory conflict, but if there is conflict, the differences between the two groups are greater, especially within the 13- to 14-year-old category. CONCLUSIONS The differences between groups for different age categories suggest that the process of development of sensory integration for estimation of verticality appears to be different for girls with scoliosis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Catanzariti JF, Agnani O, Guyot MA, Wlodyka-Demaille S, Khenioui H, Donze C. Does adolescent idiopathic scoliosis relate to vestibular disorders? A systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 2014; 57:465-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rehab.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
28
|
A new approach to corpus callosum anomalies in idiopathic scoliosis using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2014; 23:2643-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00586-014-3435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Schlösser TPC, van der Heijden GJMG, Versteeg AL, Castelein RM. How 'idiopathic' is adolescent idiopathic scoliosis? A systematic review on associated abnormalities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97461. [PMID: 24820478 PMCID: PMC4018432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite more than a century of dedicated research, the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) remain unclear. By definition, ‘idiopathic’ implies an unknown cause. Nevertheless, many abnormalities concomitant to AIS have been described, often with the suggestion that these abnormalities are related to etio-pathogenesis. Insight in the concomitant abnormalities may assist in improving the understanding of the etiological pathways of AIS. We aimed to systematically review and synthesize available studies on abnormalities concomitant to AIS. Methods Original studies comparing untreated AIS patients with healthy adolescents on abnormalities other than the deformity of the spine were retrieved from PubMed and Embase. We followed PRISMA guidelines and to quantify the relationship between each abnormality and AIS we used a best-evidence-syntheses for relating risk-of-bias to consistency of effect sizes. Results We identified 88 relevant citations, forty-seven carried high risk-of-bias and twenty studies did not report quantitative data in a sufficient manner. The remaining twenty-one publications failed to report data from before initiation of the deformity and blind assessments. These cross-sectional studies provided data on fourteen abnormalities concomitant to AIS. With our best-evidence-syntheses we were unable to find both strong evidence and a consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and any of these abnormalities. From moderate risk-of-bias studies a relatively consistent pattern of occurrence for AIS and impaired gait control (4 studies; 155 subjects; Cohen’s d = 1.00) and decreased bone mineral density (2 studies; 954 subjects; Cohen’s d = −0.83) was found. For nine abnormalities a consistent pattern of occurrence with AIS was found, but the evidence for these was weak. Conclusions Based on the available literature, strong evidence is lacking for a consistent pattern of occurrence of AIS and any abnormality. The relevance for understanding the multifactorial etiology of AIS is very limited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom P. C. Schlösser
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Geert J. M. G. van der Heijden
- Department of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Social Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam, VU Amsterdam University and University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne L. Versteeg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - René M. Castelein
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Volumetric changes in cerebellar regions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with healthy controls. Spine J 2013; 13:1904-11. [PMID: 23988458 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional spinal deformation that affects adolescents, especially girls. The etiopathogenesis of this disease remains uncertain, and studies have been carried out to understand its cause and related organs. Previous studies suggest that AIS is probably related to the cerebellum dysfunction, which could also be related to the abnormality in morphology of the cerebellum. PURPOSE The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between AIS and the volume and morphology of cerebellum. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING The study design of the cerebellum segmentation and volume quantification involved the following four steps: whole-brain normalization, cerebellum isolation, mapping with the statistical cerebellum template, and cerebellum regional volume correction. PATIENT SAMPLE In particular, high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance images of 50 AIS patients with the right-thoracic curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) and 40 age-matched normal controls were acquired. The exclusion criteria included history of head injury, back injury, severe headache, weakness or numbness in any limbs, urinary incontinence, nocturnal enuresis, and any space-occupying lesion found on magnetic resonance (MR) images. OUTCOME MEASURES The AIS subjects were all with moderate-to-severe curves (ie, Cobb angle ≥20°) (9 moderate and 41 severe; mean Cobb angle 48.7°, range 20°-90°). METHODS The cerebellum was parcellated to 28 regions by mapping with a well-recognized probabilistic MR cerebellum atlas. Student t test of each cerebellar region and the correction for multiple comparisons were performed. RESULTS The volumes of four regions, namely right VIIIa, right VIIIb, left X, and right X, were significantly increased by approximately 7.43% to 8.25% in the AIS compared with the control group. Statistically, the results suggested that the cerebellar volume in AIS patients was larger compared with normal controls in the cerebellum regions of prepyramidal-prebiventer and intrabiventer fissures, intrabiventer and secondary fissures, and floccular-nodular (X)-posterolateral fissure to the inferior hemispheric margin. CONCLUSIONS The functions of the affected regions involve motor control, somatosensory, working memory, language, and response to visual stimulation. We conclude that the volume difference could be compensatory consequences in the central nervous system because of the persistent effort in AIS patients to maintain the body balance given the asymmetric spine.
Collapse
|
31
|
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A 71 Cases Study Ascertaining that Straightening Is Possible, and a New Etiological Hypothesis. Asian Spine J 2013; 7:282-8. [PMID: 24353844 PMCID: PMC3863653 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2013.7.4.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Seventy-one children (23 boys and 48 girls, aged 6 to 18 year-old) with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) between 11° and 62°, without braces, have been treated manually, only at the level of the neck. PURPOSE To ascertain that non-surgical straightening of AIS is possible (without brace). OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE So far no disease modifying treatment for AIS existed. Braces can only slow down worsening (and this can only be achieved if they are worn 23 hours a day). Surgery is not without important risks. METHODS All patients have been treated exclusively with a manual therapy called Brachy-Myotherapy. This method treats spasmed (contractured) muscles by placing them in a shortening position according to a specific protocol. RESULTS An average straightening of 8° of AIS was observed, with a maximum of 25°. 94% of cases improved, 67 out of 71. The worst prognosis was, the better results. The more advanced AIS was, the better the results. CONCLUSIONS A simple and reliable treatment of AIS is possible. AIS seems to be a compensation mechanism of the body, with the aim of keeping the ears, and thus the labyrinths, at a horizontal level for correct equilibrium. When lasting post-traumatic neck muscle contractures causing a permanent side-bending of the skull have been treated, this compensation mechanism becomes irrelevant and scoliosis tends to subside.
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate whether otolith system, as a major contributor to muscles for postural control, might play a role in the pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis (IS). METHODS Cervical vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) testing was applied to investigate the otolith function in patients with IS. Twenty-nine healthy patients (mean age 13.5±2.5 y, 4 males) were included. In all but 2 patients, the major curve deviation was to the right and the mean angle deviation was 49.7±21.6 degrees. Nineteen age-matched individuals (10 males) served as controls. RESULTS The P13 (first positive wave) latencies were comparable in both groups. Patients with IS had significantly longer N23 (first negative wave) latencies than controls. A high correlation between the age and N23 latencies on the right was found in IS patients. A link between the scoliosis angle and VEMP latencies could not be demonstrated.The VEMP amplitudes were higher in patients than in controls, whereas the amplitude asymmetry ratio was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS This work brings further evidence for vestibular abnormalities in patients with IS. Prospective studies are needed to elucidate a possible causative relationship between otolith dysfunction and the development of scoliosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III.
Collapse
|
33
|
Beyeler A, Rao G, Ladepeche L, Jacques A, Simmers J, Le Ray D. Vestibular lesion-induced developmental plasticity in spinal locomotor networks during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71013. [PMID: 23951071 PMCID: PMC3741378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
During frog metamorphosis, the vestibular sensory system remains unchanged, while spinal motor networks undergo a massive restructuring associated with the transition from the larval to adult biomechanical system. We investigated in Xenopus laevis the impact of a pre- (tadpole stage) or post-metamorphosis (juvenile stage) unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) on young adult swimming performance and underlying spinal locomotor circuitry. The acute disruptive effects on locomotion were similar in both tadpoles and juvenile frogs. However, animals that had metamorphosed with a preceding UL expressed restored swimming behavior at the juvenile stage, whereas animals lesioned after metamorphosis never recovered. Whilst kinematic and electrophysiological analyses of the propulsive system showed no significant differences in either juvenile group, a 3D biomechanical simulation suggested that an asymmetry in the dynamic control of posture during swimming could account for the behavioral restoration observed in animals that had been labyrinthectomized before metamorphosis. This hypothesis was subsequently supported by in vivo electromyography during free swimming and in vitro recordings from isolated brainstem/spinal cord preparations. Specifically, animals lesioned prior to metamorphosis at the larval stage exhibited an asymmetrical propulsion/posture coupling as a post-metamorphic young adult. This developmental alteration was accompanied by an ipsilesional decrease in propriospinal coordination that is normally established in strict left-right symmetry during metamorphosis in order to synchronize dorsal trunk muscle contractions with bilateral hindlimb extensions in the swimming adult. Our data thus suggest that a disequilibrium in descending vestibulospinal information during Xenopus metamorphosis leads to an altered assembly of adult spinal locomotor circuitry. This in turn enables an adaptive compensation for the dynamic postural asymmetry induced by the vestibular imbalance and the restoration of functionally-effective behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Beyeler
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS UMR 5287 (INCIA), Bordeaux, France
| | - Guillaume Rao
- Aix-Marseille Université – CNRS UMR 7287 (ISM), Marseille, France
| | | | - André Jacques
- Aix-Marseille Université – CNRS UMR 7287 (ISM), Marseille, France
| | - John Simmers
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS UMR 5287 (INCIA), Bordeaux, France
| | - Didier Le Ray
- Université de Bordeaux – CNRS UMR 5287 (INCIA), Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Restricted neural plasticity in vestibulospinal pathways after unilateral labyrinthectomy as the origin for scoliotic deformations. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6845-56. [PMID: 23595743 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4842-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis in humans is often associated with vestibulomotor deficits. Compatible with a vestibular origin, scoliotic deformations were provoked in adult Xenopus frogs by unilateral labyrinthectomy (UL) at larval stages. The aquatic ecophysiology and absence of body-weight-supporting limb proprioceptive signals in amphibian tadpoles as a potential sensory substitute after UL might be the cause for a persistent asymmetric descending vestibulospinal activity. Therefore, peripheral vestibular lesions in larval Xenopus were used to reveal the morphophysiological alterations at the cellular and network levels. As a result, spinal motor nerves that were modulated by the previously intact side before UL remained permanently silent during natural vestibular stimulation after the lesion. In addition, retrograde tracing of descending pathways revealed a loss of vestibular neurons on the ipsilesional side with crossed vestibulospinal projections. This loss facilitated a general mass imbalance in descending premotor activity and a permanent asymmetric motor drive to the axial musculature. Therefore, we propose that the persistent asymmetric contraction of trunk muscles exerts a constant, uncompensated differential mechanical pull on bilateral skeletal elements that enforces a distortion of the soft cartilaginous skeletal elements and bone shapes. This ultimately provokes severe scoliotic deformations during ontogenetic development similar to the human syndrome.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ouellet J, Odent T. Animal models for scoliosis research: state of the art, current concepts and future perspective applications. EUROPEAN SPINE JOURNAL : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE EUROPEAN SPINE SOCIETY, THE EUROPEAN SPINAL DEFORMITY SOCIETY, AND THE EUROPEAN SECTION OF THE CERVICAL SPINE RESEARCH SOCIETY 2013; 22 Suppl 2:S81-95. [PMID: 23099524 PMCID: PMC3616476 DOI: 10.1007/s00586-012-2396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide the readers with a reliable source of animal models currently being utilized to perform state-of-the-art scoliotic research. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive search was undertaken to review all publications on animal models for the study of scoliosis within the database from 1946 to January 2011. RESULTS The animal models have been grouped under specific headings reflecting the underlying pathophysiology behind the development of the spinal deformities produced in the animals: genetics, neuroendocrine, neuromuscular, external constraints, internal constraints with or without tissue injury, vertebral growth modulation and iatrogenic congenital malformations, in an attempt to organize and classify these multiple scoliotic animal models. As it stands, there are no animal models that mimic the human spinal anatomy with all its constraints and weaknesses, which puts it at risk of developing scoliosis. What we do have are a multitude of models, which produce spinal deformities that come close to the idiopathic scoliosis deformity. CONCLUSION All these different animal models compel us to believe that the clinical phenotype of what we call idiopathic scoliosis may well be caused by a variety of different underlying pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Ouellet
- />McGill Scoliosis and Spinal Research Chair, Deputy Chief Shriners Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- />Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, McGill University Health Hospital, Centre, Montreal Children Hospital, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3 Canada
| | - Thierry Odent
- />Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hopital des Enfants Malade, Necker, Paris Descartes, France
- />Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité - Service d’orthopédie pédiatrique - Hôpital Universitaire Necker - Enfants-Malades, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Bruyneel AV, Mesure S. Learning effect on the dynamical strategies in sitting position on seesaw motion for idiopathic scoliosis patients. Neurosci Lett 2013; 534:264-8. [PMID: 23274707 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Our study meant to determine, for idiopathic scoliosis patients, the biomechanical processes involved in postural regulation when self-imposed disturbances occur in seated position in both directions during successive trials. 12 female adolescents with right thoracic scoliosis (SG) and 15 control adolescents (CG) were included in this study. Ground reaction forces were studied using a force platform while the subjects were maintaining their balance in sitting position on a seesaw. Every test is recorded with eyes opened, arms on shoulders and legs free. The force platform data (AP and ML forces data) obtained were processed to determine the following normalized force parameters: delta value (difference between maxima and minima), maximal and minimal force values (peak and occurrence), and the variability of AP and ML forces. We used a variance analysis (ANOVA test) to analyze and compare 3 trials and groups. Our results show that, whatever the directions of destabilization (AP versus ML), SG was always in a learning situation. Indeed, the first test is always less stable than the second and third trials. However, for CG, adaptability between the tests is only highlighted during ML imbalance. Significant differences of strategies between the groups are only visible for the AP force component. For all conditions imposed, scoliotic patients perform specific trunk balance strategies. Clinical tests and rehabilitation methods should include the learning effect within the spatio-temporal adaptation to ground reaction forces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Violette Bruyneel
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice - EA 4338, Faculté de Médecine 15 rue Ambroise Paré 42023 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lion A, Haumont T, Gauchard GC, Wiener-Vacher SR, Lascombes P, Perrin PP. Visuo-oculomotor deficiency at early-stage idiopathic scoliosis in adolescent girls. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:238-44. [PMID: 22828711 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31826a3b05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVE To determine whether adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) at onset is associated with oculomotor dysfunction and whether these oculomotor anomalies are correlated to the amplitude of the spine deformation. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA AIS is related to abnormalities of postural control. To date, few studies have focused on visuo-oculomotor and vestibulo-ocular functions at early-stage AIS. METHODS Fifty-three adolescent girls were diagnosed with AIS (mean age: 11.6 ± 2.1 yr) on clinical and radiological criteria (mean Cobb angle: 14.8° ± 5.0°). Visuo-oculomotor and vestibulo-ocular functions were studied with video-oculography, including saccades, smooth pursuit, caloric test, and pendular rotation, with visual vestibular ocular reflex and vestibulo-ocular reflex sequences. Two patient groups were defined according to the mean Cobb angle: group 1 included 29 patients with a Cobb angle from 5° to 14° and group 2 included 24 patients with a Cobb angle from 15° to 25°. RESULTS The group 2 showed different saccade characteristics than group 1: higher latencies for saccade sequences characterized by temporal uncertainty and predictive direction; lower velocity regardless of the type of the saccades. No difference was observed for saccadic accuracy and smooth-pursuit gain. For the visual vestibular ocular reflex, group 2 showed lower total maximal slow-phase velocity than group 1, whereas the vestibulo-ocular reflex (tested in dark) did not differ between groups. No difference was observed concerning the caloric vestibular test. CONCLUSION Patients with a Cobb angle of 15° or more presented normal vestibulo-ocular responses but altered visuo-oculomotor functions, especially for the saccadic latency and velocity. This could be the result of a dysfunction of oculomotor pathways at cerebellar and/or brainstem level. These central disorders may be incriminated in the development of AIS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lion
- Balance Control & Motor Performance, University of Lorraine, UFR STAPS, Villers-lès-Nancy, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Dayer R, Haumont T, Belaieff W, Lascombes P. Idiopathic scoliosis: etiological concepts and hypotheses. J Child Orthop 2013; 7:11-6. [PMID: 24432053 PMCID: PMC3566252 DOI: 10.1007/s11832-012-0458-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Scoliosis is diagnosed as idiopathic in 70 % of structural deformities affecting the spine in children and adolescents, probably reflecting our current misunderstanding of this disease. By definition, a structural scoliosis should be the result of some primary disorder. The goal of this article is to give a comprehensive overview of the currently proposed etiological concepts in idiopathic scoliosis regarding genetics, molecular biology, biomechanics, and neurology, with particular emphasis on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Despite the fact that numerous potential etiologies for idiopathic scoliosis have been formulated, the primary etiology of AIS remains unknown. Beyond etiology, identification of prognostic factors of AIS progression would probably be more relevant in our daily practice, with the hope of reducing repetitive exposure to radiation, unnecessary brace treatments, psychological implications, and costs-of-care related to follow-up in low-risk patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Dayer
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Haumont
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - Wilson Belaieff
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Lascombes
- />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Nancy, Nancy, France , />Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Child and Adolescent Department, University Hospitals of Geneva, Rue Willy-Donzé 6, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lambert FM, Straka H. The frog vestibular system as a model for lesion-induced plasticity: basic neural principles and implications for posture control. Front Neurol 2012; 3:42. [PMID: 22518109 PMCID: PMC3324849 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of behavioral consequences after unilateral labyrinthectomy have a long tradition in the quest of determining rules and limitations of the central nervous system (CNS) to exert plastic changes that assist the recuperation from the loss of sensory inputs. Frogs were among the first animal models to illustrate general principles of regenerative capacity and reorganizational neural flexibility after a vestibular lesion. The continuous successful use of the latter animals is in part based on the easy access and identifiability of nerve branches to inner ear organs for surgical intervention, the possibility to employ whole brain preparations for in vitro studies and the limited degree of freedom of postural reflexes for quantification of behavioral impairments and subsequent improvements. Major discoveries that increased the knowledge of post-lesional reactive mechanisms in the CNS include alterations in vestibular commissural signal processing and activation of cooperative changes in excitatory and inhibitory inputs to disfacilitated neurons. Moreover, the observed increase of synaptic efficacy in propriospinal circuits illustrates the importance of limb proprioceptive inputs for postural recovery. Accumulated evidence suggests that the lesion-induced neural plasticity is not a goal-directed process that aims toward a meaningful restoration of vestibular reflexes but rather attempts a survival of those neurons that have lost their excitatory inputs. Accordingly, the reaction mechanism causes an improvement of some components but also a deterioration of other aspects as seen by spatio-temporally inappropriate vestibulo-motor responses, similar to the consequences of plasticity processes in various sensory systems and species. The generality of the findings indicate that frogs continue to form a highly amenable vertebrate model system for exploring molecular and physiological events during cellular and network reorganization after a loss of vestibular function.
Collapse
|
40
|
Pearl EJ, Grainger RM, Guille M, Horb ME. Development of Xenopus resource centers: the National Xenopus Resource and the European Xenopus Resource Center. Genesis 2012; 50:155-63. [PMID: 22253050 PMCID: PMC3778656 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Xenopus is an essential vertebrate model system for biomedical research that has contributed to important discoveries in many disciplines, including cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, developmental biology, and neurobiology. However, unlike other model systems no central repository/stock center for Xenopus had been established until recently. Similar to mouse, zebrafish, and fly communities, which have established stock centers, Xenopus researchers need to maintain and distribute rapidly growing numbers of inbred, mutant, and transgenic frog strains, along with DNA and protein resources, and individual laboratories struggle to accomplish this efficiently. In the last 5 years, two resource centers were founded to address this need: the European Xenopus Resource Center (EXRC) at the University of Portsmouth in England, and the National Xenopus Resource (NXR) at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, MA. These two centers work together to provide resources and support to the Xenopus research community. The EXRC and NXR serve as stock centers and acquire, produce, maintain and distribute mutant, inbred and transgenic Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis lines. Independently, the EXRC is a repository for Xenopus cDNAs, fosmids, and antibodies; it also provides oocytes and wild-type frogs within the United Kingdom. The NXR will complement these services by providing research training and promoting intellectual interchange through hosting mini-courses and workshops and offering space for researchers to perform short-term projects at the Marine Biological Laboratory. Together the EXRC and NXR will enable researchers to improve productivity by providing resources and expertise to all levels, from graduate students to experienced PIs. These two centers will also enable investigators that use other animal systems to take advantage of Xenopus' unique experimental features to complement their studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther J. Pearl
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Robert M. Grainger
- University of Virginia Department of Biology, Gilmer Hall, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
| | - Matthew Guille
- European Xenopus Resource Center, St Michael’s Building, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Marko E. Horb
- National Xenopus Resource, Marine Biological Laboratory, 7 MBL St, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI USA
- Eugene Bell Center for Regenerative Biology and Tissue Engineering, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Janssen MMA, de Wilde RF, Kouwenhoven JWM, Castelein RM. Experimental animal models in scoliosis research: a review of the literature. Spine J 2011; 11:347-58. [PMID: 21474088 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Many animal species and an overwhelming variety of procedures that produce an experimental scoliosis have been reported in the literature. However, varying results have been reported on identical procedures in different animal species. Furthermore, the relevance of experimental animal models for the understanding of human idiopathic scoliosis remains questionable. PURPOSE To give an overview of the procedures that have been performed in animals in an attempt to induce experimental scoliosis and discuss the characteristics and significance of various animal models. STUDY DESIGN Extensive review of the literature on experimental animal models in scoliosis research. METHODS MEDLINE electronic database was searched, focusing on parameters concerning experimental scoliosis in animal models. The search was limited to the English, French, and German languages. RESULTS The chicken appeared to be the most frequently used experimental animal followed by the rabbit and rat. Additionally, scoliosis has been induced in primates, goats, sheep, pigs, cows, dogs, and frogs. Procedures widely varied from systemic to local procedures. CONCLUSIONS Although it has been possible to induce scoliosis-like deformities in many animals through various ways, this always required drastic surgical or systemic interventions, thus making the relation to human idiopathic scoliosis unclear. The basic drawback of all used models remains that no animal resembles the upright biomechanical spinal loading condition of man, with its inherent rotational instability of certain spinal segments. The fundamental question remains what the significance of these animal models is to the understanding of human idiopathic scoliosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michiel M A Janssen
- Department of Orthopaedics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Could genetic determinants of inner ear anomalies be a factor for the development of idiopathic scoliosis? Med Hypotheses 2011; 76:438-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
43
|
Automatic MRI segmentation and morphoanatomy analysis of the vestibular system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Neuroimage 2011; 54 Suppl 1:S180-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
44
|
Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery. Current world literature. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 18:466-74. [PMID: 20827086 DOI: 10.1097/moo.0b013e32833f3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
45
|
Zeng W, Lui LM, Shi L, Wang D, Chu WCW, Cheng JCY, Hua J, Yau ST, Gu X. Shape analysis of vestibular systems in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using geodesic spectra. MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION : MICCAI ... INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MEDICAL IMAGE COMPUTING AND COMPUTER-ASSISTED INTERVENTION 2010; 13:538-46. [PMID: 20879442 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-15711-0_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) characterized by the 3D spine deformity affects about 4% schoolchildren worldwide. One of the prominent theories of the etiopathogenesis of AIS was proposed to be the poor postural balance control due to the impaired vestibular function. Thus, the morphometry of the vestibular system (VS) is of great importance for studying AIS. The VS is a genus-3 structure situated in the inner ear and consists of three semicircular canals lying perpendicular to each other. The high-genus topology of the surface poses great challenge for shape analysis. In this work, we propose an effective method to analyze shapes of high-genus surfaces by considering their geodesic spectra. The key is to compute the canonical hyperbolic geodesic loops of the surface, using the Ricci flow method. The Fuchsian group generators are then computed which can be used to determine the geodesic spectra. The geodesic spectra effectively measure shape differences between high-genus surfaces up to the hyperbolic isometry. We applied the proposed algorithm to the VS of 12 normal and 15 AIS subjects. Experimental results show the effectiveness of our algorithm and reveal statistical shape difference in the VS between right-thoracic AIS and normal subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zeng
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|