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Poulen G, Perrin FE. Advances in spinal cord injury: insights from non-human primates. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2354-2364. [PMID: 38526271 PMCID: PMC11090432 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury results in significant sensorimotor deficits, currently, there is no curative treatment for the symptoms induced by spinal cord injury. Basic and pre-clinical research on spinal cord injury relies on the development and characterization of appropriate animal models. These models should replicate the symptoms observed in human, allowing for the exploration of functional deficits and investigation into various aspects of physiopathology of spinal cord injury. Non-human primates, due to their close phylogenetic association with humans, share more neuroanatomical, genetic, and physiological similarities with humans than rodents. Therefore, the responses to spinal cord injury in nonhuman primates most likely resemble the responses to traumatism in humans. In this review, we will discuss nonhuman primate models of spinal cord injury, focusing on in vivo assessments, including behavioral tests, magnetic resonance imaging, and electrical activity recordings, as well as ex vivo histological analyses. Additionally, we will present therapeutic strategies developed in non-human primates and discuss the unique specificities of non-human primate models of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetan Poulen
- University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gui de Chauliac Hospital, Montpellier University Medical Center, Montpellier, France
| | - Florence E. Perrin
- University of Montpellier, INSERM, EPHE, Montpellier, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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2
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Pesesse P, Vanderthommen M, Durieux N, Zubkov M, Demoulin C. Clinical Value and Reliability of Quantitative Assessments of Lumbosacral Nerve Root Using Diffusion Tensor and Diffusion Weighted MR Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38190195 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbosacral radicular pain diagnosis remains challenging. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) have potential to quantitatively evaluate symptomatic nerve root, which may facilitate diagnosis. PURPOSE To determine the ability of DTI and DWI metrics, namely fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), to discriminate between healthy and symptomatic lumbosacral nerve roots, to evaluate the association between FA and ADC values and patient symptoms, and to determine FA and ADC reliability. STUDY TYPE Systematic review. SUBJECTS Eight hundred twelve patients with radicular pain with or without radiculopathy caused by musculoskeletal-related compression or inflammation of a single, unilateral lumbosacral nerve root and 244 healthy controls from 29 studies. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE Diffusion weighted echo planar imaging sequence at 1.5 T or 3 T. ASSESSMENT An extensive systematic review of the literature was conducted in Embase, Scopus, and Medline databases. FA and ADC values in symptomatic and contralateral lumbosacral nerve roots were extracted and summarized, together with intra- and inter-rater agreements. Where available, associations between DWI or DTI parameters and patient symptoms or symptom duration were extracted. STATISTICAL TESTS The main results of the included studies are summarized. No additional statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS The DTI studies systematically found significant differences in FA values between the symptomatic and contralateral lumbosacral nerve root of patients suffering from radicular pain with or without radiculopathy. In contrast, identification of the symptomatic nerve root with ADC values was inconsistent for both DTI and DWI studies. FA values were moderately to strongly correlated with several symptoms (eg, disability, nerve dysfunction, and symptom duration). The inter- and intra-rater reliability of DTI parameters were moderate to excellent. The methodological quality of included studies was very heterogeneous. DATA CONCLUSION This systematic review showed that DTI was a reliable and discriminative imaging technique for the assessment of symptomatic lumbosacral nerve root, which more consistently identified the symptomatic nerve root than DWI. Further studies of high quality are needed to confirm these results. EVIDENCE LEVEL N/A TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Pesesse
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Vanderthommen
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nancy Durieux
- Research Unit for a Life-Course Perspective on Health & Education - RUCHE, Faculty of Psychology, Speech and Language Therapy, and Educational Sciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Mikhail Zubkov
- GIGA-Research - Cyclotron Research Centre-In Vivo Imaging Unit, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Christophe Demoulin
- Department of Sport and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
- Spine Center of the Liege University Hospital (CHU), Liège, Belgium
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Chen LM, Wang F, Mishra A, Yang PF, Sengupta A, Reed JL, Gore JC. Longitudinal multiparametric MRI of traumatic spinal cord injury in animal models. Magn Reson Imaging 2023; 102:184-200. [PMID: 37343904 PMCID: PMC10528214 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Multi-parametric MRI (mpMRI) technology enables non-invasive and quantitative assessments of the structural, molecular, and functional characteristics of various neurological diseases. Despite the recognized importance of studying spinal cord pathology, mpMRI applications in spinal cord research have been somewhat limited, partly due to technical challenges associated with spine imaging. However, advances in imaging techniques and improved image quality now allow longitudinal investigations of a comprehensive range of spinal cord pathological features by exploiting different endogenous MRI contrasts. This review summarizes the use of mpMRI techniques including blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI), diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT), and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI in monitoring different aspects of spinal cord pathology. These aspects include cyst formation and axonal disruption, demyelination and remyelination, changes in the excitability of spinal grey matter and the integrity of intrinsic functional circuits, and non-specific molecular changes associated with secondary injury and neuroinflammation. These approaches are illustrated with reference to a nonhuman primate (NHP) model of traumatic cervical spinal cord injuries (SCI). We highlight the benefits of using NHP SCI models to guide future studies of human spinal cord pathology, and demonstrate how mpMRI can capture distinctive features of spinal cord pathology that were previously inaccessible. Furthermore, the development of mechanism-based MRI biomarkers from mpMRI studies can provide clinically useful imaging indices for understanding the mechanisms by which injured spinal cords progress and repair. These biomarkers can assist in the diagnosis, prognosis, and evaluation of therapies for SCI patients, potentially leading to improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Min Chen
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Feng Wang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pai-Feng Yang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Anirban Sengupta
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jamie L Reed
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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4
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Perez-Cruz C, Rodriguez-Callejas JDD. The common marmoset as a model of neurodegeneration. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:394-409. [PMID: 36907677 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Human life expectancy has increased over the past few centuries, and the incidence of dementia in the older population is also projected to continue to rise. Neurodegenerative diseases are complex multifactorial conditions for which no effective treatments are currently available. Animal models are necessary to understand the causes and progression of neurodegeneration. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) offer significant advantages for the study of neurodegenerative disease. Among them, the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, stands out due to its easy handling, complex brain architecture, and occurrence of spontaneous beta-amyloid (Aβ) and phosphorylated tau aggregates with aging. Furthermore, marmosets present physiological adaptations and metabolic alterations associated with the increased risk of dementia in humans. In this review, we discuss the current literature on the use of marmosets as a model of aging and neurodegeneration. We highlight aspects of marmoset physiology associated with aging, such as metabolic alterations, which may help understand their vulnerability to developing a neurodegenerative phenotype that goes beyond normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Perez-Cruz
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research and Advance Studies (Cinvestav-I.P.N.), Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Juan de Dios Rodriguez-Callejas
- Department of Pharmacology, Center of Research and Advance Studies (Cinvestav-I.P.N.), Av. Politecnico Nacional 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, 07360, Mexico City, Mexico
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Costanzo R, Brunasso L, Paolini F, Benigno UE, Porzio M, Giammalva GR, Gerardi RM, Umana GE, di Bonaventura R, Sturiale CL, Visocchi M, Iacopino DG, Maugeri R. Spinal Tractography as a Potential Prognostic Tool in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg 2022; 164:25-32. [PMID: 35500874 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2022.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging is considered the most accurate examination to study the spinal cord. Nevertheless, the use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) can demonstrate additional key details about spinal cord lesions. We examined the literature to investigate and discuss the role, limitations, and possible evolution as a prognostic tool of DTI in spinal cord injury (SCI). For this systematic literature review, a detailed search was performed using PubMed (2005-2021), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (2016-2021), and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (2016-2021). To be included, studies had to report the use of DTI in SCIs, its clinical relevance, and its use as a prognostic tool. We identified 17 studies comprising 299 patients. The mean age of patients was 41.22 ± 10.62 years. There was a prevalence of males (70.9%) compared with females (29.1%). The main spinal cord tract involved and studied in SCIs was the cervical tract (57.5%), followed by conus terminalis (15.4%) and dorsal tract (13.7%). In all studies based on American Spine Injury Association impairment scale score for neurological assessment, a correlation was found between FA values and American Spine Injury Association impairment scale: patients with complete SCI had a statistically significative lower FA value at the injured site compared with patients with incomplete SCI. Published clinical studies showed promising results for the utility of DTI parameters as noninvasive biomarkers in SCI grade evaluation, remaining an evolving area of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Costanzo
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Lara Brunasso
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federica Paolini
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Umberto Emanuele Benigno
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Porzio
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Gerardi
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana
- Department of Neurosurgery, Trauma Center, Gamma Knife Center, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy
| | - Rina di Bonaventura
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmelo Lucio Sturiale
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Visocchi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
| | - Domenico Gerardo Iacopino
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosario Maugeri
- Neurosurgical Clinic, AOUP "Paolo Giaccone", Post Graduate Residency Program in Neurologic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, School of Medicine, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Clinical application of diffusion tensor tractography to postoperative C5 palsy. Spinal Cord Ser Cases 2021; 7:83. [PMID: 34552046 DOI: 10.1038/s41394-021-00447-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Diagnostic study. OBJECTIVE Although C5 palsy is a well-known potential complication after cervical procedure, the exact pathophysiology remains uncertain. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) has recently been proposed as a useful tool to examine quantitatively and non-invasively the pathology of spinal cord disorders. The purpose of this study is to determine the clinical interest of DTT in patients with C5 palsy after cervical laminoplasty. SETTING Single university hospital. METHODS Five patients with C5 palsy out of 108 patients after cervical laminoplasty were subjected to DTT using a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in our hospital between 2010 and 2012. For the tractography, two regions of interest (ROI) were placed at the C5 segmental level and the bilateral C4/5 intervertebral foramen level. RESULTS The postoperative number of tract fibers at the C5 segmental spinal cord level was significantly increased compared to the preoperative number, despite the C5 palsy. Analyses of two ROIs (at the C5 segmental level and the C4/5 intervertebral foramen level) showed that the number of tract fibers at the palsy side was significantly decreased compared to the intact side. Furthermore, in the patient who spontaneously recovered from C5 palsy within postoperative 6 months, a gradual augmentation of tract fibers was identified at the palsy side. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that DTT can document C5 palsy in detail, as the anatomical region between C5 segmental level and C4/5 intervertebral foramen level was potentially damaged in patients with C5 palsy after laminoplasty.
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Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), a small New World primate, is receiving substantial attention in the neuroscience and biomedical science fields because its anatomical features, functional and behavioral characteristics, and reproductive features and its amenability to available genetic modification technologies make it an attractive experimental subject. In this review, I outline the progress of marmoset neuroscience research and summarize both the current status (opportunities and limitations) of and the future perspectives on the application of marmosets in neuroscience and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; .,Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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8
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Longitudinal changes in DTI parameters of specific spinal white matter tracts correlate with behavior following spinal cord injury in monkeys. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17316. [PMID: 33057016 PMCID: PMC7560889 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74234-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate how parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging reflect axonal disruption and demyelination in specific white matter tracts within the spinal cord of squirrel monkeys following traumatic injuries, and their relationships to function and behavior. After a unilateral section of the dorsal white matter tract of the cervical spinal cord, we found that both lesioned dorsal and intact lateral tracts on the lesion side exhibited prominent disruptions in fiber orientation, integrity and myelination. The degrees of pathological changes were significantly more severe in segments below the lesion than above. The lateral tract on the opposite (non-injured) side was minimally affected by the injury. Over time, RD, FA, and AD values of the dorsal and lateral tracts on the injured side closely tracked measurements of the behavioral recovery. This unilateral section of the dorsal spinal tract provides a realistic model in which axonal disruption and demyelination occur together in the cord. Our data show that specific tract and segmental FA and RD values are sensitive to the effects of injury and reflect specific behavioral changes, indicating their potential as relevant indicators of recovery or for assessing treatment outcomes. These observations have translational value for guiding future studies of human subjects with spinal cord injuries.
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Turna O, Turna IF. Quantitative assessment of cervical spinal cord by diffusion tensor tractography in 3.0 T. Radiol Med 2020; 126:83-88. [PMID: 32424658 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-020-01224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the mean values of diffusion tensor tracking (DTT) of cervical spinal cord in normal subjects by using multi-shot EPI (MS-EPI) sequence in 3.0 Tesla (3.0T) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS This retrospective study included 96 healthy subjects. DTI with b-values: 0 and 1000 s/mm2 was performed. Cervical spinal cords were quantitatively evaluated with drawing round or plane region of interest on sagittal images. For all subjects, the number of tracts, mean fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), mean axial diffusivity (AD) and mean radial diffusivity (RD) (× 10-3 mm2/s) were measured. RESULTS The number of tracts obtained from round method was significantly higher than the ones from plane method. In round group, there was a moderate positive correlation between age and mean FA values (r = 0.51, P = 0.003), a weak negative correlation between age and MD values (r = - 0.497, P = 0.004) and between age and mean AD values (r = - 0.443, P = 0.011), a moderate negative correlation between age and mean RD values (r = - 0.542, P = 0.001). In plane group, there was a weak positive correlation between age and mean FA values (r = 0.403, P = 0.022) and a weak negative correlation between age and mean RD values (r = - 0.402, P = 0.022). CONCLUSION Our results might be helpful for emphasizing the reference values and also for evaluating and comparing the pathologic spinal cords affected by degeneration, trauma or tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onder Turna
- Department of Radiology, Istanbul Mehmet Akif Ersoy Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Isil Fazilet Turna
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University Atakent Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Katoh H, Yokota K, Fehlings MG. Regeneration of Spinal Cord Connectivity Through Stem Cell Transplantation and Biomaterial Scaffolds. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:248. [PMID: 31244609 PMCID: PMC6563678 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Advances in post-trauma management and intensive rehabilitation have significantly improved the prognosis of SCI and converted what was once an “ailment not to be treated” into a survivable injury, but the cold hard fact is that we still do not have a validated method to improve the paralysis of SCI. The irreversible functional impairment of the injured spinal cord is caused by the disruption of neuronal transduction across the injury lesion, which is brought about by demyelination, axonal degeneration, and loss of synapses. Furthermore, refractory substrates generated in the injured spinal cord inhibit spontaneous recovery. The discovery of the regenerative capability of central nervous system neurons in the proper environment and the verification of neural stem cells in the spinal cord once incited hope that a cure for SCI was on the horizon. That hope was gradually replaced with mounting frustration when neuroprotective drugs, cell transplantation, and strategies to enhance remyelination, axonal regeneration, and neuronal plasticity demonstrated significant improvement in animal models of SCI but did not translate into a cure in human patients. However, recent advances in SCI research have greatly increased our understanding of the fundamental processes underlying SCI and fostered increasing optimism that these multiple treatment strategies are finally coming together to bring about a new era in which we will be able to propose encouraging therapies that will lead to appreciable improvements in SCI patients. In this review, we outline the pathophysiology of SCI that makes the spinal cord refractory to regeneration and discuss the research that has been done with cell replacement and biomaterial implantation strategies, both by itself and as a combined treatment. We will focus on the capacity of these strategies to facilitate the regeneration of neural connectivity necessary to achieve meaningful functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Katoh
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery - Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tokai University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuya Yokota
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Michael G Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Spine Program, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Rao JS, Liu Z, Zhao C, Wei RH, Liu RX, Zhao W, Zhou X, Tian PY, Yang ZY, Li XG. Image correction for diffusion tensor imaging of Rhesus monkey thoracic spinal cord. J Med Primatol 2019; 48:320-328. [PMID: 31148186 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relatively tiny spinal cord of non-human primate (NHP) causes increased challenge in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) post-processing. This study aimed to establish a reliable correction strategy applied to clinical DTI images of NHP. METHODS Six normal and partial spinal cord injury (SCI) rhesus monkeys underwent 3T MR scanning. A correction strategy combining multiple iterations and non-rigid deformation was used for DTI image post-processing. Quantitative evaluations were then conducted to investigate effects of distortion correction. RESULTS After correction, longitudinal geometric distortion, global distortion, and residual distance errors were all significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Fractional anisotropy at the injured site was remarkably lower than that at the contralateral site (P = 0.0488) and was substantially lower than those at the adjacent superior (P = 0.0157) and inferior (P = 0.0128) areas at the same side. CONCLUSIONS Our image correction strategy can improve the quality of the DTI images of NHP thoracic cords, contributing to the development of SCI preclinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zuxiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Innovation Center of Excellence on Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Can Zhao
- Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Department of Measurement Control and Information Technology, School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Han Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Beijing International Cooperation Bases for Science and Technology on Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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12
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Application of Hepatocyte Growth Factor for Acute Spinal Cord Injury: The Road from Basic Studies to Human Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051054. [PMID: 30823442 PMCID: PMC6429374 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was first identified as a potent mitogen for mature hepatocytes, and has also gained attention as a strong neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. We found that during the acute phase of spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats, c-Met, the specific receptor for HGF, increases sharply, while the endogenous HGF up-regulation is relatively weak. Introducing exogenous HGF into the spinal cord by injecting an HGF-expressing viral vector significantly increased the neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, angiogenesis, and axonal regeneration, to reduce the area of damage and to promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. Other recent studies in rodents have shown that exogenously administered HGF during the acute phase of SCI reduces astrocyte activation to decrease glial scar formation, and exerts anti-inflammatory effects to reduce leukocyte infiltration. We also reported that the intrathecal infusion of recombinant human HGF (intrathecal rhHGF) improves neurological hand function after cervical contusive SCI in the common marmoset, a non-human primate. Based on these collective results, we conducted a phase I/II clinical trial of intrathecal rhHGF for patients with acute cervical SCI who showed a modified Frankel grade of A/B1/B2 72 h after injury onset, from June 2014 to May 2018.
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NT3-chitosan enables de novo regeneration and functional recovery in monkeys after spinal cord injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E5595-E5604. [PMID: 29844162 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1804735115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to permanent loss of motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. We have previously shown that neurotrophin3 (NT3)-loaded chitosan biodegradable material allowed for prolonged slow release of NT3 for 14 weeks under physiological conditions. Here we report that NT3-loaded chitosan, when inserted into a 1-cm gap of hemisectioned and excised adult rhesus monkey thoracic spinal cord, elicited robust axonal regeneration. Labeling of cortical motor neurons indicated motor axons in the corticospinal tract not only entered the injury site within the biomaterial but also grew across the 1-cm-long lesion area and into the distal spinal cord. Through a combination of magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging, functional MRI, electrophysiology, and kinematics-based quantitative walking behavioral analyses, we demonstrated that NT3-chitosan enabled robust neural regeneration accompanied by motor and sensory functional recovery. Given that monkeys and humans share similar genetics and physiology, our method is likely translatable to human SCI repair.
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14
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Calabrese E, Adil SM, Cofer G, Perone CS, Cohen-Adad J, Lad SP, Johnson GA. Postmortem diffusion MRI of the entire human spinal cord at microscopic resolution. Neuroimage Clin 2018; 18:963-971. [PMID: 29876281 PMCID: PMC5988447 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human spinal cord is a central nervous system structure that plays an important role in normal motor and sensory function, and can be affected by many debilitating neurologic diseases. Due to its clinical importance, the spinal cord is frequently the subject of imaging research. Common methods for visualizing spinal cord anatomy and pathology include histology and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), both of which have unique benefits and drawbacks. Postmortem microscopic resolution MRI of fixed specimens, sometimes referred to as magnetic resonance microscopy (MRM), combines many of the benefits inherent to both techniques. However, the elongated shape of the human spinal cord, along with hardware and scan time limitations, have restricted previous microscopic resolution MRI studies (both in vivo and ex vivo) to small sections of the cord. Here we present the first MRM dataset of the entire postmortem human spinal cord. These data include 50 μm isotropic resolution anatomic image data and 100 μm isotropic resolution diffusion data, made possible by a 280 h long multi-segment acquisition and automated image segment composition. We demonstrate the use of these data for spinal cord lesion detection, automated volumetric gray matter segmentation, and quantitative spinal cord morphometry including estimates of cross sectional dimensions and gray matter fraction throughout the length of the cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Calabrese
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Syed M Adil
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gary Cofer
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christian S Perone
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Cohen-Adad
- NeuroPoly Lab, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Shivanand P Lad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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15
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Hata J, Mizuno S, Haga Y, Shimoda M, Kanai Y, Chiba K, Okano H, Nakamura M, Horiuchi K. Semiquantitative Evaluation of Muscle Repair by Diffusion Tensor Imaging in Mice. JBMR Plus 2018; 2:227-234. [PMID: 30283903 PMCID: PMC6124170 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle injury is one of the most common traumas in orthopedic and sports medicine. However, there are only a few treatment options with marginal clinical benefits for this condition. Muscle repair after injury involves multiple and complex processes, such as the inflammation phase, regeneration phase, and remodeling phase. To develop a treatment modality and to examine the efficacy of novel interventions and agents for patients with muscle injuries, it is essential to establish a reliable and sensitive method to monitor the changes in muscle structure and status during muscle repair. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging has been widely used to assess the diffusivity of water molecules in tissue. When it is used in combination with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), the microstructure of muscle tissue can be indirectly depicted. In the present study, we evaluated the time-course changes in the diffusivity and anisotropy in muscles by DTI and histology after injury in mice. We found that the diffusivity and anisotropy exhibit distinct kinetics during muscle repair and that these kinetics were significantly altered in mutant mice with a defect in muscle regeneration. Our data show that muscle repair processes can be readily evaluated and monitored by DTI technique and suggest that DTI can be clinically applied for assessing muscle injury and repair in humans. © 2018 The Authors. JBMR Plus is published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Hata
- Department of Physiology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Central Institute for Experimental Animals Kanagawa Japan
| | - Sakiko Mizuno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Department of Orthopedics Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital Ichikawa City Chiba Japan
| | - Yawara Haga
- Department of Radiological Sciences Tokyo Metropolitan University Tokyo Japan
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chiba
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery National Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan
| | - Keisuke Horiuchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo Japan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery National Defense Medical College Saitama Japan
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16
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Alizadeh M, Fisher J, Saksena S, Sultan Y, Conklin CJ, Middleton DM, Finsterbusch J, Krisa L, Flanders AE, Faro SH, Mulcahey M, Mohamed FB. Reduced Field of View Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fiber Tractography of the Pediatric Cervical and Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2018; 35:452-460. [PMID: 29073810 PMCID: PMC5793949 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the utility and effectiveness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of the entire pediatric cervical and thoracic spinal cord toward discrimination of typically developing (TD) controls and subjects with spinal cord injury (SCI). A total of 43 pediatric subjects, including 23 TD subjects ranging in age from 6 to 16 years old and 20 subjects with SCI ranging in age from 7 to 16 years, were recruited and scanned using a 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance scanner. Reduced field of view diffusion tensor images were acquired axially to cover the entire spinal cord across two slabs. For DTI analysis, motion correction was performed by coregistration of the diffusion-weighted images to the reference image (b0). Streamline deterministic tractography results were generated from the preprocessed data. DTI and DTT parameters of the whole cord, including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), tract length, and tract density, were calculated, averaged across the whole spinal cord, and compared between the TD and SCI groups. Statistically significant decreases have been shown in FA (TD = 0.46 ± 0.11; SCI = 0.37 ± 0.09; p < 0.0001) and tract density (TD = 405.93 ± 243.84; SCI = 268.90 ± 270.34; p < 0.0001). However, the mean length of tracts and MD did not show significant differences. When investigating differences in DTI and DTT parameters above and below the injury site, it was shown that the FA and tract density in patients with cervical SCI decreased significantly in the thoracic region. An identical trend was observed in the cervical region for patients with thoracic SCI as well. When comparing TD and SCI subjects, FA and tract density were the most sensitive parameters in detecting functional changes of the spinal cord in chronic pediatric SCI. The results show that both DTI and DTT have the potential to be imaging biomarkers in the diagnosis of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Alizadeh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua Fisher
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sona Saksena
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yusra Sultan
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chris J. Conklin
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Devon M. Middleton
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jürgen Finsterbusch
- Institut für Systemische Neurowissenschaften, Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Krisa
- Department of Physical Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam E. Flanders
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott H. Faro
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - M.J. Mulcahey
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Feroze B. Mohamed
- Department of Radiology, Jefferson Integrated Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center, Department of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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17
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Hikishima K, Fujiyoshi K. [2. Development of Neuroimaging Using Preclinical MRI, and the Clinical Application]. Nihon Hoshasen Gijutsu Gakkai Zasshi 2017; 73:1277-1284. [PMID: 29269625 DOI: 10.6009/jjrt.2017_jsrt_73.12.1277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Hikishima
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology.,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine.,Central Institute for Experimental Animals
| | - Kanehiro Fujiyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery,National Hospital Organization Murayama Medical Center
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18
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Eguchi Y, Kanamoto H, Oikawa Y, Suzuki M, Yamanaka H, Tamai H, Kobayashi T, Orita S, Yamauchi K, Suzuki M, Inage K, Aoki Y, Watanabe A, Furuya T, Koda M, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Recent advances in magnetic resonance neuroimaging of lumbar nerve to clinical applications: A review of clinical studies utilizing Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance neurography. Spine Surg Relat Res 2017; 1:61-71. [PMID: 31440614 PMCID: PMC6698557 DOI: 10.22603/ssrr.1.2016-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made in neuroimaging with Magnetic Resonance neurography and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) owing to higher magnetic fields and improvements in pulse sequence technology. Reports on lumbar nerve DTI have also increased considerably. Many studies have shown that the use of DTI in lumbar nerve lesions, such as lumbar foraminal stenosis and lumbar disc herniation, makes it possible to capture images of interruptions of tractography at stenotic sties, enabling the diagnosis of stenosis. DTI can also reveal significant decreases in fractional anisotropy (FA) with significant increases in apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values in compression lesions. FA values have higher accuracy than ADC values. Furthermore, strong correlations exist between FA values and indications of neurological severity, including the Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) in patients with lumbar disc herniation-induced radiculopathy. Most lumbar DTI has become 3T; 3T MRI has made it possible to take high-resolution DTI measurements in a short period of time. However, increased motion artifacts in the magnetic susceptibility effect lead to signal irregularities and image distortion. In the future, high-resolution DTI with reduced field-of-view may become useful in clinical applications, since visualization of nerve lesions and quantification of DTI parameters could allow more accurate diagnoses of lumbar nerve dysfunctions. Future translational studies will be necessary to successfully bring MR neuroimaging of lumbar nerve into clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawara Eguchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital, Japan
| | - Hirohito Kanamoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oikawa
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Chiba Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Munetaka Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital, Japan
| | - Hajime Yamanaka
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Tamai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kobayashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, National Hospital Organization Shimoshizu National Hospital, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Yamauchi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Miyako Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Yasuchika Aoki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Japan
| | - Atsuya Watanabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Eastern Chiba Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takeo Furuya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Masao Koda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Takahashi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Japan
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19
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Zhao C, Rao JS, Pei XJ, Lei JF, Wang ZJ, Zhao W, Wei RH, Yang ZY, Li XG. Diffusion tensor imaging of spinal cord parenchyma lesion in rat with chronic spinal cord injury. Magn Reson Imaging 2017; 47:25-32. [PMID: 29154896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate evaluation of spinal cord parenchyma and accurate identification of injury range are considered two premises for the research and treatment of chronic spinal cord injury (SCI). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides information about water diffusion in spinal cord, and thus makes it possible to realize these premises. METHOD In this study, we conducted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for Wistar rats 84days after spinal cord contusion. DTI metrics including fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) from different positions of the injured cord were collected, analyzed, and compared with the histological results and locomotor outcomes. Moreover, we performed fiber tractography, and examined the difference in cavity percentage obtained respectively via conventional MRI, DTI and histology. RESULTS Results showed that the chronic SCI rats had the largest changes of all DTI metrics at the epicenter; the farther away from the epicenter, the smaller the variation. FA, AD and RD were all influenced by SCI in a greater space range than MD. The good consistency of FA values and histological results in specific regions evidenced FA's capability of reflecting Wallerian degeneration after SCI. DTI metrics at the epicenter in ventral funiculus also showed a close correlation with the BBB scores. Additionally, supported by the histological results, DTI enables a more accurate measurement of cavity percentage compared to the conventional MRI. CONCLUSION DTI parameters might comprehensively reflect the post-SCI pathological status of spinal cord parenchyma at the epicenter and distal parts during the chronic stage, while showing good consistency with locomotor performance. DTI combined with tractography could intuitively display the distribution of spared fibers after SCI and accurately provide information such as cavity area. This may shed light on the research and treatment of chronic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Jiao Pei
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Department of Radiology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100043, China
| | - Jian-Feng Lei
- Medical Experiment and Test Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhan-Jing Wang
- Medical Experiment and Test Center, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rui-Han Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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20
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Neuroscience Research Using Non-human Primate Models and Genome Editing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60192-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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21
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Schaeffer DJ, Adam R, Gilbert KM, Gati JS, Li AX, Menon RS, Everling S. Diffusion-weighted tractography in the common marmoset monkey at 9.4T. J Neurophysiol 2017; 118:1344-1354. [PMID: 28615334 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00259.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World primate that is becoming increasingly popular in the neurosciences as an animal model of preclinical human disease. With several major disorders characterized by alterations in neural white matter (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia), proposed to be transgenically modeled using marmosets, the ability to isolate and characterize reliably major white matter fiber tracts with MRI will be of use for evaluating structural brain changes related to disease processes and symptomatology. Here, we propose protocols for isolating major white matter fiber tracts in the common marmoset using in vivo ultrahigh-field MRI (9.4T) diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data. With the use of a high angular-resolution DWI (256 diffusion-encoding directions) sequence, collected on four anesthetized marmosets, we provide guidelines for manually drawing fiber-tracking regions of interest, based on easily identified anatomical landmarks in DWI native space. These fiber-tract isolation protocols are expected to be experimentally useful for visualization and quantification of individual white matter fiber tracts in both control and experimental groups of marmosets (e.g., transgenic models). As disease models in the marmoset advance, the determination of how macroscopic white matter anatomy is altered as a function of disease state will be relevant in bridging the existing translational gap between preclinical rodent models and human patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although significant progress has been made in mapping white matter connections in the marmoset brain using ex vivo tracing techniques, the application of in vivo virtual dissection of major white matter fiber tracts has been established by few studies in the marmoset literature. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of whole-brain diffusion-weighted tractography in anesthetized marmosets at ultrahigh-field MRI (9.4T) and propose protocols for isolating nine major white matter fiber tracts in the marmoset brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schaeffer
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ramina Adam
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle M Gilbert
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Joseph S Gati
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Alex X Li
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Ravi S Menon
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Stefan Everling
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; and
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22
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Zhao C, Song W, Rao JS, Zhao W, Wei RH, Zhou X, Tian PY, Yang ZY, Li XG. Combination of kinematic analyses and diffusion tensor tractrography to evaluate the residual motor functions in spinal cord-hemisected monkeys. J Med Primatol 2017; 46:239-247. [PMID: 28543057 DOI: 10.1111/jmp.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes loss of locomotor functions. Nowadays, the relationship between the residual locomotion after SCI and the diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) results still remains unclear. METHODS Four rhesus monkeys were suffered thoracic cord hemisection. Kinematic evaluation and DTT were performed prior- and post-SCI (6 and 12 weeks). The longitudinal changes of gait parameters and the DTT parameters were analyzed for the injury-contralateral hindlimb. The correlations between gaits and DTT parameters were also investigated. RESULTS Almost gait parameters significantly changed after SCI, meanwhile, the caudal-rostral connection rate of DTT showed negative correlation with all gait parameters, demonstrating that the locomotor changes of the injury-contralateral hindlimb were associated with the ratio of residual fibers. CONCLUSIONS The combinatory use of gait analysis and DTT has been demonstrated to be sensitive to locomotion changes after SCI, and may therefore have potential applications in the pre-clinical studies of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Rehabilitation Engineering Research Institute, China Rehabilitation Research Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Rao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Han Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Yu Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Yang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Neural Regeneration, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.,Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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23
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Sasada S, Agari T, Sasaki T, Kondo A, Shinko A, Wakamori T, Okazaki M, Kin I, Kuwahara K, Kameda M, Yasuhara T, Date I. Efficacy of Fiber Tractography in the Stereotactic Surgery of the Thalamus for Patients with Essential Tremor. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2017; 57:392-401. [PMID: 28458383 PMCID: PMC5566698 DOI: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2016-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Several targets and targeting methods are utilized in stereotactic surgery to achieve tremor suppression for patients with intractable tremor. Recent developments in magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion tensor imaging, have enabled the setting of appropriate targets in stereotactic surgery. In this retrospective study, the optimal target to suppress tremors in stereotactic surgery was explored using diffusion tensor image-based fiber tractography. Four tracts were focused on in this study, namely: the cerebello-thalamo-premotor cortical fiber tract, cerebello-thalamo-primary motor cortical fiber tract, spino-thalamo-somatosensory cortical fiber tract, and pyramidal tract. In 10 patients with essential tremor, we evaluated the thalamotomy lesions and active contacts of the lead in thalamic stimulation by diffusion tensor image-based fiber tractography to reveal which part of the cerebral cortex is most affected by stereotactic surgery. Tremor suppression and adverse events were also evaluated in the patients involved in this study. Consequently, the good tremor suppression was achieved in all patients. There had been no permanent adverse events 3 months after surgery. Twelve lesions in thalamotomy patients or active contacts of the lead in thalamic stimulation patients were on the cerebello-thalamo-premotor cortical fiber tract (12/14 lesions or active contacts: 86%). In conclusion, the cerebello-thalamo-premotor cortical fiber tract may be an optimal target for tremor suppression. Diffusion tensor image-based fiber tractography may enable us to both determine the optimal target to achieve strong tremor suppression and to reduce the number of adverse events by keeping lesions or electrodes away from important fiber tracts, such as the pyramidal tract and spinothalamic fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Sasada
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takashi Agari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Aiko Shinko
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takaaki Wakamori
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Mihoko Okazaki
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ittetsu Kin
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Ken Kuwahara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masahiro Kameda
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takao Yasuhara
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Isao Date
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine
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24
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Nagoshi N, Okano H. Applications of induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2017; 141:848-860. [PMID: 28199003 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Numerous basic research studies have suggested the potential efficacy of neural precursor cell (NPC) transplantation in spinal cord injury (SCI). However, in most such studies, the origin of the cells used was mainly fetal tissue or embryonic stem cells, both of which carry potential ethical concerns with respect to clinical use. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) opened a new path toward regenerative medicine for SCI. iPSCs can be generated from somatic cells by induction of transcription factors, and induced to differentiate into NPCs with characteristics of cells of the central nervous system. The beneficial effect of iPSC-derived NPC transplantation has been reported from our group and others working in rodent and non-human primate models. These promising results facilitate the application of iPSCs for clinical applications in SCI patients. However, iPSCs also have issues, such as genetic/epigenetic abnormalities and tumorigenesis because of the artificial induction method, that must be addressed prior to clinical use. The selection of somatic cells, generation of integration-free iPSCs, and characterization of differentiated NPCs with thorough quality management are all needed to address these potential risks. To enhance the efficacy of the transplanted iPSC-NPCs, especially at chronic phase of SCI, administration of a chondroitinase or semaphorin3A inhibitor represents a potentially important means of promoting axonal regeneration through the lesion site. The combined use of rehabilitation with such cell therapy approaches is also important, as repetitive training enhances neurite outgrowth of transplanted cells and strengthens neural circuits at central pattern generators. Our group has already evaluated clinical grade iPSC-derived NPCs, and we look forward to initiating clinical testing as the next step toward determining whether this approach is safe and effective for clinical use. This article is part of the mini review series "60th Anniversary of the Japanese Society for Neurochemistry".
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of the sciatic nerve: assessment of fractional anisotropy and apparent diffusion coefficient values relative to the piriformis muscle, a preliminary study. Skeletal Radiol 2017; 46:309-314. [PMID: 28028573 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-016-2557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Piriformis muscle syndrome (PMS) is underdiagnosed. To evaluate the potential of diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography as innovative tools for the diagnosis of PMS by functional assessment of the sciatic nerve, the aims of this study are to assess the reproducibility and to evaluate the changes in the parameters at levels proximal and distal to the piriformis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fractional anisotropy (FA) and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of the sciatic nerve at three levels were quantified twice each by two examiners using the fiber-tracking method. In the first part of the study, laterality and reproducibility were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) in ten healthy volunteers. In the second part of the study, the healthy side and symptomatic side were assessed in ten consecutive patients with sciatica. There were three patients with no findings on lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS There was no laterality in either FA or ADC values in asymptomatic patients at any level. The mean intra-rater ICC was 0.90 and the mean inter-rater ICC was 0.87. FA was significantly lower and ADC significantly higher on the symptomatic side at each level in patients with sciatica. In the three sciatica patients with no findings on lumbar MRI, FA was significantly lower and ADC was significantly higher only at levels distal to the piriformis. These patients experienced full pain relief after ultrasound-guided injection of local anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography might be innovative tools for the diagnosis of PMS.
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Cohen Y, Anaby D, Morozov D. Diffusion MRI of the spinal cord: from structural studies to pathology. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3592. [PMID: 27598689 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion MRI is extensively used to study brain microarchitecture and pathologies, and water diffusion appears highly anisotropic in the white matter (WM) of the spinal cord (SC). Despite these facts, the use of diffusion MRI to study the SC, which has increased in recent years, is much less common than that in the brain. In the present review, after a brief outline of early studies of diffusion MRI (DWI) and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI) of the SC, we provide a short survey on DTI and on diffusion MRI methods beyond the tensor that have been used to study SC microstructure and pathologies. After introducing the porous view of WM and describing the q-space approach and q-space diffusion MRI (QSI), we describe other methodologies that can be applied to study the SC. Selected applications of the use of DTI, QSI, and other more advanced diffusion MRI methods to study SC microstructure and pathologies are presented, with some emphasis on the use of less conventional diffusion methodologies. Because of length constraints, we concentrate on structural studies and on a few selected pathologies. Examples of the use of diffusion MRI to study dysmyelination, demyelination as in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic SC injury are presented. We conclude with a brief summary and a discussion of challenges and future directions for diffusion MRI of the SC. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoram Cohen
- The Sackler School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Debbie Anaby
- The Sackler School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Darya Morozov
- The Sackler School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Walker J, MacLean J, Hatsopoulos NG. The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:273-285. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Jason MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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Okazaki R, Doi T, Hayakawa K, Morioka K, Imamura O, Takishima K, Hamanoue M, Sawada Y, Nagao M, Tanaka S, Ogata T. The crucial role of Erk2 in demyelinating inflammation in the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:235. [PMID: 27596241 PMCID: PMC5011945 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain inflammation is a crucial component of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Although the initiation of inflammatory processes by the production of cytokines and chemokines by immune cells is well characterized, the processes of inflammatory aggravation of demyelinating diseases remain obscure. Here, we examined the contribution of Erk2, one of the isoforms of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase, to demyelinating inflammation. METHODS We used the cuprizone-induced demyelinating mouse model. To examine the role of Erk2, we used Nestin-cre-driven Erk2-deficient mice. We also established primary culture of microglia or astrocytes in order to reveal the crosstalk between two cell types and to determine the downstream cascades of Erk2 in astrocytes. RESULTS First, we found that Erk is especially activated in astrocytes within the corpus callosum before the peak of demyelination (at 4 weeks after the start of cuprizone feeding). Then, we found that in our model, genetic ablation of Erk2 from neural cells markedly preserved myelin structure and motor function as measured by the rota-rod test. While the initial activation of microglia was not altered in Erk2-deficient mice, these mice showed reduced expression of inflammatory mediators at 3-4 model weeks. Furthermore, the subsequent inflammatory glial responses, characterized by accumulation of microglia and reactive astrocytes, were significantly attenuated in Erk2-deficient mice. These data indicate that Erk2 in astrocytes is involved in augmentation of inflammation and gliosis. We also found that activated, cultured microglia could induce Erk2 activation in cultured astrocytes and subsequent production of inflammatory mediators such as Ccl-2. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Erk2 activation in astrocytes plays a crucial role in aggravating demyelinating inflammation by inducing inflammatory mediators and gliosis. Thus, therapies targeting Erk2 function in glial cells may be a promising approach to the treatment of distinct demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rentaro Okazaki
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Doi
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Hayakawa
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Morioka
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Osamu Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, 3-1, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kunio Takishima
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical College, 3-1, Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Makoto Hamanoue
- Department of Physiology, Toho University, 5-21-16, Ohmorinishi, Ohta-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Motoshi Nagao
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The University of Tokyo, 3-7-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- Department of Rehabilitation for Movement Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-8555, Japan.
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Reduced FOV diffusion tensor MR imaging and fiber tractography of pediatric cervical spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 55:314-320. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Discrimination between Lumbar Intraspinal Stenosis and Foraminal Stenosis using Diffusion Tensor Imaging Parameters: Preliminary Results. Asian Spine J 2016; 10:327-34. [PMID: 27114775 PMCID: PMC4843071 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2016.10.2.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design Retrospective observational study. Purpose To examine fractional anisotropy (FA) values and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of damaged nerves to discriminate between lumbar intraspinal stenosis (IS) and foraminal stenosis (FS) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) Overview of Literature It is important in the selection of surgical procedure to discriminate between lumbar IS and FS, but such discrimination is difficult. Methods There were 9 cases of IS, 7 cases of FS, and 5 healthy controls. The regions of interest were established in the lumbar intraspinal zone (Iz), nerve root (N), and extraforaminal zone (Ez). The FA and ADC values were measured on the affected and unaffected sides of the nerves. The FA ratio and the ADC ratio were calculated as the affected side/unaffected side ×100 (%). Results In the Ez, the FA value was significantly lower in FS than in IS (p<0.01). FA ratio was significantly lower in FS than in IS for the Ez (p<0.01). In the Iz, the ADC value was significantly higher in IS than FS (p<0.01). ADC ratio was significantly higher in FS than in IS for the N and Ez (p<0.05). For the Ez, receiver operating characteristic analysis of parameters revealed that the FA values showed a higher accuracy for the diagnosis of FS than the ADC values, and the FA value cut-off value was 0.42 (sensitivity: 85.7%, false positive: 11.1%) and the FA ratio cut-off value was 83.9% (sensitivity: 85.7%, false positive: 22.2%). Conclusions The low FA value in the extraforaminal zone suggests the presence of foraminal stenosis. When the FA value and FA ratio cut-off value were established as 0.42 and 83.9%, respectively, the accuracy was high for the diagnosis of foraminal stenosis. It may be possible to use DTI parameters to help in the discrimination between IS and FS.
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Reliability of TMS metrics in patients with chronic incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord 2016; 54:980-990. [DOI: 10.1038/sc.2016.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Eguchi Y, Oikawa Y, Suzuki M, Orita S, Yamauchi K, Suzuki M, Aoki Y, Watanabe A, Takahashi K, Ohtori S. Diffusion tensor imaging of radiculopathy in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Bone Joint J 2016; 98-B:387-94. [DOI: 10.1302/0301-620x.98b3.36036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate the time course of changes in parameters of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) such as fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) in patients with symptomatic lumbar disc herniation. We also investigated the correlation between the severity of neurological symptoms and these parameters. Patients and Methods A total of 13 patients with unilateral radiculopathy due to herniation of a lumbar disc were investigated with DTI on a 1.5T MR scanner and underwent micro discectomy. There were nine men and four women, with a median age of 55.5 years (19 to 79). The changes in the mean FA and ADC values and the correlation between these changes and the severity of the neurological symptoms were investigated before and at six months after surgery. Results The mean FA values were significantly lower (p = 0.0005) and mean ADC values were significantly higher (p = 0.0115) in compressed nerves than in intact nerves. Although the FA values increased significantly at six months after surgical treatment (p = 0.020), the ADC values decreased but not significantly (p = 0.498). There were strong correlations between the DTI parameters such as the FA value and the severity of the neurological symptoms as assessed using the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score and the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ). Conclusion This preliminary study suggests that it may be possible to use DTI to diagnose, quantitatively evaluate and follow-up patients with lumbar nerve entrapment. Take home message: DTI is a potential tool for functional diagnosis of lumbar nerve damage. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:387–94.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Eguchi
- Shimoshizu National Hospital, 934-5, Shikawatashi, Yotsukaido, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - Y. Oikawa
- Chiba Children’s Hospital, 579-1
Heta-Chou, Midori-ku, Chiba, 266-0007, Japan
| | - M. Suzuki
- Shimoshizu National Hospital, 934-5, Shikawatashi, Yotsukaido, Chiba, 284-0003, Japan
| | - S. Orita
- Chiba University, 1-8-1
Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - K. Yamauchi
- Chiba University, 1-8-1
Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - M. Suzuki
- Chiba University, 1-8-1
Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Y. Aoki
- Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2, Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
| | - A. Watanabe
- Eastern Chiba Medical Center, 3-6-2, Okayamadai, Togane, Chiba, 283-8686, Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- Chiba University, 1-8-1
Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - S. Ohtori
- Chiba University, 1-8-1
Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Longitudinal study on diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion tensor tractography following spinal cord contusion injury in rats. Neuroradiology 2016; 58:607-614. [PMID: 26931783 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-016-1660-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as a potential technology has been used in spinal cord injury (SCI) studies, but the longitudinal evaluation of DTI parameters after SCI, and the correlation between DTI parameters and locomotor outcomes need to be defined. METHODS Adult Wistar rats (n = 6) underwent traumatic thoracic cord contusion by an NYU impactor. DTI and Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan datasets were collected pre-SCI and 1, 3, 7, 14, and 84 days post-SCI. Diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) of the spinal cord was also generated. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and connection rate of fibers at the injury epicenter and at 5 mm rostral/caudal to the epicenter were calculated. The variations of these parameters after SCI were observed by one-way analysis of variance and the correlations between these parameters and motor function were explored by Pearson's correlation. RESULTS FA at the epicenter decreased most remarkably on day 1 post-SCI (from 0.780 ± 0.012 to 0.330 ± 0.015), and continued to decrease slightly by day 3 post-SCI (0.313 ± 0.015), while other parameters decreased significantly over the first 3 days after SCI. DTT showed residual fibers concentrated on ventral and ventrolateral sides of the cord. Moreover, FA at the epicenter exhibited the strongest correlation (r = 0.887, p = 0.000) with the locomotion performance. CONCLUSION FA was sensitive to degeneration in white matter and DTT could directly reflect the distribution of the residual white matter. Moreover, days 1 to 3 post-SCI may be the optimal time window for SCI examination and therapy.
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Okano H, Miyawaki A, Kasai K. Brain/MINDS: brain-mapping project in Japan. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:rstb.2014.0310. [PMID: 25823872 PMCID: PMC4387516 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an emerging interest in brain-mapping projects in countries across the world, including the USA, Europe, Australia and China. In 2014, Japan started a brain-mapping project called Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS). Brain/MINDS aims to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain, and takes advantage of a unique non-human primate animal model, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). In Brain/MINDS, the RIKEN Brain Science Institute acts as a central institute. The objectives of Brain/MINDS can be categorized into the following three major subject areas: (i) structure and functional mapping of a non-human primate brain (the marmoset brain); (ii) development of innovative neurotechnologies for brain mapping; and (iii) human brain mapping; and clinical research. Brain/MINDS researchers are highly motivated to identify the neuronal circuits responsible for the phenotype of neurological and psychiatric disorders, and to understand the development of these devastating disorders through the integration of these three subject areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Okano
- Laboratory for Marmoset Neural Architecture, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Atsushi Miyawaki
- Laboratory for Cell Function Dynamics, Brain Science Institute RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
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Differential fMRI Activation Patterns to Noxious Heat and Tactile Stimuli in the Primate Spinal Cord. J Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26203144 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0583-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesoscale local functional organizations of the primate spinal cord are largely unknown. Using high-resolution fMRI at 9.4 T, we identified distinct interhorn and intersegment fMRI activation patterns to tactile versus nociceptive heat stimulation of digits in lightly anesthetized monkeys. Within a spinal segment, 8 Hz vibrotactile stimuli elicited predominantly fMRI activations in the middle part of ipsilateral dorsal horn (iDH), along with significantly weaker activations in ipsilateral (iVH) and contralateral (cVH) ventral horns. In contrast, nociceptive heat stimuli evoked widespread strong activations in the superficial part of iDH, as well as in iVH and contralateral dorsal (cDH) horns. As controls, only weak signal fluctuations were detected in the white matter. The iDH responded most strongly to both tactile and heat stimuli, whereas the cVH and cDH responded selectively to tactile versus nociceptive heat, respectively. Across spinal segments, iDH activations were detected in three consecutive segments in both tactile and heat conditions. Heat responses, however, were more extensive along the cord, with strong activations in iVH and cDH in two consecutive segments. Subsequent subunit B of cholera toxin tracer histology confirmed that the spinal segments showing fMRI activations indeed received afferent inputs from the stimulated digits. Comparisons of the fMRI signal time courses in early somatosensory area 3b and iDH revealed very similar hemodynamic stimulus-response functions. In summary, we identified with fMRI distinct segmental networks for the processing of tactile and nociceptive heat stimuli in the cervical spinal cord of nonhuman primates. Significance statement: This is the first fMRI demonstration of distinct intrasegmental and intersegmental nociceptive heat and touch processing circuits in the spinal cord of nonhuman primates. This study provides novel insights into the local functional organizations of the primate spinal cord for pain and touch, information that will be valuable for designing and optimizing therapeutic interventions for chronic pain management.
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Normal Values of Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters in the Cervical Spinal Cord. Asian Spine J 2015; 9:541-7. [PMID: 26240712 PMCID: PMC4522443 DOI: 10.4184/asj.2015.9.4.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Study Design Prospective study. Purpose We evaluated the usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in diagnosing patients with cervical myelopathy by determining the accuracy of normal DTI parameter values. Overview of Literature DTI can visualize white matter tracts in vivo and quantify anisotropy. DTI is known to be more sensitive than conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting subtle pathological changes of the spinal cord. Methods A total of 31 normal subjects (13 men and 18 women; age, 23-87 years; mean age, 46.0 years) were included in this study. The patients had no symptoms of myelopathy or radiculopathy. A Philips Achieva 3-Tesla MRI with SE-type Single Shot EPI was used to obtain diffusion tensor images. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) values were measured as DTI parameters on axial sections of several cervical levels. Subjects were divided into two groups: >40 years (n=16) and ≤40 years (n=15). A paired t-test was used to compare significant differences between the groups. ADC and FA values were most stable on axial sections. Results For all subjects, mean ADC and FA values were 1.06±0.09×10-3 mm2/sec and 0.68±0.05, respectively. ADC was significantly higher in subjects >40 years of age than in those ≤40 years. There was no significant difference in FA values between the two groups. The mean ADC value was significantly higher in normal subjects >40 years of age than in those ≤40 years. Conclusions It is important to consider age when evaluating cervical myelopathy by DTI.
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Iwai H, Shimada H, Nishimura S, Kobayashi Y, Itakura G, Hori K, Hikishima K, Ebise H, Negishi N, Shibata S, Habu S, Toyama Y, Nakamura M, Okano H. Allogeneic Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells Derived From Embryonic Stem Cells Promote Functional Recovery After Transplantation Into Injured Spinal Cord of Nonhuman Primates. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:708-19. [PMID: 26019226 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Previous studies have demonstrated that neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promote functional recovery in rodent animal models of spinal cord injury (SCI). Because distinct differences exist in the neuroanatomy and immunological responses between rodents and primates, it is critical to determine the effectiveness and safety of allografted embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived NS/PCs (ESC-NS/PCs) in a nonhuman primate SCI model. In the present study, common marmoset ESC-NS/PCs were grafted into the lesion epicenter 14 days after contusive SCI in adult marmosets (transplantation group). In the control group, phosphate-buffered saline was injected instead of cells. In the presence of a low-dose of tacrolimus, several grafted cells survived without tumorigenicity and differentiated into neurons, astrocytes, or oligodendrocytes. Significant differences were found in the transverse areas of luxol fast blue-positive myelin sheaths, neurofilament-positive axons, corticospinal tract fibers, and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1-positive vessels at the lesion epicenter between the transplantation and control groups. Immunoelectron microscopic examination demonstrated that the grafted ESC-NS/PC-derived oligodendrocytes contributed to the remyelination of demyelinated axons. In addition, some grafted neurons formed synaptic connections with host cells, and some transplanted neurons were myelinated by host cells. Eventually, motor functional recovery significantly improved in the transplantation group compared with the control group. In addition, a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay indicated that ESC-NS/PCs modulated the allogeneic immune rejection. Taken together, our results indicate that allogeneic transplantation of ESC-NS/PCs from a nonhuman primate promoted functional recovery after SCI without tumorigenicity. SIGNIFICANCE This study demonstrates that allogeneic embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) promoted functional recovery after transplantation into the injured spinal cord in nonhuman primates. ESC-NS/PCs were chosen because ESC-NS/PCs are one of the controls for induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NS/PCs and because ESC derivatives are possible candidates for clinical use. This translational research using an allograft model of a nonhuman primate is critical for clinical application of grafting NS/PCs derived from various allogeneic pluripotent stem cells, especially induced pluripotent stem cells, into injured spinal cord at the subacute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Iwai
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Shimada
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soraya Nishimura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiomi Kobayashi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Go Itakura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Hori
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hayao Ebise
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Negishi
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonoko Habu
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Toyama
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Nakamura
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan; Genomic Science Laboratories, Dainippon Sumitomo Pharma Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan; Department of Immunology, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Wang F, Li K, Mishra A, Gochberg D, Min Chen L, Gore JC. Longitudinal assessment of spinal cord injuries in nonhuman primates with quantitative magnetization transfer. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:1685-96. [PMID: 25960050 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility and specificity of quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) imaging for monitoring spinal cord injuries (SCIs). METHODS MRI scans were performed in anesthetized monkeys at 9.4T, before and serially after a unilateral lesion of the cervical spinal cord. A two-pool fitting model was used to derive qMT parameters. RESULTS qMT measures were reproducible across normal subjects, with an average pool size ratio (PSR) of 0.086 ± 0.003 (mean ± SD) for gray matter, and 0.120 ± 0.005 for white matter, respectively. Compared with normal gray matter, the PSR of abnormal tissues rostral and caudal to the injury site decreased by 19.5% (P < 0.05), while the PSR of the cyst-like volume decreased drastically weeks after SCI. Strong correlations in cyst-like regions were observed between PSR and other MRI measures including longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 ), apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy (FA). Decreased PSR and FA values correlated well with demyelination in abnormal tissues. CONCLUSION The qMT parameters provide robust and specific information about the molecular and cellular changes produced by SCI. PSR detected demyelination and loss of macromolecules in abnormal tissue regions rostral and caudal to the cyst/lesion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel Gochberg
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Min Chen
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Nagoshi N, Fehlings MG. Investigational drugs for the treatment of spinal cord injury: review of preclinical studies and evaluation of clinical trials from Phase I to II. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:645-58. [PMID: 25645889 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1009629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Efforts in basic research have clarified mechanisms involved in spinal cord injury (SCI), and resulted in positive findings using experimental treatments including cell transplantation and drug administration preclinically. Based on accumulated results, various clinical trials have begun for human SCI. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors focus on five investigational drugs: riluzole, minocycline, Rho protein antagonist, magnesium chloride in polyethylene glycol formulation, and basic fibroblast growth factor. All drugs have established safety and tolerability from Phase I clinical trials, and are now in Phase II. They have been proven to have neuroprotective and/or neuroregenerative effects in animal models of SCI. EXPERT OPINION To date, diverse drugs have been translated into clinical trials, but none have reached clinical application. A key gap was the lack of reliable biomarkers for SCI to fast-track Phase I/II trials. Furthermore, problems were often due to lack of adequate outcome assessments for both animal models and SCI patients. In order to advance clinical trials more quickly and with greater success, more clinically relevant animal models should be used in basic research. Clinically, it is indispensable to use appropriate outcome measurements and to construct a wide network among clinical centers to validate the efficacy of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narihito Nagoshi
- University Health Network, Toronto Western Hospital, Krembil Neuroscience Center , Toronto, ON M5T 2S8 , Canada +1 416 603 5229 ; +1 416 603 6274 ;
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Wang F, Qi HX, Zu Z, Mishra A, Tang C, Gore JC, Chen LM. Multiparametric MRI reveals dynamic changes in molecular signatures of injured spinal cord in monkeys. Magn Reson Med 2014; 74:1125-37. [PMID: 25334025 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To monitor the spontaneous recovery of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) using longitudinal multiparametric MRI methods. METHODS Quantitative MRI imaging including diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer (MT), and chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) were conducted in anesthetized squirrel monkeys at 9.4T. The structural, cellular, and molecular features of the spinal cord were examined before and at different time points after a dorsal column lesion in each monkey. RESULTS Images with MT contrast enhanced visualization of the gray and white matter boundaries and the lesion and permitted differentiation of core and rim compartments within an abnormal volume (AV). In the early weeks after SCI, both core and rim exhibited low cellular density and low protein content, with high levels of exchanging hydroxyl, amine, and amide protons, as evidenced by increased apparent diffusion coefficient, decreased fractional anisotropy, decreased MT ratio, decreased nuclear Overhauser effect, and large CEST effects. Over time, cellular density and fiber density increased, whereas amide, amine, and hydroxyl levels dropped significantly, but at differing rates. Histology confirmed the nature of the AV to be a cyst. CONCLUSION Multiparametric MRI offers a novel method to quantify the spontaneous changes in structure and cellular and molecular compositions of SC during spontaneous recovery from injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hui-Xin Qi
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zhongliang Zu
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Arabinda Mishra
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chaohui Tang
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John C Gore
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Li Min Chen
- Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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41
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Brain-mapping projects using the common marmoset. Neurosci Res 2014; 93:3-7. [PMID: 25264372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Globally, there is an increasing interest in brain-mapping projects, including the Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative project in the USA, the Human Brain Project (HBP) in Europe, and the Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies (Brain/MINDS) project in Japan. These projects aim to map the structure and function of neuronal circuits to ultimately understand the vast complexity of the human brain. Brain/MINDS is focused on structural and functional mapping of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) brain. This non-human primate has numerous advantages for brain mapping, including a well-developed frontal cortex and a compact brain size, as well as the availability of transgenic technologies. In the present review article, we discuss strategies for structural and functional mapping of the marmoset brain and the relation of the common marmoset to other animals models.
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Kelley BJ, Harel NY, Kim CY, Papademetris X, Coman D, Wang X, Hasan O, Kaufman A, Globinsky R, Staib LH, Cafferty WBJ, Hyder F, Strittmatter SM. Diffusion tensor imaging as a predictor of locomotor function after experimental spinal cord injury and recovery. J Neurotrauma 2014; 31:1362-73. [PMID: 24779685 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) causes long-term disability with limited functional recovery linked to the extent of axonal connectivity. Quantitative diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) of axonal integrity has been suggested as a potential biomarker for prognostic and therapeutic evaluation after trauma, but its correlation with functional outcomes has not been clearly defined. To examine this application, female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent midthoracic laminectomy followed by traumatic spinal cord contusion of differing severities or laminectomy without contusion. Locomotor scores and hindlimb kinematic data were collected for 4 weeks post-injury. Ex vivo DTI was then performed to assess axonal integrity using tractography and fractional anisotropy (FA), a numerical measure of relative white matter integrity, at the injury epicenter and at specific intervals rostral and caudal to the injury site. Immunohistochemistry for tissue sparing was also performed. Statistical correlation between imaging data and functional performance was assessed as the primary outcome. All injured animals showed some recovery of locomotor function, while hindlimb kinematics revealed graded deficits consistent with injury severity. Standard T2 magnetic resonance sequences illustrated conventional spinal cord morphology adjacent to contusions while corresponding FA maps indicated graded white matter pathology within these adjacent regions. Positive correlations between locomotor (Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score and gait kinematics) and imaging (FA values) parameters were also observed within these adjacent regions, most strongly within caudal segments beyond the lesion. Evaluation of axonal injury by DTI provides a mechanism for functional recovery assessment in a rodent SCI model. These findings suggest that focused DTI analysis of caudal spinal cord should be studied in human cases in relationship to motor outcome to augment outcome biomarkers for clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Kelley
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, Connecticut
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Differential cavitation, angiogenesis and wound-healing responses in injured mouse and rat spinal cords. Neuroscience 2014; 275:62-80. [PMID: 24929066 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The vascular disruption, blood vessel loss and cavitation that occur at spinal cord injury (SCI) epicenters in mice and rats are different, but few studies have compared the acute SCI response in the two species. This is of interest since key elements of the rat SCI response are shared with humans. In this study, we investigated acute SCI responses and characterized changes in pro- and anti-angiogenic factors and matrix deposition in both species. Cavitation was absent in mouse but the area of the lesion site was 21- and 27-fold larger at 8 and 15 days post-lesion (dpl), respectively, in the rat compared to intact control. The absence of wound cavitation in the mouse was correlated with increased levels of immunoreactive pro-angiogenic, pro-matrix and pro-wound-healing factors, e.g. laminin, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) within the wound, which were 6.0-, 2.9-, and 2.8-fold, respectively, higher in the mouse compared to rats at 8 dpl. Increased axonal sparing was observed after dorsal column (DC) injury, detected by higher levels of neurofilament 200 (NF200) immunoreactivity in the dorsal column of mice compared to rats at both T7 and T9 spinal segments. Despite similar post SCI deficits in plantar heat tests at 2h after injury (1.4- and 1.6-fold lower than control mice and rats, respectively), by 7 days the magnitude of these responses were comparable to sham-treated controls in both species, while no post-SCI changes in Von Frey hair filament test response were observed in either species. We conclude that the more robust angiogenesis/wound-healing response in the mouse attenuates post-injury wound cavitation. Although the spinal cord functions that were monitored post-injury were similarly affected in both species, we suggest that the quality of the angiogenesis/wound-healing response together with the diminished lesion size seen after mouse SCI may protect against secondary axon damage and create an environment more conducive to axon sprouting/regeneration. These results suggest the potential therapeutic utility of manipulating the angiogenic response after human SCI.
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Kishi N, Sato K, Sasaki E, Okano H. Common marmoset as a new model animal for neuroscience research and genome editing technology. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 56:53-62. [PMID: 24387631 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World primate; it originally comes from the Atlantic coastal forests in northeastern Brazil. It has been attracting much attention in the biomedical research field because of its size, availability, and unique biological characteristics. Its endocrinological and behavioral similarity to humans, comparative ease in handling, and high reproductive efficiency are very advantageous for neuroscience research. Recently, we developed transgenic common marmosets with germline transmission, and this technological breakthrough provides a potential paradigm shift by enabling researchers to investigate complex biological phenomena using genetically-modified non-human primates. In this review, we summarize recent progress in marmoset research, and also discuss a potential application of genome editing tools that should be useful toward the generation of knock-out/knock-in marmoset models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyuki Kishi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; RIKEN-Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
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Haro H. Translational research of herniated discs: current status of diagnosis and treatment. J Orthop Sci 2014; 19:515-20. [PMID: 24777237 PMCID: PMC4111856 DOI: 10.1007/s00776-014-0571-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lumbar herniated discs commonly occur in patients 20-40 years of age, and result in acute symptoms of shooting and intractable pain in the low back and/or lower extremities. However, the prognosis of these patients is considered to be very good. Moreover, 70% of these patients have been reported to be free from sciatica at approximately 6 months after the first onset. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have described the spontaneous resorption process of herniated discs, which is a major cause of the reduction of symptoms in patients. New advancements in MRI have recently been developed that have facilitated the examination of nerve tract fibers and identification of symptomatic nerve tissue. Furthermore, the mechanism underlying the resorption process of a herniated disc has been determined. Inflammatory cytokines such as TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, angiogenic factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor, and enzymes such as matrix metalloproteinases are intricately related to each other. In our previous studies, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been shown to play a crucial role in the initiation of herniated disc resorption. Therefore, we developed recombinant human MMP-7 for intradiscal therapy through an industry-university joint research program. We have already performed in vitro and in vivo experiments to confirm its efficacy; this therapy avoids the side effects associated with surgery, such as nerve tissue damage. Moreover, the phase 1/2 studies of recombinant human (rh) MMP-7 are currently ongoing in the United States, and careful monitoring is required for these clinical trials. In conclusion, patients with lumbar herniated discs may benefit from the development of a less invasive treatment for disc herniation, which can be applied even immediately after the onset of disease symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Haro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan,
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Seki F, Hikishima K, Nambu S, Okanoya K, Okano HJ, Sasaki E, Miura K, Okano H. Multidimensional MRI-CT atlas of the naked mole-rat brain (Heterocephalus glaber). Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:45. [PMID: 24391551 PMCID: PMC3868886 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Naked mole-rats have a variety of distinctive features such as the organization of a hierarchical society (known as eusociality), extraordinary longevity, and cancer resistance; thus, it would be worthwhile investigating these animals in detail. One important task is the preparation of a brain atlas database that provide comprehensive information containing multidimensional data with various image contrasts, which can be achievable using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Advanced MRI techniques such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), which generates high contrast images of fiber structures, can characterize unique morphological properties in addition to conventional MRI. To obtain high spatial resolution images, MR histology, DTI, and X-ray computed tomography were performed on the fixed adult brain. Skull and brain structures were segmented as well as reconstructed in stereotaxic coordinates. Data were also acquired for the neonatal brain to allow developmental changes to be observed. Moreover, in vivo imaging of naked mole-rats was established as an evaluation tool of live animals. The data obtained comprised three-dimensional (3D) images with high tissue contrast as well as stereotaxic coordinates. Developmental differences in the visual system were highlighted in particular by DTI. Although it was difficult to delineate optic nerves in the mature adult brain, parts of them could be distinguished in the immature neonatal brain. From observation of cortical thickness, possibility of high somatosensory system development replaced to the visual system was indicated. 3D visualization of brain structures in the atlas as well as the establishment of in vivo imaging would promote neuroimaging researches towards detection of novel characteristics of eusocial naked mole-rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Seki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Central Institute for Experimental Animals Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Keigo Hikishima
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Central Institute for Experimental Animals Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sanae Nambu
- Laboratory for Symbolic Cognitive Development, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Saitama, Japan
| | - Kazuo Okanoya
- Japan Science and Technology Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology Okanoya Emotional Information Project Saitama, Japan ; Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotaka J Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Sasaki
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Central Institute for Experimental Animals Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Miura
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Saitama, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine Tokyo, Japan ; Riken Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute Saitama, Japan
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Sawada K, Hikishima K, Murayama AY, Okano HJ, Sasaki E, Okano H. Fetal sulcation and gyrification in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) obtained by ex vivo magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroscience 2013; 257:158-74. [PMID: 24220690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study characterized fetal sulcation patterns and gyrification in the cerebrum of the New World monkey group, common marmosets, using a 3D T2-weighted high-resolution anatomical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence from the fixed brain at 7-tesla ex vivo. Fetal sulcation in the marmoset cerebrum began to indent the lateral fissure and hippocampal sulcus in gestational week (GW) 12, and then the following sulci emerged: the callosal and calcarine sulci on GW 15; the superior temporal sulcus on GW 17; and the circular and occipitotemporal sulci on GW 18. The degree of cortical convolution was evaluated quantitatively based on 2D MRI slices by the gyrification index (GI) and based on 3D MRI data by sulcation index (SI). Both the mean GI and SI increased from GW 16, and were closely correlated with the cortical volume and the cortical surface area during fetal periods (their correlation coefficients marked more than 0.95). After birth, both the mean GI and SI decreased slightly by 2years of age, whereas the cortical volume and surface area continuously increased. Notably, histological analysis showed that the outer subventricular zone (oSVZ) in non-sulcal regions was thicker than that in the presumptive calcarine sulcal region on GW 13, preceding the infolding of the calcarine sulcus. The present results showed definite sulcal infolding on the cerebral cortical surface of the marmosets, with similar pattern and sequence of their emergences to other higher-order primates such as macaques and humans. Differential expansion of the oSVZ may be involved in gyral convolution and sulcal infolding in the developing cerebrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sawada
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Tsukuba International University, Tsuchiura, Japan.
| | - K Hikishima
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - A Y Murayama
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - H J Okano
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Sasaki
- Central Institute for Experimental Animals, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - H Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; RIKEN Keio University Joint Research Laboratory, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan.
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Chin Y, Kishi M, Sekino M, Nakajo F, Abe Y, Terazono Y, Hiroyuki O, Kato F, Koizumi S, Gachet C, Hisatsune T. Involvement of glial P2Y₁ receptors in cognitive deficit after focal cerebral stroke in a rodent model. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:95. [PMID: 23890321 PMCID: PMC3733849 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation is associated with many conditions that lead to dementia, such as cerebrovascular disorders or Alzheimer's disease. However, the specific role of neuroinflammation in the progression of cognitive deficits remains unclear. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying these events we used a rodent model of focal cerebral stroke, which causes deficits in hippocampus-dependent cognitive function. METHODS Cerebral stroke was induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Hippocampus-dependent cognitive function was evaluated by a contextual fear conditioning test. The glial neuroinflammatory responses were investigated by immunohistochemical evaluation and diffusion tensor MRI (DTI). We used knockout mice for P2Y₁ (P2Y₁KO), a glial ADP/ATP receptor that induces the release of proinflammatory cytokines, to examine the links among P2Y₁-mediated signaling, the neuroinflammatory response, and cognitive function. RESULTS Declines in cognitive function and glial neuroinflammatory response were observed after MCAO in both rats and mice. Changes in the hippocampal tissue were detected by DTI as the mean diffusivity (MD) value, which corresponded with the cognitive decline at 4 days, 1 week, 3 weeks, and 2 months after MCAO. Interestingly, the P2Y₁KO mice with MCAO showed a decline in sensory-motor function, but not in cognition. Furthermore, the P2Y₁KO mice showed neither a hippocampal glial neuroinflammatory response (as assessed by immunohistochemistry) nor a change in hippocampal MD value after MCAO. In addition, wild-type mice treated with a P2Y₁-specific antagonist immediately after reperfusion did not show cognitive decline. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that glial P2Y₁ receptors are involved in the hippocampal inflammatory response. The findings from this study may contribute to the development of a therapeutic strategy for brain infarction, targeting the P2Y₁ receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo Chin
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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In vivo tracing of neural tracts in tiptoe walking Yoshimura mice by diffusion tensor tractography. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2013; 38:E66-72. [PMID: 23124261 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31827aacc2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic imaging experiment. OBJECTIVE To determine whether in vivo diffusion tensor tractography (DTT) can be used to evaluate the axonal disruption of the chronically compressed spinal cord in tiptoe walking Yoshimura (twy) mice. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament, axonal disruption results in motor and sensory functional impairment. Twy mice develop spontaneous calcification in the cervical ligaments, which causes chronic compression of the spinal cord. DTT is emerging as a powerful tool for tracing axonal fibers in vivo. METHODS Five twy mice were subjected to DTT at 6, 15, and 20 weeks of age. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed using a 7.0-Tesla magnet (Biospec 70/16; Billerica, MA) with a CryoProbe. Diffusion tensor images were analyzed using TrackVis (Massachusetts General Hospital, MA). Motor performance was evaluated by Rotarod treadmill test and Digigait analysis. Histological analysis was performed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and immunostaining for RT-97 and SMI-31. RESULTS High resolution DTT of twy mice in vivo was successful. A lower number of RT-97- or SMI-31-positive fibers were associated with more severe spinal cord compression, which was determined by observing the ligamentous calcification at the C2-C3 level in each twy mouse. The severity of canal stenosis based on magnetic resonance images was strongly correlated with the axial area of the spinal cord. The tract fiber (TF) ratio (the number of TFs at the C2-C3 level/the number of TFs at the C0-C1 level) was strongly correlated with the RT-97/SMI-31-positive area and with motor function (rotarod latency, stride length). Furthermore, a two-part linear regression analysis showed that canal stenosis around 50% to 60% caused a sharp decrease in the TF ratio before the deterioration of motor function. CONCLUSION We conclude that DTT could be useful for detecting the early changes associated with the compressed spinal cord in cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament.
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Hikishima K, Sawada K, Murayama A, Komaki Y, Kawai K, Sato N, Inoue T, Itoh T, Momoshima S, Iriki A, Okano H, Sasaki E, Okano H. Atlas of the developing brain of the marmoset monkey constructed using magnetic resonance histology. Neuroscience 2013; 230:102-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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