1
|
Zong B, Yu F, Zhang X, Zhao W, Li S, Li L. Mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of physical exercise on multiple sclerosis: focus on immune cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1260663. [PMID: 37841264 PMCID: PMC10570846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1260663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a prevalent neuroimmunological illness that leads to neurological disability in young adults. Although the etiology of MS is heterogeneous, it is well established that aberrant activity of adaptive and innate immune cells plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis. Several immune cell abnormalities have been described in MS and its animal models, including T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, neutrophils, microglia/macrophages, and astrocytes, among others. Physical exercise offers a valuable alternative or adjunctive disease-modifying therapy for MS. A growing body of evidence indicates that exercise may reduce the autoimmune responses triggered by immune cells in MS. This is partially accomplished by restricting the infiltration of peripheral immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS) parenchyma, curbing hyperactivation of immune cells, and facilitating a transition in the balance of immune cells from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory state. This review provides a succinct overview of the correlation between physical exercise, immune cells, and MS pathology, and highlights the potential benefits of exercise as a strategy for the prevention and treatment of MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyi Zong
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengzhi Yu
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai Frontiers Science Research Base of Exercise and Metabolic Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyou Zhang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenrui Zhao
- College of Physical Education and Health Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Shichang Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Li
- College of Physical Education and Health, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Health Assessment and Exercise Intervention of Ministry of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kwilasz AJ, Clements MA, Larson TA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Woodall BJ, Todd LS, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Maier SF, Van Dam AM, Rice KC, Watkins LR. Involvement of TLR2-TLR4, NLRP3, and IL-17 in pain induced by a novel Sprague-Dawley rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2022; 3:932530. [PMID: 36176709 PMCID: PMC9513159 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2022.932530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 92% of patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS) experience pain, most without adequate treatment, and many report pain long before motor symptoms associated with MS diagnosis. In the most commonly studied rodent model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), motor impairments/disabilities caused by EAE can interfere with pain testing. In this study, we characterize a novel low-dose myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG)-induced Sprague-Dawley (SD) model of EAE-related pain in male rats, optimized to minimize motor impairments/disabilities. Adult male SD rats were treated with increasing doses of intradermal myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG1-125) (0, 4, 8, and 16 μg) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) vehicle to induce mild EAE. Von Frey testing and motor assessments were conducted prior to EAE induction and then weekly thereafter to assess EAE-induced pain and motor impairment. Results from these studies demonstrated that doses of 8 and 16 μg MOG1-125 were sufficient to produce stable mechanical allodynia for up to 1 month in the absence of hindpaw motor impairments/disabilities. In the follow-up studies, these doses of MOG1-125, were administered to create allodynia in the absence of confounded motor impairments. Then, 2 weeks later, rats began daily subcutaneous injections of the Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 (TLR2-TLR4) antagonist (+)-naltrexone [(+)-NTX] or saline for an additional 13 days. We found that (+)-NTX also reverses EAE-induced mechanical allodynia in the MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE, supporting parallels between models, but now allowing a protracted timecourse to be examined completely free of motor confounds. Exploring further mechanisms, we demonstrated that both spinal NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) are necessary for EAE-induced pain, as intrathecal injections of NLRP3 antagonist MCC950 and IL-17 neutralizing antibody both acutely reversed EAE-induced pain. Finally, we show that spinal glial immunoreactivity induced by EAE is reversed by (+)-NTX, and that spinal demyelination correlates with the severity of motor impairments/disabilities. These findings characterize an optimized MOG-induced SD rat model of EAE for the study of pain with minimal motor impairments/disabilities. Finally, these studies support the role of TLR2-TLR4 antagonists as a potential treatment for MS-related pain and other pain and inflammatory-related disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A. Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A. Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M. Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T. Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Brodie J. Woodall
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S. Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E. W. Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H. Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F. Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kenner C. Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Linda R. Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
- The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Lin C, Yang Q, Wang Y, Zhao W, Li L, Ren X, Zhao J, Zang W, Cao J. Spinal Sirtuin 3 Contributes to Electroacupuncture Analgesia in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury–Induced Neuropathic Pain. Neuromodulation 2022; 26:563-576. [PMID: 36030144 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurom.2022.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electroacupuncture (EA) is a traditional Chinese therapeutic technique that has a beneficial effect on neuropathic pain; however, the specific mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we investigated whether EA inhibits spinal Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKIIα) phosphorylation through Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3) protein, thus relieving neuropathic pain. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used wild-type and SIRT3 knockout (SIRT3-/-) mice and used chronic constriction injury (CCI) as a pain model. We performed Western blotting, immunostaining, von Frey, and Hargreaves tests to gather biochemical and behavioral data. Downregulation and overexpression and spinal SIRT3 protein were achieved by intraspinal injection of SIRT3 small interfering RNA and intraspinal injection of lentivirus-SIRT3. To test the hypothesis that CaMKIIα signaling was involved in the analgesic effects of EA, we expressed CaMKIIα-specific designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) in the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) of mice. RESULTS These results showed that the mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia induced by CCI was related to the decreased spinal SIRT3 expression in the SDH of mice. A significant reduction of mechanical and thermal thresholds was found in the SIRT3-/- mice. SIRT3 overexpression or EA treatment alleviated CCI-induced neuropathic pain and prevented the spinal CaMKIIα phosphorylation. Most importantly, EA increased the expression of spinal SIRT3 protein in the SDH. Downregulation of spinal SIRT3 or CaMKIIα Gq-DREADD activation inhibited the regulatory effect of EA on neuropathic pain. CONCLUSION Our results showed that CaMKIIα phosphorylation was inhibited by spinal SIRT3 in neuropathic pain and that EA attenuated CCI-induced neuropathic pain mainly by upregulating spinal SIRT3 expression in the SDH of mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidan Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Caihong Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanzeng Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Xiuhua Ren
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jianyuan Zhao
- Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of National Population and Family Planning Commission, and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Neuroscience Research Institute, Zhengzhou University Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang YY, Liu F, Lin J, Li YL, Fang ZH, Zhou C, Li CJ, Shen JF. Activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor contributes to orofacial neuropathic and inflammatory allodynia by facilitating calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylation in mice. Brain Res Bull 2022; 185:174-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
5
|
Ospelnikova T, Shitova A, Voskresenskaya O, Ermilova E. Neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of central neuropathic pain. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:7-13. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20221220617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
6
|
Rispoli MG, Valentinuzzi S, De Luca G, Del Boccio P, Federici L, Di Ioia M, Digiovanni A, Grasso EA, Pozzilli V, Villani A, Chiarelli AM, Onofrj M, Wise RG, Pieragostino D, Tomassini V. Contribution of Metabolomics to Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis, Prognosis and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:11112. [PMID: 34681773 PMCID: PMC8541167 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics-based technologies map in vivo biochemical changes that may be used as early indicators of pathological abnormalities prior to the development of clinical symptoms in neurological conditions. Metabolomics may also reveal biochemical pathways implicated in tissue dysfunction and damage and thus assist in the development of novel targeted therapeutics for neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Metabolomics holds promise as a non-invasive, high-throughput and cost-effective tool for early diagnosis, follow-up and monitoring of treatment response in multiple sclerosis (MS), in combination with clinical and imaging measures. In this review, we offer evidence in support of the potential of metabolomics as a biomarker and drug discovery tool in MS. We also use pathway analysis of metabolites that are described as potential biomarkers in the literature of MS biofluids to identify the most promising molecules and upstream regulators, and show novel, still unexplored metabolic pathways, whose investigation may open novel avenues of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Gabriella Rispoli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Silvia Valentinuzzi
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanna De Luca
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Piero Del Boccio
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Luca Federici
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria Di Ioia
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Anna Digiovanni
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Eleonora Agata Grasso
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine and Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Valeria Pozzilli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Alessandro Villani
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Antonio Maria Chiarelli
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Marco Onofrj
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| | - Richard G. Wise
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
| | - Damiana Pieragostino
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Research Unit, Centre for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (S.V.); (P.D.B.); (L.F.)
- Department of Paediatrics, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy;
| | - Valentina Tomassini
- Institute for Advanced Biomedical Technologies (ITAB), Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (M.G.R.); (A.D.); (V.P.); (A.V.); (A.M.C.); (M.O.); (R.G.W.)
- Department of Neurology, “SS. Annunziata” University Hospital, 66100 Chieti, Italy; (G.D.L.); (M.D.I.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kwilasz AJ, Green Fulgham SM, Duran-Malle JC, Schrama AEW, Mitten EH, Todd LS, Patel HP, Larson TA, Clements MA, Harris KM, Litwiler ST, Harvey LO, Maier SF, Chavez RA, Rice KC, Van Dam AM, Watkins LR. Toll-like receptor 2 and 4 antagonism for the treatment of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-related pain. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 93:80-95. [PMID: 33358978 PMCID: PMC8475740 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a major symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS) with up to 92% of patients reporting bodily pain, and 85% reporting pain severe enough to cause functional disability. None of the available therapeutics target MS pain. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 (TLR2/TLR4) have emerged as targets for treating a wide array of autoimmune disorders, including MS, as well as having demonstrated success at suppressing pain in diverse animal models. The current series of studies tested systemic TLR2/TLR4 antagonists in males and females in a low-dose Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, with reduced motor dysfunction to allow unconfounded testing of allodynia through 50+ days post-MOG. The data demonstrated that blocking TLR2/TLR4 suppressed EAE-related pain, equally in males and females; upregulation of dorsal spinal cord proinflammatory gene expression for TLR2, TLR4, NLRP3, interleukin-1β, IkBα, TNF-α and interleukin-17; and upregulation of dorsal spinal cord expression of glial immunoreactivity markers. In support of these results, intrathecal interleukin-1 receptor antagonist reversed EAE-induced allodynia, both early and late after EAE induction. In contrast, blocking TLR2/TLR4 did not suppress EAE-induced motor disturbances induced by a higher MOG dose. These data suggest that blocking TLR2/TLR4 prevents the production of proinflammatory factors involved in low dose EAE pathology. Moreover, in this EAE model, TLR2/TLR4 antagonists were highly effective in reducing pain, whereas motor impairment, as seen in high dose MOG EAE, is not affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Kwilasz
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States.
| | - Suzanne M Green Fulgham
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Julissa Chante Duran-Malle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Anouk E W Schrama
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Eric H Mitten
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Laurel S Todd
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Hardik P Patel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Tracey A Larson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Madison A Clements
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Kevin M Harris
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Scott T Litwiler
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Lewis O Harvey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | - Steven F Maier
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| | | | - Kenner C Rice
- Drug Design and Synthesis Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Anne-Marie Van Dam
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda R Watkins
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States; The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amiri A, Barreto G, Sathyapalan T, Sahebkar A. siRNA Therapeutics: Future Promise for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:1896-1911. [PMID: 33797386 PMCID: PMC9185778 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210402104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (ND), as a group of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, are among the most prominent medical problems of the 21st century. They are often associated with considerable disability, motor dysfunction and dementia and are more common in the aged population. ND imposes a psychologic, economic and social burden on the patients and their families. Currently, there is no effective treatment for ND. Since many ND result from the gain of function of a mutant allele, small interference RNA (siRNA) can be a potential therapeutic agent for ND management. Based on the RNA interference (RNAi) approach, siRNA is a powerful tool for modulating gene expression through gene silencing. However, there are some obstacles in the clinical application of siRNA, including unfavorable immune response, off-target effects, instability of naked siRNA, nuclease susceptibility and a need to develop a suitable delivery system. Since there are some issues related to siRNA delivery routes, in this review, we focus on the application of siRNA in the management of ND treatment from 2000 to 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Address correspondence to this author at the Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Tel: 985118002288; Fax: 985118002287; E-mails: ;
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An Investigation of the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Analgesic Effect of Jakyak-Gamcho Decoction: A Network Pharmacology Study. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6628641. [PMID: 33343676 PMCID: PMC7732394 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6628641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herbal drugs have drawn substantial interest as effective analgesic agents; however, their therapeutic mechanisms remain to be fully understood. To address this question, we performed a network pharmacology study to explore the system-level mechanisms that underlie the analgesic activity of Jakyak-Gamcho decoction (JGd; Shaoyao-Gancao-Tang in Chinese and Shakuyaku-Kanzo-To in Japanese), an herbal prescription consisting of Paeonia lactiflora Pallas and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fischer. Based on comprehensive information regarding the pharmacological and chemical properties of the herbal constituents of JGd, we identified 57 active chemical compounds and their 70 pain-associated targets. The JGd targets were determined to be involved in the regulation of diverse biological activities as follows: calcium- and cytokine-mediated signalings, calcium ion concentration and homeostasis, cellular behaviors of muscle and neuronal cells, inflammatory response, and response to chemical, cytokine, drug, and oxidative stress. The targets were further enriched in various pain-associated signalings, including the PI3K-Akt, estrogen, ErbB, neurotrophin, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, HIF-1, serotonergic synapse, JAK-STAT, and cAMP pathways. Thus, these data provide a systematic basis to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the analgesic activity of herbal drugs.
Collapse
|
10
|
Segal JP, Bannerman CA, Silva JR, Haird CM, Baharnoori M, Gilron I, Ghasemlou N. Chronic mechanical hypersensitivity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is regulated by disease severity and neuroinflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 89:314-325. [PMID: 32688029 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain severely affects quality of life in more than half of people living with multiple sclerosis (MS). A commonly-used model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), typically presents with hindlimb paralysis, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. However, this paralysis may hinder the use of pain behavior tests, with no apparent hypersensitivity observed post-peak disease. We sought to adapt the classic actively-induced EAE model to optimize its pain phenotype. EAE was induced with MOG35-55/CFA and 100-600 ng pertussis toxin (PTX), and mice were assessed for mechanical, cold and thermal sensitivity over a 28-day period. Spinal cord tissue was collected at 14 and 28 days post-injection to assess demyelination and neuroinflammation. Only mice treated with 100 ng PTX exhibited mechanical hypersensitivity. Hallmarks of disease pathology, including demyelination, immune cell recruitment, cytokine expression, glial activation, and neuronal damage were higher in EAE mice induced with moderate (200 ng) doses of pertussis toxin, compared to those treated with low (100 ng) levels. Immunostaining demonstrated activated astrocytes and myeloid/microglial cells in both EAE groups. These results indicate that a lower severity of EAE disease may allow for the study of pain behaviors while still presenting with disease pathology. By using this modified model, researchers may better study the mechanisms underlying pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia P Segal
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Courtney A Bannerman
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jaqueline R Silva
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Cortney M Haird
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada
| | - Moogeh Baharnoori
- Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Ian Gilron
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Nader Ghasemlou
- Department of Biomedical & Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, Kingston, Ontario K7L 2V7, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cathepsin E in neutrophils contributes to the generation of neuropathic pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Pain 2020; 160:2050-2062. [PMID: 31095099 PMCID: PMC6727904 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a frequent and disabling symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the underlying mechanisms of MS-related pain are not fully understood. Here, we demonstrated that cathepsin E (CatE) in neutrophils contributes to the generation of mechanical allodynia in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of MS. We showed that CatE-deficient (CatE) mice were highly resistant to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35-55)-induced mechanical allodynia. After MOG35-55 immunization, neutrophils immediately accumulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Adoptive transfer of MOG35-55-stimulated wild-type neutrophils into the dorsal root ganglion induced mechanical allodynia in the recipient C57BL/6 mice. However, the pain threshold did not change when MOG35-55-stimulated CatE neutrophils were transferred into the recipient C57BL/6 mice. MOG35-55 stimulation caused CatE-dependent secretion of elastase in neutrophils. Behavioral analyses revealed that sivelestat, a selective neutrophil elastase inhibitor, suppressed mechanical allodynia induced by adoptively transferred MOG35-55-stimulated neutrophils. MOG35-55 directly bound to toll-like receptor 4, which led to increased production of CatE in neutrophils. Our findings suggest that inhibition of CatE-dependent elastase production in neutrophil might be a potential therapeutic target for pain in patients with MS.
Collapse
|
12
|
Nakazato Y, Fujita Y, Nakazato M, Yamashita T. Neurons promote encephalitogenic CD4 + lymphocyte infiltration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7354. [PMID: 32355314 PMCID: PMC7192891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system characterized by neuroinflammation, leading to demyelination and axonal degeneration. Neuronal excitotoxity mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IIα (CaMKIIα) results in neuronal damage in experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. Here, we define a critical role of excitatory neurons in the pathogenesis of CD4+ lymphocyte accumulation in EAE. We silenced the activity of excitatory neurons in a mouse model of targeted EAE using inhibitory designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADD) under a CaMKIIα promoter. Neuronal silencing mitigated clinical disease scores in EAE, reduced the expression of c-fos, Tnfα, Ccl2, and Ccr2 mRNAs in targeted EAE lesions, and prevented the migration of CD4+ lymphocytes towards neurons. Ccl2 shRNA treatment of targeted EAE suppressed the migration of CD4+ lymphocytes and alleviated the motor deficits of EAE. Our findings indicate that neuronal activation in EAE promotes the migration of CCR2+ CD4+ lymphocytes and that neuronal silencing with an inhibitory DREADD alleviates clinical and molecular markers of disease. Neuronal CCL2 is thought to be involved in promoting lymphocytes migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nakazato
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Nakazato
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Neurology, Respirology, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Graduate School of Frontier Bioscience, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan. .,Department of Neuro-Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A TLR-CXCL1 pathway in DRG neurons induces neutrophil accumulation in the DRG and mechanical allodynia in EAE mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12003. [PMID: 31427756 PMCID: PMC6700073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a potentially disabling disease of the central nervous system. Approximately half of the patients with MS experience severe pain; however, currently available therapeutics provide only insufficient relief. The mechanisms underlying the generation of neuropathic pain in patients with MS are not fully understood. Recently, we found that neutrophil elastase from accumulated neutrophils in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensitizes DRG neurons and induces mechanical allodynia in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the mechanism underlying neutrophil accumulation in the DRG after myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG35–55, immunogenic peptide) immunization remains unclear. Here, we found that C-X-C motif ligand 1 (CXCL1) was upregulated in DRG neurons after MOG35–55 immunization. Increased expression of CXCL1 protein was also observed in primary cultured DRG neurons treated with MOG35–55, which was mediated through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Gene silencing of TLR4 or CXCL1 in DRG neurons significantly attenuated neutrophil accumulation in the DRG and mechanical allodynia during the preclinical phase of EAE (around day 5 after immunization). Our results thus suggest that a TLR4–CXCL1 pathway in DRG neurons triggers neutrophil recruitment in the DRG and subsequent mechanical allodynia in response to MOG35–55.
Collapse
|