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Maroon M, Haddad F, Doornaert E, Allman B, Schmid S. Investigating gene-environment interaction on attention in a double-hit model for Autism Spectrum Disorder. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299380. [PMID: 38748694 PMCID: PMC11095761 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental behavioral disorder characterized by social, communicative, and motor deficits. There is no single etiological cause for ASD, rather, there are various genetic and environmental factors that increase the risk for ASD. It is thought that some of these factors influence the same underlying neural mechanisms, and that an interplay of both genetic and environmental factors would better explain the pathogenesis of ASD. To better appreciate the influence of genetic-environment interaction on ASD-related behaviours, rats lacking a functional copy of the ASD-linked gene Cntnap2 were exposed to maternal immune activation (MIA) during pregnancy and assessed in adolescence and adulthood. We hypothesized that Cntnap2 deficiency interacts with poly I:C MIA to aggravate ASD-like symptoms in the offspring. In this double-hit model, we assessed attention, a core deficit in ASD due to prefrontal cortical dysfunction. We employed a well-established attentional paradigm known as the 5-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT). Cntnap2-/- rats exhibited greater perseverative responses which is indicative of repetitive behaviors. Additionally, rats exposed to poly I:C MIA exhibited premature responses, a marker of impulsivity. The rats exposed to both the genetic and environmental challenge displayed an increase in impulsive activity; however, this response was only elicited in the presence of an auditory distractor. This implies that exacerbated symptomatology in the double-hit model may situation-dependent and not generally expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Maroon
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Faraj Haddad
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Ella Doornaert
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Allman
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Susanne Schmid
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Anatomy & Cell Biology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- Psychology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Bundt C, Huster RJ. Corticospinal excitability reductions during action preparation and action stopping in humans: Different sides of the same inhibitory coin? Neuropsychologia 2024; 195:108799. [PMID: 38218313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2024.108799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Motor functions and cognitive processes are closely associated with each other. In humans, this linkage is reflected in motor system state changes both when an action must be prepared and stopped. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation showed that both action preparation and action stopping are accompanied by a reduction of corticospinal excitability, referred to as preparatory and response inhibition, respectively. While previous efforts have been made to describe both phenomena extensively, an updated and comprehensive comparison of the two phenomena is lacking. To ameliorate such deficit, this review focuses on the role and interpretation of single-coil (single-pulse and paired-pulse) and dual-coil TMS outcome measures during action preparation and action stopping in humans. To that effect, it aims to identify commonalities and differences, detailing how TMS-based outcome measures are affected by states, traits, and psychopathologies in both processes. Eventually, findings will be compared, and open questions will be addressed to aid future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - René J Huster
- Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Dolfini E, Cardellicchio P, Fadiga L, D'Ausilio A. The role of dorsal premotor cortex in joint action inhibition. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4675. [PMID: 38409309 PMCID: PMC10897189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54448-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Behavioral interpersonal coordination requires smooth negotiation of actions in time and space (joint action-JA). Inhibitory control may play a role in fine-tuning appropriate coordinative responses. To date, little research has been conducted on motor inhibition during JA and on the modulatory influence that premotor areas might exert on inhibitory control. Here, we used an interactive task in which subjects were required to reach and open a bottle using one hand. The bottle was held and stabilized by a co-actor (JA) or by a mechanical holder (vice clamp, no-JA). We recorded two TMS-based indices of inhibition (short-interval intracortical inhibition-sICI; cortical silent period-cSP) during the reaching phase of the task. These reflect fast intracortical (GABAa-mediated) and slow corticospinal (GABAb-mediated) inhibition. Offline continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) was used to interfere with dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), ventral premotor cortex (PMv), and control site (vertex) before the execution of the task. Our results confirm a dissociation between fast and slow inhibition during JA coordination and provide evidence that premotor areas drive only slow inhibitory mechanisms, which in turn may reflect behavioral co-adaptation between trials. Exploratory analyses further suggest that PMd, more than PMv, is the key source of modulatory drive sculpting movements, according to the socio-interactive context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Dolfini
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pasquale Cardellicchio
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luciano Fadiga
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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Denyer R, Greeley B, Greenhouse I, Boyd LA. Interhemispheric inhibition between dorsal premotor and primary motor cortices is released during preparation of unimanual but not bimanual movements. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:415-433. [PMID: 38145976 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Previous research applying transcranial magnetic stimulation during unimanual reaction time tasks indicates a transient change in the inhibitory influence of the dorsal premotor cortex over the contralateral primary motor cortex shortly after the presentation of an imperative stimulus. The degree of interhemispheric inhibition from the dorsal premotor cortex to the contralateral primary motor cortex shifts depending on whether the targeted effector representation in the primary motor cortex is selected for movement. Further, the timing of changes in inhibition covaries with the selection demands of the reaction time task. Less is known about modulation of dorsal premotor to primary motor cortex interhemispheric inhibition during the preparation of bimanual movements. In this study, we used a dual coil transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure dorsal premotor to primary motor cortex interhemispheric inhibition between both hemispheres during unimanual and bimanual simple reaction time trials. Interhemispheric inhibition was measured early and late in the 'pre-movement period' (defined as the period immediately after the onset of the imperative stimulus and before the beginning of voluntary muscle activity). We discovered that interhemispheric inhibition was more facilitatory early in the pre-movement period compared with late in the pre-movement period during unimanual reaction time trials. In contrast, interhemispheric inhibition was unchanged throughout the pre-movement period during symmetrical bimanual reaction time trials. These results suggest that there is greater interaction between the dorsal premotor cortex and contralateral primary motor cortex during the preparation of unimanual actions compared to bimanual actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Denyer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Greeley
- Fraser Health Authority, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Desmons M, Cherif A, Rohel A, de Oliveira FCL, Mercier C, Massé-Alarie H. Corticomotor Control of Lumbar Erector Spinae in Postural and Voluntary Tasks: The Influence of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Current Direction. eNeuro 2024; 11:ENEURO.0454-22.2023. [PMID: 38167617 PMCID: PMC10883751 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0454-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lumbar erector spinae (LES) contribute to spine postural and voluntary control. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) preferentially depolarizes different neural circuits depending on the direction of electrical currents evoked in the brain. Posteroanterior current (PA-TMS) and anteroposterior (AP-TMS) current would, respectively, depolarize neurons in the primary motor cortex (M1) and the premotor cortex. These regions may contribute differently to LES control. This study examined whether responses evoked by PA- and AP-TMS are different during the preparation and execution of LES voluntary and postural tasks. Participants performed a reaction time task. A Warning signal indicated to prepare to flex shoulders (postural; n = 15) or to tilt the pelvis (voluntary; n = 13) at the Go signal. Single- and paired-pulse TMS (short-interval intracortical inhibition-SICI) were applied using PA- and AP-TMS before the Warning signal (baseline), between the Warning and Go signals (preparation), or 30 ms before the LES onset (execution). Changes from baseline during preparation and execution were calculated in AP/PA-TMS. In the postural task, MEP amplitude was higher during the execution than that during preparation independently of the current direction (p = 0.0002). In the voluntary task, AP-MEP amplitude was higher during execution than that during preparation (p = 0.016). More PA inhibition (SICI) was observed in execution than that in preparation (p = 0.028). Different neural circuits are preferentially involved in the two motor tasks assessed, as suggested by different patterns of change in execution of the voluntary task (AP-TMS, increase; PA-TMS, no change). Considering that PA-TMS preferentially depolarize neurons in M1, it questions their importance in LES voluntary control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikaël Desmons
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Amira Cherif
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Antoine Rohel
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Fábio Carlos Lucas de Oliveira
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Catherine Mercier
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Hugo Massé-Alarie
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation and Social Integration (Cirris), CIUSSS de la Capitale-Nationale, Quebec City, Quebec G1M 2S8, Canada
- Rehabilitation Department, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 0A6, Canada, G1V 0A6
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Guo T, Wang X, Wu J, Schwieter WJ, Liu H. Effects of contextualized emotional conflict control on domain-general conflict control: fMRI evidence of neural network reconfiguration. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2024; 19:nsae001. [PMID: 38174430 PMCID: PMC10868129 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsae001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Domain-general conflict control refers to the cognitive process in which individuals suppress task-irrelevant information and extract task-relevant information. It supports both effective implementation of cognitive conflict control and emotional conflict control. The present study employed functional magnetic resonance imaging and adopted an emotional valence conflict task and the arrow version of the flanker task to induce contextualized emotional conflicts and cognitive conflicts, respectively. The results from the conjunction analysis showed that the multitasking-related activity in the pre-supplementary motor area, bilateral dorsal premotor cortices, the left posterior intraparietal sulcus (IPS), the left anterior IPS and the right inferior occipital gyrus represents common subprocesses for emotional and cognitive conflict control, either in parallel or in close succession. These brain regions were used as nodes in the domain-general conflict control network. The results from the analyses on the brain network connectivity patterns revealed that emotional conflict control reconfigures the domain-general conflict control network in a connective way as evidenced by different communication and stronger connectivity among the domain-general conflict control network. Together, these findings offer the first empirical-based elaboration on the brain network underpinning emotional conflict control and how it reconfigures the domain-general conflict control network in interactive ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
| | - Xiyuan Wang
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
| | - Junjie Wu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - W. John Schwieter
- Language Acquisition, Multilingualism, and Cognition Laboratory/Bilingualism Matters, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L3C5, Canada
- Department of Linguistics and Languages, McMaster University, Hamilton L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Huanhuan Liu
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
- Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Dalian, Liaoning Province 116029, China
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Quoilin C, Chaise F, Duque J, de Timary P. Relationship between transcranial magnetic stimulation markers of motor control and clinical recovery in obsessive compulsive disorder/Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a proof of concept case study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1307344. [PMID: 38304284 PMCID: PMC10832049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1307344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by difficulties in controlling intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and undesired actions (tics), respectively. Both conditions have been associated with abnormal inhibition but a tangible deficit of inhibitory control abilities is controversial in GTS. Methods Here, we examined a 25 years-old male patient with severe OCD symptoms and a mild form of GTS, where impairments in motor control were central. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied over the primary motor cortex (M1) to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) during four experimental sessions, allowing us to assess the excitability of motor intracortical circuitry at rest as well as the degree of MEP suppression during action preparation, a phenomenon thought to regulate movement initiation. Results When tested for the first time, the patient presented a decent level of MEP suppression during action preparation, but he exhibited a lack of intracortical inhibition at rest, as evidenced by reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI). Interestingly, the patient's symptomatology drastically improved over the course of the sessions (reduced obsessions and tics), coinciding with feedback given on his good motor control abilities. These changes were reflected in the TMS measurements, with a significant strengthening of intracortical inhibition (SICI and LICI more pronounced than previously) and a more selective tuning of MEPs during action preparation; MEPs became even more suppressed, or selectively facilitated depending on the behavioral condition in which they we probed. Conclusion This study highlights the importance of better understanding motor inhibitory mechanisms in neurodevelopmental disorders and suggests a biofeedback approach as a potential novel treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fostine Chaise
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Philippe de Timary
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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Lawson L, Spivak S, Webber H, Yasin S, Goncalves B, Tarrio O, Ash S, Ferrol M, Ibragimov A, Olivares AG, Keenan JP. Alterations in Brain Activity Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Their Relation to Decision Making. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1366. [PMID: 37997965 PMCID: PMC10669435 DOI: 10.3390/biology12111366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the intricate dynamics between conscious choice and neural processes is crucial for unraveling the complexity of human decision-making. This study investigates the effects of inhibitory Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) on choice bias, shedding light on the malleability of cognitive-motor functions involved in decisions. While reaction times remained unaffected, inhibitory TMS to either the left or right motor cortex led to a significant bias in screen side preference during a choice task. These findings suggest that our cognitive-motor processes underlying decision-making can be unconsciously influenced by TMS. Furthermore, analysis of choice attribution categories revealed individual variability, emphasizing the complex nature of the decision-making process. These insights contribute to the ongoing exploration of the neural mechanisms governing human choice. As the neural basis of free will continues to captivate scientific inquiry, this research advances our understanding of the intricate relationship between neural circuits and conscious intention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexie Lawson
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Stephanie Spivak
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Heather Webber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA;
| | - Saeed Yasin
- New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | - Briana Goncalves
- School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ 07079, USA;
| | - Olivia Tarrio
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Sydney Ash
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Maria Ferrol
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Athenia Ibragimov
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Alejandro Gili Olivares
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
| | - Julian Paul Keenan
- Cognitive Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Biology, Montclair State University, 320 Science Hall, Montclair, NJ 07043, USA; (L.L.); (S.S.); (O.T.); (S.A.); (M.F.); (A.I.); (A.G.O.)
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Parreira RB, Oliveira CS. Improvement of motor control in neurological patients through motor evoked potential changes induced by transcranial direct current stimulation therapy: A meta-analysis study. Gait Posture 2023; 106:53-64. [PMID: 37660514 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2023.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) seems to facilitate and/or inhibit neural activity and improve motor function in neurological patients. However, it is important to confirm such improvements as well as determine the association between neurophysiological changes and the enhancement of motor control. RESEARCH QUESTION Does the improvement of motor control in neurological patients after transcranial direct current stimulation translate into changes in the motor evoked potential? METHODS A systematic electronic search strategy was employed to identify studies indexed in the PubMed, BIREME, and COCHRANE databases using a combination of search terms adapted to each database: transcranial direct current stimulation; evoked potential motor; and motor control. Relevant data was extracted from each selected article and methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Standard mean differences with 95% confidence intervals were pooled using a random-effects model. Moreover, standard methods were employed for assessment of the heterogeneity of the studies. RESULTS Thirteen articles were included in this review. Anodal tDCS was found to increase the amplitude and diminish the latency of the MEP, which correlated positively with improvements in motor control. However, the improvement in MEP did not persist over time. SIGNIFICANCE Despite the paucity of studies, positive effects are found when combining anodal tDCS and a therapeutic intervention, such as an improvement in MEP and better motor control in neurological patients. Future studies should include neurophysiological measures other than MEP and consider a homogenous analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Borges Parreira
- Health Sciences Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Doutor Cesário Motta Júnior st. #61, zip code 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; PostureLab, 20 rue du rendez-vous, 75012 Paris, France; Universidade Evangelica de Goias, Universitária av. 3,5 - Cidade Universitária, zip code: 75083-515, Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Santos Oliveira
- Health Sciences Program, Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de Sao Paulo, Doutor Cesário Motta Júnior st. #61, zip code 01221-020, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Universidade Evangelica de Goias, Universitária av. 3,5 - Cidade Universitária, zip code: 75083-515, Anápolis, GO, Brazil.
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Weidacker K, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Whiteford S, Ren Q, Zhang C, Voon V. Methadone maintenance treatment and impulsivity: premature responding. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2023; 45:606-617. [PMID: 37916529 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2023.2276483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous research showed that methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is linked to impulsivity, with higher impulsivity levels being associated with for example, increased drug use. One aspect of impulsivity, most commonly studied in rodent research, is premature responding, the failure to wait for a starting signal. Premature responding is of high translational significance since it predicts the development of addiction-like behaviors in rodents. METHODS We assessed 45 MMT patients and 46 demographically matched (age, sex, education, and handedness) healthy volunteers (HVs) on premature responding alongside action and inhibition of instructed and intentional trials using the Intentional Hand Task (IHT). RESULTS The results showed markedly enhanced premature responses in the MMT vs. the HV group, which correlated positively with methadone dosage in the MMT patients. Throughout the task, MMT patients were faster across all trial parts and less accurate in response to instructed trials compared to HVs. CONCLUSIONS The increase in premature motor reactions during variable waiting periods alongside increased motion speed and lower accuracy might reflect a specific motor inhibition deficit in MMT, a subcomponent of impulsivity not previously assessed in MMT. Incorporating an experimentally defined measure of impulsivity, such as premature responding, into existing test batteries used by clinicians might enable more tailored treatments addressing the increased impulsivity levels and associated dysfunctional behaviors in MMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weidacker
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yijie Zhao
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Pudong New Area Mental Health Center, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Seb Whiteford
- School of Psychology, Swansea University, Wales, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Qihuan Ren
- Department of Psychiatry, Shanghai Hongkou Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Chencheng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Neuroscience Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Functional Neurosurgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Cambridgeshire and Peterborough NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
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Denyer R, Greenhouse I, Boyd LA. PMd and action preparation: bridging insights between TMS and single neuron research. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:759-772. [PMID: 37244800 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research has furthered understanding of human dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) function due to its unrivalled ability to measure the inhibitory and facilitatory influences of PMd over the primary motor cortex (M1) in a temporally precise manner. TMS research indicates that PMd transiently modulates inhibitory output to effector representations within M1 during motor preparation, with the direction of modulation depending on which effectors are selected for response, and the timing of modulations co-varying with task selection demands. In this review, we critically assess this literature in the context of a dynamical systems approach used to model nonhuman primate (NHP) PMd/M1 single-neuron recordings during action preparation. Through this process, we identify gaps in the literature and propose future experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Denyer
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada.
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97401, USA
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T1Z3, Canada
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12
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Martinez-Tejada LA, Imakura Y, Cho YT, Minati L, Yoshimura N. Differential processing of intrinsic vs. extrinsic coordinates in wrist movement: connectivity and chronometry perspectives. Front Neuroinform 2023; 17:1199862. [PMID: 37492243 PMCID: PMC10364451 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2023.1199862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This study explores brain-network differences between the intrinsic and extrinsic motor coordinate frames. A connectivity model showing the coordinate frames difference was obtained using brain fMRI data of right wrist isometric flexions and extensions movements, performed in two forearm postures. The connectivity model was calculated by machine-learning-based neural representation and effective functional connectivity using psychophysiological interaction and dynamic causal modeling analyses. The model indicated the network difference wherein the inferior parietal lobule receives extrinsic information from the rostral lingual gyrus through the superior parietal lobule and transmits intrinsic information to the Handknob, whereas extrinsic information is transmitted to the Handknob directly from the rostral lingual gyrus. A behavioral experiment provided further evidence on the difference between motor coordinate frames showing onset timing delay of muscle activity of intrinsic coordinate-directed wrist movement compared to extrinsic one. These results suggest that, if the movement is externally directed, intrinsic coordinate system information is bypassed to reach the primary motor area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuji Imakura
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ying-Tung Cho
- School of Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ludovico Minati
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Mattarello, Italy
| | - Natsue Yoshimura
- School of Computing, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
- Neural Information Analysis Laboratories, ATR, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Yang J, Fu R, Hao Z, Lin N, Cheng X, Ma J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Lo WLA, Yu Q, Wang C. The immediate effects of iTBS on the muscle activation pattern under challenging balance conditions in the patients with chronic low back pain: A preliminary study. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1135689. [PMID: 36998734 PMCID: PMC10045989 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1135689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundThe patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) showed impaired postural control, especially in challenging postural task. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is reported to involve in the complex balance task, which required considerable attentional control. The effect of intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) over the DLPFC to the capacity of postural control of CLBP patients is still unknown.MethodsParticipants diagnosed with CLBP received a single-session iTBS over the left DLPFC. All the participants completed the postural control tasks of single-leg (left/right) standing before and after iTBS. The activation changes of the DLPFC and M1 before and after iTBS were recorded by functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). The activation pattern of the trunk [transversus abdominis (TrA), superficial lumbar multifidus (SLM)] and leg [tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius medialis (GM)] muscles including root mean square (RMS) and co-contraction index (CCI) during single-leg standing were measured by surface electromyography (sEMG) before and after the intervention. The paired t-test was used to test the difference before and after iTBS. Pearson correlation analyses were performed to test the relationship between the oxyhemoglobin concentration and sEMG outcome variables (RMS and CCI).ResultsOverall, 20 participants were recruited. In the right-leg standing condition, compared with before iTBS, the CCI of the right TrA/SLM was significantly decreased (t = −2.172, p = 0.043), and the RMS of the right GM was significantly increased (t = 4.024, p = 0.001) after iTBS. The activation of the left DLPFC (t = 2.783, p = 0.012) and left M1 (t = 2.752, p = 0.013) were significantly decreased and the relationship between the left DLPFC and M1 was significant after iTBS (r = 0.575, p = 0.014). Correlation analysis showed the hemoglobin concentration of M1 was negatively correlated with the RMS of the right GM (r = −0.659, p = 0.03) and positively correlated between CCI of the right TrA/SLM (r = 0.503, p = 0.047) after iTBS. There was no significant difference in the brain or muscle activation change in the left leg-standing condition between before and after iTBS.ConclusionIntermittent theta burst stimulation over the left DLPFC seems to be able to improve the muscle activation pattern during postural control ability in challenging postural task, which would provide a new approach to the treatment of CLBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruochen Fu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zengming Hao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanhe Lin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xue Cheng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Ma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wai Leung Ambrose Lo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rehabilitation Medicine and Translation, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuhua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuhua Yu,
| | - Chuhuai Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Chuhuai Wang,
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14
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Ding X, Li X, Xu M, He Z, Jiang H. The effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on electroencephalography microstates of patients with heroin-addiction. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2023; 329:111594. [PMID: 36724624 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation in treating substance use disorders are gaining attention; however, most existing studies used subjective measures to examine the treatment effects. Objective electroencephalography (EEG)-based microstate analysis is important for measuring the efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with heroin addiction. We investigated dynamic brain activity changes in individuals with heroin addiction after transcranial magnetic stimulation using microstate indicators. Thirty-two patients received intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Resting-state EEG data were collected pre-intervention and 10 days post-intervention. The feature values of the significantly different microstate classes were computed using a K-means clustering algorithm. Four EEG microstate classes (A-D) were noted. There were significant increases in the duration, occurrence, and contribution of microstate class A after the iTBS intervention. K-means classification accuracy reached 81.5%. The EEG microstate is an effective improvement indicator in patients with heroin addiction treated with iTBS. Microstates were examined using machine learning; this method effectively classified the pre- and post-intervention cohorts among patients with heroin addiction and healthy individuals. Using EEG microstate to measure heroin addiction and further exploring the effect of iTBS in patients with heroin addiction merit clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ding
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ming Xu
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zijing He
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Heng Jiang
- School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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15
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Uehara S, Mawase F, Cherry-Allen KM, Runnalls K, Khan M, Celnik P. No Polarity-specific Modulation of Prefrontal-to-M1 Interhemispheric Inhibition by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Over the Lateral Prefrontal Cortex. Neuroscience 2023; 513:54-63. [PMID: 36708800 PMCID: PMC10086761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a variety of crucial roles in higher-order cognitive functions. Previous works have attempted to modulate lateral PFC function by applying non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and demonstrated positive effects on performance of tasks involving cognitive processes. The neurophysiological underpinning of the stimulation effects, however, remain poorly understood. Here, we explored the neurophysiological after-effects of tDCS over the lateral PFC by assessing changes in the magnitude of interhemispheric inhibition from the lateral PFC to the contralateral primary motor cortex (PFC-M1 IHI). Using a dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation paradigm, we assessed PFC-M1 IHI before and after the application of tDCS over the right lateral PFC. We conducted a double-blinded, crossover, and counterbalanced design where 15 healthy volunteers participated in three sessions during which they received either anodal, cathodal, and sham tDCS. In order to determine whether PFC-M1 IHI could be modulated at all, we completed the same assessment on a separate group of 15 participants as they performed visuo-motor reaction tasks that likely engage the lateral PFC. The results showed that tDCS over the right lateral PFC did not modulate the magnitude of PFC-M1 IHI, whereas connectivity changed when Go/NoGo decisions were implemented in reactions during the motor tasks. Although PFC-M1 IHI is sensitive enough to be modulated by behavioral manipulations, tDCS over the lateral PFC does not have substantial modulatory effects on PFC to M1 functional connectivity, or at least not to the degree that can be detected with this measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Uehara
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Firas Mawase
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Kendra M Cherry-Allen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keith Runnalls
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maheen Khan
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pablo Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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16
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Van Malderen S, Hehl M, Verstraelen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K. Dual-site TMS as a tool to probe effective interactions within the motor network: a review. Rev Neurosci 2023; 34:129-221. [PMID: 36065080 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (ds-TMS) is well suited to investigate the causal effect of distant brain regions on the primary motor cortex, both at rest and during motor performance and learning. However, given the broad set of stimulation parameters, clarity about which parameters are most effective for identifying particular interactions is lacking. Here, evidence describing inter- and intra-hemispheric interactions during rest and in the context of motor tasks is reviewed. Our aims are threefold: (1) provide a detailed overview of ds-TMS literature regarding inter- and intra-hemispheric connectivity; (2) describe the applicability and contributions of these interactions to motor control, and; (3) discuss the practical implications and future directions. Of the 3659 studies screened, 109 were included and discussed. Overall, there is remarkable variability in the experimental context for assessing ds-TMS interactions, as well as in the use and reporting of stimulation parameters, hindering a quantitative comparison of results across studies. Further studies examining ds-TMS interactions in a systematic manner, and in which all critical parameters are carefully reported, are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti Van Malderen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Melina Hehl
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Department of Movement Sciences, Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee 3001, Belgium.,Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
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17
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Betti S, Zani G, Guerra S, Granziol U, Castiello U, Begliomini C, Sartori L. When Corticospinal Inhibition Favors an Efficient Motor Response. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020332. [PMID: 36829607 PMCID: PMC9953307 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Many daily activities involve responding to the actions of other people. However, the functional relationship between the motor preparation and execution phases still needs to be clarified. With the combination of different and complementary experimental techniques (i.e., motor excitability measures, reaction times, electromyography, and dyadic 3-D kinematics), we investigated the behavioral and neurophysiological signatures characterizing different stages of a motor response in contexts calling for an interactive action. Participants were requested to perform an action (i.e., stirring coffee or lifting a coffee cup) following a co-experimenter's request gesture. Another condition, in which a non-interactive gesture was used, was also included. Greater corticospinal inhibition was found when participants prepared their motor response after observing an interactive request, compared to a non-interactive gesture. This, in turn, was associated with faster and more efficient action execution in kinematic terms (i.e., a social motor priming effect). Our results provide new insights on the inhibitory and facilitatory drives guiding social motor response generation. Altogether, the integration of behavioral and neurophysiological indexes allowed us to demonstrate that a more efficient action execution followed a greater corticospinal inhibition. These indexes provide a full picture of motor activity at both planning and execution stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Betti
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Bologna, Viale Rasi e Spinelli 176, 47521 Cesena, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giovanni Zani
- School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington, Kelburn Parade 20, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Silvia Guerra
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Granziol
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Castiello
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padua Center for Network Medicine, University of Padova, Via Francesco Marzolo 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Begliomini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Sartori
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Via Venezia 8, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Via Giuseppe Orus 2, 35131 Padova, Italy
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18
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Wilhelm E, Quoilin C, Derosiere G, Paço S, Jeanjean A, Duque J. Corticospinal Suppression Underlying Intact Movement Preparation Fades in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2022; 37:2396-2406. [PMID: 36121426 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurophysiological abnormalities within the primary motor cortex (M1) have been shown to contribute to bradykinesia, but exact modalities are still uncertain. We propose that such motor slowness could involve alterations in mechanisms underlying movement preparation, especially the suppression of corticospinal excitability-called "preparatory suppression"-which is considered to propel movement execution by increasing motor neural gain in healthy individuals. METHODS On two consecutive days, 29 PD patients (on and off medication) and 29 matched healthy controls (HCs) underwent transcranial magnetic stimulation over M1, eliciting motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in targeted hand muscles, while they were either at rest or preparing a left- or right-hand response in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Preparatory suppression was assessed by expressing MEP amplitudes during movement preparation relative to rest. RESULTS Contrary to HCs, PD patients showed a lack of preparatory suppression when the side of the responding hand was analyzed, especially when the latter was the most affected one. This deficit, which did not depend on dopamine medication, increased with disease duration and also tended to correlate with motor impairment, as measured by the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III (both total and bradykinesia scores). CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings indicate that preparatory suppression fades in PD, in parallel with worsening motor symptoms, including bradykinesia. Such results suggest that an alteration in this marker of intact movement preparation could indeed cause motor slowness and support its use in future studies on the relation between M1 alterations and motor impairment in PD. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Wilhelm
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Adult Neurology, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Caroline Quoilin
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gerard Derosiere
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Susana Paço
- NOVA IMS, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Anne Jeanjean
- Department of Adult Neurology, Saint-Luc University Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Evidence for non-selective response inhibition in uncertain contexts revealed by combined meta-analysis and Bayesian analysis of fMRI data. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10137. [PMID: 35710930 PMCID: PMC9203582 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Response inhibition is typically considered a brain mechanism selectively triggered by particular “inhibitory” stimuli or events. Based on recent research, an alternative non-selective mechanism was proposed by several authors. Presumably, the inhibitory brain activity may be triggered not only by the presentation of “inhibitory” stimuli but also by any imperative stimuli, including Go stimuli, when the context is uncertain. Earlier support for this notion was mainly based on the absence of a significant difference between neural activity evoked by equiprobable Go and NoGo stimuli. Equiprobable Go/NoGo design with a simple response time task limits potential confounds between response inhibition and accompanying cognitive processes while not preventing prepotent automaticity. However, previous neuroimaging studies used classical null hypothesis significance testing, making it impossible to accept the null hypothesis. Therefore, the current research aimed to provide evidence for the practical equivalence of neuronal activity in the Go and NoGo trials using Bayesian analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data. Thirty-four healthy participants performed a cued Go/NoGo task with an equiprobable presentation of Go and NoGo stimuli. To independently localize brain areas associated with response inhibition in similar experimental conditions, we performed a meta-analysis of fMRI studies using equal-probability Go/NoGo tasks. As a result, we observed overlap between response inhibition areas and areas that demonstrate the practical equivalence of neuronal activity located in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, premotor cortex, and left inferior frontal gyrus. Thus, obtained results favour the existence of non-selective response inhibition, which can act in settings of contextual uncertainty induced by the equal probability of Go and NoGo stimuli.
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20
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Sadler CM, Maslovat D, Cressman EK, Dutil C, Carlsen AN. Response Preparation of a Secondary Reaction Time Task is Influenced by Movement Phase within a Continuous Visuomotor Tracking Task. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3645-3659. [PMID: 35445463 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous performance of two motor tasks is challenging. Currently, it is unclear how response preparation of a secondary task is impacted by the performance of a continuous primary task. The purpose of the present experiment was to investigate whether the position of the limb performing the primary cyclical tracking task impacts response preparation of a secondary reaction time task. Participants (n=20) performed a continuous tracking task with their left hand that involved cyclical and targeted wrist flexion and extension. Occasionally, a probe reaction time task requiring isometric wrist extension was performed with the right hand in response to an auditory stimulus (80 dB or 120 dB) that was triggered when the left hand passed through one of ten locations identified within the movement cycle. On separate trials, transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the left primary motor cortex and triggered at the same 10 stimulus locations to assess corticospinal excitability associated with the probe reaction time task. Results revealed that probe reaction times were significantly longer and motor evoked potential amplitudes were significantly larger when the left hand was in the middle of a movement cycle compared to an endpoint, suggesting that response preparation of a secondary probe reaction time task was modulated by the phase of movement within the continuous primary task. These results indicate that primary motor task requirements can impact preparation of a secondary task, reinforcing the importance of considering primary task characteristics in dual-task experimental design.
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21
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Greenhouse I. Inhibition for gain modulation in the motor system. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1295-1302. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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22
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Puri R, Hinder MR. Response bias reveals the role of interhemispheric inhibitory networks in movement preparation and execution. Neuropsychologia 2021; 165:108120. [PMID: 34915037 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human movement is influenced by various cognitive processes, such as bias, that dynamically shape competing movement representations. However, the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of bias on movement selection across the lifespan remains poorly understood. Healthy young (n = 21) and older (n = 20) adults completed a choice reaction-time task necessitating left- or right-hand responses to imperative stimuli (IS). Response bias was manipulated via a cue that informed participants a particular response was 70% likely (i.e., the IS was either congruent, or incongruent, with the cue); biasing was either fixed for blocks of trials (block-wise bias) or varied from trial-to-trial (trial-wise bias). As well as assessing the behavioural manifestations of bias, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation to determine changes in corticospinal excitability (CSE) and short- and long-interval interhemispheric inhibition (SIHI, LIHI) during movement preparation and execution. Participants responded more quickly, and accurately, in congruent compared to incongruent trials. CSE decreases occurred in both hands following the cue, consistent with the 'inhibition for impulse control' hypothesis of preparatory inhibition. In contrast, IHI modulations occurred in a hand-specific manner. Greater SIHI was observed during movement preparation in the hand biased away from, compared to the hand biased towards, the cue; furthermore, greater SIHI was observed during movement execution in the hand biased towards the cue when it was not required to respond (i.e., incongruent trial) compared to when it was required to respond (congruent trial). Additionally, during the movement preparation period, the LIHI ratio of the hand biased towards, compared to the hand biased away from, the cue was greatest when the cue varied trial-by-trial. Overall, the IHI results provide support for the 'inhibition for competition resolution' hypothesis, with hand specific modulation of inhibition during movement preparation and execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Puri
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | - Mark R Hinder
- Sensorimotor Neuroscience and Ageing Research Group, School of Psychological Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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23
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Cardellicchio P, Dolfini E, D'Ausilio A. The role of dorsal premotor cortex in joint action stopping. iScience 2021; 24:103330. [PMID: 34805791 PMCID: PMC8586805 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human sensorimotor interaction requires mutual behavioral adaptation as well as shared cognitive task representations (Joint Action, JA). Yet, an under-investigated aspect of JA is the neurobehavioral mechanisms employed to stop actions if the context calls for it. Sparse evidence points to the possible contribution of the left dorsal premotor cortex (lPMd) in sculpting movements according to the socio-interactive context. To clarify this issue, we ran two experiments integrating a classical stop signal paradigm with an ecological JA task. The first behavioral study shows longer Stop performance in the JA condition. In the second, we use transcranial magnetic stimulation to inhibit the lPMd or a control site (vertex). Results show that lPMd modulates the JA stopping performance. Action stopping is an important component of JA coordination, and here we provide evidence that lPMd is a key node of a brain network recruited for online mutual co-adaptation in social contexts. Interaction requires mutual adaptation and a shared cognitive task representation Sensorimotor representations must be negotiated between partners to achieve the goal Motor suppression mechanisms might be essential in Joint Action coordination Dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) plays a key role in guiding Joint Action coordination
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cardellicchio
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Dolfini
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandro D'Ausilio
- IIT@UniFe Center for Translational Neurophysiology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiology, Università di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara, 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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24
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Nakanishi T, Mizuguchi N, Nakagawa K, Nakazawa K. Para-Sports can Promote Functional Reorganization in the Ipsilateral Primary Motor Cortex of Lower Limbs Amputee. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:1112-1123. [PMID: 34720011 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211056660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Drastic functional reorganization was observed in the ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1) of a Paralympic long jumper with a unilateral below-knee amputation in our previous study. However, it remains unclear whether long-term para-sports are associated with ipsilateral M1 reorganization since only 1 athlete with amputation was investigated. Objective. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the long-term para-sports and ipsilateral M1 reorganization after lower limb amputation. Methods. Lower limb rhythmic muscle contraction tasks with functional magnetic resonance imaging and T1-weighted structural imaging were performed in 30 lower limb amputees with different para-sports experiences in the chronic phase. Results. Brain activity in the ipsilateral primary motor and somatosensory areas (SM1) as well as the contralateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, SM1, and inferior temporal gyrus showed a positive correlation with the years of routine para-sports participation (sports years) during contraction of the amputated knee. Indeed, twelve of the 30 participants who exhibited significant ipsilateral M1 activation during amputated knee contraction had a relatively longer history of para-sports participation. No significant correlation was found in the structural analysis. Conclusions. Long-term para-sports could lead to extensive reorganization at the brain network level, not only bilateral M1 reorganization but also reorganization of the frontal lobe and visual pathways. These results suggest that the interaction of injury-induced and use-dependent cortical plasticity might bring about drastic reorganization in lower limb amputees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Nakanishi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 68394The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 68394The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, 12696Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kento Nakagawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, 13148Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kimitaka Nakazawa
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 68394The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Perturbation of cortical activity elicits regional and age-dependent effects on unconstrained reaching behavior: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3585-3600. [PMID: 34591126 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from premotor and supplementary motor areas to reaching behavior in aging humans are not well understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine effects of perturbations to specific cortical areas on the control of unconstrained reaches against gravity by younger and older adults. Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to scalp locations targeting primary motor cortex (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Stimulation was intended to perturb ongoing activity in the targeted cortical region before or after a visual cue to initiate moderately paced reaches to one of three vertical target locations. Regional effects were observed in movement amplitude both early and late in the reach. Perturbation of PMA increased reach distance before the time of peak velocity to a greater extent than all other regions. Reaches showed greater deviation from a straight-line path around the time of peak velocity and greater overall curvature with perturbation of PMA and M1 relative to SMA and DLPFC. The perturbation increased positional variability of the reach path at the time of peak velocity and the time elapsing after peak velocity. Although perturbations had stronger effects on reaches by younger subjects, this group exhibited less reach path variability at the time of peak velocity and required less time to adjust the movement trajectory thereafter. These findings support the role of PMA in visually guided reaching and suggest an age-related change in sensorimotor processing, possibly due to a loss of cortical inhibitory control.
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26
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Neige C, Rannaud Monany D, Lebon F. Exploring cortico-cortical interactions during action preparation by means of dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:678-692. [PMID: 34274404 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Action preparation is characterized by a set of complex and distributed processes that occur in multiple brain areas. Interestingly, dual-coil transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a relevant technique to probe effective connectivity between cortical areas, with a high temporal resolution. In the current systematic review, we aimed at providing a detailed picture of the cortico-cortical interactions underlying action preparation focusing on dual-coil TMS studies. We considered four theoretical processes (impulse control, action selection, movement initiation and action reprogramming) and one task modulator (movement complexity). The main findings highlight 1) the interplay between primary motor cortex (M1) and premotor, prefrontal and parietal cortices during action preparation, 2) the varying (facilitatory or inhibitory) cortico-cortical influence depending on the theoretical processes and the TMS timing, and 3) the key role of the supplementary motor area-M1 interactions that shape the preparation of simple and complex movements. These findings are of particular interest for clinical perspectives, with a need to better characterize functional connectivity deficiency in clinical population with altered action preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Neige
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Dylan Rannaud Monany
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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27
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Wang L, Luo X, Yuan TF, Zhou X. Reward facilitates response conflict resolution via global motor inhibition: Electromyography evidence. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13896. [PMID: 34231226 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is crucial for humans to coordinate between behavioural tendencies that can lead to reward but are in conflict with each other. This response conflict can be measured in a reward-modulated Simon task, in which a discriminative response to the identity of a lateral target is required and the target is associated with either high- or low-reward. Critically, the lateral target is presented either congruent or incongruent with the location of the responding hand. It has been shown that relative to the low-reward target, the high-reward target induced a larger response conflict when the target was incongruent with the position of the task-required, reward-obtaining hand. Here we investigated how this response conflict is resolved by acquiring 24 healthy participants' electromyography (EMG) signals from both the task-required responding hand (i.e., goal-directed effector) and the alternative hand (i.e., inappropriate effector). During the coping with the response conflict, motor inhibition (indexed by reduction in EMG signals between conditions) was observed not only at the inappropriate effector but also at the goal-directed effector. Individuals who showed stronger inhibition on the inappropriate effector suffered less from the inhibition on the goal-directed effector, and had more efficient implementation of the reward-obtaining response. Our findings suggest a global motor inhibition that may function to increase the signal-noise ratio in the motor system so as to implement reward-guided behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihui Wang
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiao Luo
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
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28
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Van Hoornweder S, Debeuf R, Verstraelen S, Meesen R, Cuypers K. Unravelling Ipsilateral Interactions Between Left Dorsal Premotor and Primary Motor Cortex: A Proof of Concept Study. Neuroscience 2021; 466:36-46. [PMID: 33971265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Few studies have identified the intrahemispheric functional connectivity between the ipsilateral dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) and the primary motor hand area (M1hand) due to technical limitations. In this proof-of-concept study, a novel neuronavigated dsTMS set-up was employed, combining stimulation over left PMd and left M1hand using the edge of a butterfly coil and a small cooled-coil. This arrangement was warranted because coil (over)heating and inter coil distance are limiting factors when investigating connectivity between stimulation targets in close proximity and over a longer duration. The proposed set-up was designed to deal with these limitations. Specifically, the effect of four dual-site transcranial magnetic stimulation (dsTMS) protocols on twenty-eight right-handed participants (12 males) was evaluated. These protocols differed in stimulus order, interstimulus interval and current direction induced in PMd. A structural scan with electric (E-)field modeling was obtained from seven participants prior to dsTMS, demonstrating that PMd and M1hand were effectively stimulated. Results indicate that one protocol, in which a latero-medial current was induced in PMd 2.8 ms prior to stimulation over M1hand, induced a sex-mediated effect. In males, significant inhibition of motor-evoked potentials was identified, whereas females demonstrated a facilitatory effect that did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. E-field simulations revealed that the E-field induced by the coil targeting PMd was maximal in PMd, with weaker E-field strengths extending to regions beyond PMd. Summarizing, the current dsTMS set-up enabled stimulating at an inter-target distance of 35 mm without any indications of coil-overheating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sybren Van Hoornweder
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ruben Debeuf
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium; Rehabilitation Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Raf Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.
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29
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Saruco E, Pleger B. A Systematic Review of Obesity and Binge Eating Associated Impairment of the Cognitive Inhibition System. Front Nutr 2021; 8:609012. [PMID: 33996871 PMCID: PMC8116510 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.609012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered functioning of the inhibition system and the resulting higher impulsivity are known to play a major role in overeating. Considering the great impact of disinhibited eating behavior on obesity onset and maintenance, this systematic review of the literature aims at identifying to what extent the brain inhibitory networks are impaired in individuals with obesity. It also aims at examining whether the presence of binge eating disorder leads to similar although steeper neural deterioration. We identified 12 studies that specifically assessed impulsivity during neuroimaging. We found a significant alteration of neural circuits primarily involving the frontal and limbic regions. Functional activity results show BMI-dependent hypoactivity of frontal regions during cognitive inhibition and either increased or decreased patterns of activity in several other brain regions, according to their respective role in inhibition processes. The presence of binge eating disorder results in further aggravation of those neural alterations. Connectivity results mainly report strengthened connectivity patterns across frontal, parietal, and limbic networks. Neuroimaging studies suggest significant impairment of various neural circuits involved in inhibition processes in individuals with obesity. The elaboration of accurate therapeutic neurocognitive interventions, however, requires further investigations, for a deeper identification and understanding of obesity-related alterations of the inhibition brain system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Saruco
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Burkhard Pleger
- Department of Neurology, BG University Clinic Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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30
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Stimulation of Different Sectors of the Human Dorsal Premotor Cortex Induces a Shift from Reactive to Predictive Action Strategies and Changes in Motor Inhibition: A Dense Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Mapping Study. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050534. [PMID: 33923217 PMCID: PMC8146001 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed motor tasks require timely interaction between immobility and action. The neural substrates of these processes probably reside in the premotor and motor circuits; however, fine-grained anatomical/functional information is still lacking. Participants performed a delayed simple reaction task, structured as a ready-set-go sequence, with a fixed, predictable, SET-period. Responses were given with lip movements. During the SET-period, we performed a systematic dense-mapping of the bilateral dorsal premotor region (dPM) by means of single transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) pulses on an 18-spot mapping grid, interleaved with sham TMS which served as a baseline. Reaction times (RTs) in TMS trials over each grid spot were compared to RTs in sham trials to build a statistical parametric z-map. The results reveal a rostro-caudal functional gradient in the dPM. TMS of the rostral dPM induced a shift from reactive towards predictive response strategies. TMS of the caudal dPM interfered with the SET-period duration. By means of dense TMS mapping, we have drawn a putative functional map of the role of the dPM during the SET-period. A higher-order rostral component is involved in setting action strategies and a caudal, lower-order, part is probably involved in the inhibitory control of motor output.
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31
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Verstraelen S, van Dun K, Depestele S, Van Hoornweder S, Jamil A, Ghasemian-Shirvan E, Nitsche MA, Van Malderen S, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K, Meesen RLJ. Dissociating the causal role of left and right dorsal premotor cortices in planning and executing bimanual movements - A neuro-navigated rTMS study. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:423-434. [PMID: 33621675 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) is a key region in bimanual coordination. However, causal evidence linking PMd functionality during motor planning and execution to movement quality is lacking. OBJECTIVE We investigated how left (PMdL) and right PMd (PMdR) are causally involved in planning and executing bimanual movements, using short-train repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Additionally, we explored to what extent the observed rTMS-induced modulation of performance could be explained by rTMS-induced modulation of PMd-M1 interhemispheric interactions (IHI). METHODS Twenty healthy adults (mean age ± SD = 22.85 ± 3.73 years) participated in two sessions, in which either PMdL or PMdR was targeted with rTMS (10 Hz) in a pseudo-randomized design. PMd functionality was transiently modulated during the planning or execution of a complex bimanual task, whereby the participant was asked to track a moving dot by controlling two dials. The effect of rTMS on several performance measures was investigated. Concurrently, rTMS-induced modulation of PMd-M1 IHI was measured using a dual-coil paradigm, and associated with the rTMS-induced performance modulation. RESULTS rTMS over PMdL during planning increased bilateral hand movement speed (p = 0.03), thereby improving movement accuracy (p = 0.02). In contrast, rTMS over PMdR during both planning and execution induced deterioration of movement stability (p = 0.04). rTMS-induced modulation of PMd-M1 IHI during planning did not predict rTMS-induced performance modulation. CONCLUSION The current findings support the growing evidence on PMdL dominance during motor planning, as PMdL was crucially involved in planning the speed of each hand, subserving bimanual coordination accuracy. Moreover, the current results suggest that PMdR fulfills a role in continuous adjustment processes of movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Kim van Dun
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Siel Depestele
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sybren Van Hoornweder
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Asif Jamil
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ensiyeh Ghasemian-Shirvan
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Shanti Van Malderen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium; Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Bundt C, Boehler CN, Verbruggen F, Brass M, Notebaert W. Reward does not modulate corticospinal excitability in anticipation of a Stroop trial. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:1019-1028. [PMID: 33222331 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Action preparation is associated with a transient decrease of corticospinal excitability just before target onset. We have previously shown that the prospect of reward modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in a Simon task. While the conflict in the Simon task strongly implicates the motor system, it is unknown whether reward prospect modulates preparatory corticospinal excitability in tasks that implicate the motor system less directly. To that effect, we examined reward-modulated preparatory corticospinal excitability in the Stroop task. We administered a rewarded cue-target delay paradigm using Stroop stimuli that afforded a left or right index finger response. Single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was administered over the left primary motor cortex and electromyography was obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous muscle. In line with previous findings, there was a preparatory decrease in corticospinal excitability during the delay period. In contrast to our previous study using the Simon task, preparatory corticospinal excitability was not modulated by reward. Our results indicate that reward-modulated changes in the motor system depend on specific task-demands, possibly related to varying degrees of motor conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience Cluster, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Carsten N Boehler
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marcel Brass
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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33
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Giarrocco F, Bardella G, Giamundo M, Fabbrini F, Brunamonti E, Pani P, Ferraina S. Neuronal dynamics of signal selective motor plan cancellation in the macaque dorsal premotor cortex. Cortex 2020; 135:326-340. [PMID: 33308980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Primates adopt various strategies to interact with the environment. Yet, no study has examined the effects of behavioural strategies with regard to how movement inhibition is implemented at the neuronal level. We used a modified version of the stop-task by adding an extra signal - termed the Ignore signal - capable of influencing the inhibition of movements only within a specific strategy. We simultaneously recorded multisite neuronal activity from the dorsal premotor (PMd) cortex of macaque monkeys during the task and applied a state-space approach. As a result, we found that movement generation is characterized by neuronal dynamics that evolve between subspaces. When the movement is halted, this evolution is arrested and inverted. Conversely, when the Ignore signal is presented, inversion of the evolution is observed briefly and only when a specific behavioural strategy is adopted. Moreover, neuronal signatures during the inhibitory process were predictive of how PMd processes inhibitory signals, allowing the classification of the resulting behavioural strategy. Our data further corroborate the PMd as a critical node in movement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Giarrocco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giampiero Bardella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Behavioral Neuroscience PhD Program, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Giamundo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Fabbrini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Brunamonti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Pani
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefano Ferraina
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, CU027, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.
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34
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Weidacker K, Kvamme TL, Whiteford S, Valle Guzman N, Voon V. Incentives and voluntary stopping: The intentional hand task. Cognition 2020; 206:104504. [PMID: 33161198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Intentional inhibition, the endogenous decision to stop or cancel an action, is arguably a more ecologically valid process than automatized, reactive, inhibition which occurs in response to an external stop signal without active decision making at the moment of inhibition. Choosing to stop an act of opening the fridge door, or of reaching for a bottle of alcohol may therefore extend beyond a reactive inhibitory process, e.g. stopping at a red traffic light. Existing paradigms of intentional inhibition focus on the proportions of intentional stops. Here we developed the Intentional Hand Task, which provides stop response times for intentional and instructed trials. Participants move a cursor by initiating an arm movement, after which a Go, Stop or Choice trial occurs. In Go trials, participants are instructed to make a speeded continuation of their arm movement towards a target whereas in the Stop trials participants are instructed to rapidly stop the already initiated movement. In Choice trials, participants chose whether to continue or stop the movement. By comparing response times when movement was stopped, we found that intentionally stopping took significantly longer than externally instructed stopping. We further investigated the influence of reward incentives, by cueing trials with either the prospect of No, Low or High reward for correctly continuing in Go trials, stopping in Stop trials or achieving a random balance of intentional Go and Stops in Choice trials. Reward incentives led to greater approach behaviours, indicated by significantly higher Go accuracy in instructed Go trials and faster response times across both Go trial types. The presence of reward incentives led to significantly fewer intentional stop choices. Our findings suggest intentional inhibition of an ongoing action may require a further decisional process. Furthermore, monetary incentives may implicitly trigger an appetitive system thus facilitating approach rather than intentional inhibitory behaviour. These findings are particularly relevant to cue-related relapse in disorders of addiction where cues may facilitate approach behaviours to the detriment of intentional inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Weidacker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Timo L Kvamme
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, CFIN/MIND Lab, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Seb Whiteford
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Council, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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35
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Quoilin C, Dricot L, Genon S, de Timary P, Duque J. Neural bases of inhibitory control: Combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging in alcohol-use disorder patients. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117435. [PMID: 33039622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control underlies the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses and involves processes that suppress motor excitability. Such motor modulatory effect has been largely described during action preparation but very little is known about the neural circuit responsible for its implementation. Here, we addressed this point by studying the degree to which the extent of preparatory suppression relates to brain morphometry. We investigated this relationship in patients suffering from severe alcohol use disorder (AUD) because this population displays an inconsistent level of preparatory suppression and major structural brain damage, making it a suitable sample to measure such link. To do so, 45 detoxified patients underwent a structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and performed a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) experiment, in which the degree of preparatory suppression was quantified. Besides, behavioral inhibition and trait impulsivity were evaluated in all participants. Overall, whole-brain analyses revealed that a weaker preparatory suppression was associated with a decrease in cortical thickness of a medial prefrontal cluster, encompassing parts of the anterior cingulate cortex and superior-frontal gyrus. In addition, a negative association was observed between the thickness of the supplementary area (SMA)/pre-SMA and behavioral inhibition abilities. Finally, we did not find any significant correlation between preparatory suppression, behavioral inhibition and trait impulsivity, indicating that they represent different facets of inhibitory control. Altogether, the current study provides important insight on the neural regions underlying preparatory suppression and allows highlighting that the excitability of the motor system represents a valuable read-out of upstream cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Laurence Dricot
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Genon
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain and Behavior (INM-7), Jülich Forschungszentrum, Germany
| | - Philippe de Timary
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium; Department of adult psychiatry, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Ave Mounier, 53 - Bte B1.53.04, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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36
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Grandjean J, Duque J. A TMS study of preparatory suppression in binge drinkers. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 28:102383. [PMID: 32828028 PMCID: PMC7451449 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Binge drinking consists in a pattern of consumption characterised by the repeated alternation between massive alcohol intakes and abstinence periods. A continuum hypothesis suggests that this drinking endeavour represents an early stage of alcohol dependence rather than a separate phenomenon. Among the variety of alterations in alcohol-dependent individuals (ADIs), one has to do with the motor system, which does not show a normal pattern of activity during action preparation. In healthy controls (HCs), motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over primary motor cortex (M1) show both facilitation and suppression effects, depending on the time and setting of TMS during action preparation. A recent study focusing on the suppression component revealed that this aspect of preparatory activity is abnormally weak in ADIs and that this defect scales with the risk of relapse. In the present study, we tested whether binge drinkers (BDs) present a similar deficit. To do so, we recorded MEPs in a set of hand muscles applying TMS in 20 BDs and in 20 matched HCs while they were preparing index finger responses in an instructed-delay choice reaction time task. Consistent with past research, the MEP data in HCs revealed a strong MEP suppression in this task. This effect was evident in all hand muscles, regardless of whether they were relevant or irrelevant in the task. BDs also showed some preparatory suppression, yet this effect was less consistent, especially in the prime mover of the responding hand. These findings suggest abnormal preparatory activity in BDs, similar to alcohol-dependent patients, though some of the current results also raise new questions regarding the significance of these observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Grandjean
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Julie Duque
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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37
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Herman AM, Critchley HD, Duka T. Trait Impulsivity Associated With Altered Resting-State Functional Connectivity Within the Somatomotor Network. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:111. [PMID: 32670033 PMCID: PMC7326939 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of brain mechanisms underlying self-regulation can provide valuable insights into how people regulate their thoughts, behaviors, and emotional states, and what happens when such regulation fails. Self-regulation is supported by coordinated interactions of brain systems. Hence, behavioral dysregulation, and its expression as impulsivity, can be usefully characterized using functional connectivity methodologies applied to resting brain networks. The current study tested whether individual differences in trait impulsivity are reflected in the functional architecture within and between resting-state brain networks. Thirty healthy individuals completed a self-report measure of trait impulsivity and underwent resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using Probabilistic Independent Components Analysis in FSL MELODIC, we identified across participants 10 networks of regions (resting-state networks) with temporally correlated time courses. We then explored how individual expression of these spatial networks covaried with trait impulsivity. Across participants, we observed that greater self-reported impulsivity was associated with decreased connectivity of the right lateral occipital cortex (peak mm 46/-70/16, FWE 1-p = 0.981) with the somatomotor network. No supratheshold differences were observed in between-network connectivity. Our findings implicate the somatomotor network, and its interaction with sensory cortices, in the control of (self-reported) impulsivity. The observed “decoupling” may compromise effective integration of early perceptual information (from visual and somatosensory cortices) with behavioral control programs, potentially resulting in negative consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, United Kingdom.,Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hugo D Critchley
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Theodora Duka
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.,Sussex Addiction Research and Intervention Centre, Brighton, United Kingdom
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38
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Quoilin C, Grandjean J, Duque J. Considering Motor Excitability During Action Preparation in Gambling Disorder: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:639. [PMID: 32695036 PMCID: PMC7339919 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A lack of inhibitory control appears to contribute to the development and maintenance of addictive disorders. Among the mechanisms thought to assist inhibitory control, an increasing focus has been drawn on the so-called preparatory suppression, which refers to the drastic suppression observed in the motor system during action preparation. Interestingly, deficient preparatory suppression has been reported in alcohol use disorders. However, it is currently unknown whether this deficit also concerns behavioral, substance-free, addictions, and thus whether it might represent a vulnerability factor common to both substance and behavioral addictive disorders. To address this question, neural measures of preparatory suppression were obtained in gambling disorder patients (GDPs) and matched healthy control subjects. To do so, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied over the left and the right motor cortex to elicit motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in both hands when participants were performing a choice reaction time task. In addition, choice and rapid response impulsivity were evaluated in all participants, using self-report measures and neuropsychological tasks. Consistent with a large body of literature, the MEP data revealed that the activity of the motor system was drastically reduced during action preparation in healthy subjects. Surprisingly, though, a similar MEP suppression was observed in GDPs, indicating that those subjects do not globally suffer from a deficit in preparatory suppression. By contrast, choice impulsivity was higher in GDPs than healthy subjects, and a higher rapid response impulsivity was found in the more severe forms of GD. Altogether, those results demonstrated that although some aspects of inhibitory control are impaired in GDPs, these alterations do not seem to concern preparatory suppression. Yet, the profile of individuals suffering of a GD is very heterogeneous, with only part of them presenting an impulsive disposition, such as in patients with alcohol use disorders. Hence, a lack of preparatory suppression may be only shared by this sub-type of addicts, an interesting issue for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Quoilin
- CoActions Lab, Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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39
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Wang Y, Cao N, Lin Y, Chen R, Zhang J. Hemispheric Differences in Functional Interactions Between the Dorsal Lateral Prefrontal Cortex and Ipsilateral Motor Cortex. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:202. [PMID: 32581747 PMCID: PMC7283611 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in both hemispheres have a central integrative function for motor control and behavior. Understanding the hemispheric difference between DLPFC and ipsilateral motor cortex connection in the resting-state will provide fundamental knowledge to explain the different roles DLPFC plays in motor behavior. Purpose: The current study tested the interactions between the ipsilateral DLPFC and the primary motor cortex (M1) in each hemisphere at rest. We hypothesized that left DLPFC has a greater inhibitory effect on the ipsilateral M1 compared to the right DLPFC. Methods: Fourteen right-handed subjects were tested in a dual-coil paired-pulse paradigm using transcranial magnetic stimulation. The conditioning stimulus (CS) was applied to the DLPFC and the test stimulus (TS) was applied to M1. Interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between CS and TS were 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ms. The result was expressed as a percentage of the mean peak-to-peak amplitude of the unconditioned test pulse. Results: There was stronger inhibitory effect for the left compared to the right hemisphere at ISIs of 2 (p = 0.045), 10 (p = 0.006), 15 (p = 0.029) and 20 (p = 0.024) ms. There was no significant inhibition or facilitation at any ISI in the right hemisphere. Conclusions: The two hemispheres have distinct DLPFC and M1 cortico-cortical connectivity at rest. Left hemisphere DLPFC is dominant in inhibiting ipsilateral M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Na Cao
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yitong Lin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Robert Chen
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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40
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Advanced TMS approaches to probe corticospinal excitability during action preparation. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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41
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Verstraelen S, van Dun K, Duque J, Fujiyama H, Levin O, Swinnen SP, Cuypers K, Meesen RLJ. Induced Suppression of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Favorably Changes Interhemispheric Communication During Bimanual Coordination in Older Adults-A Neuronavigated rTMS Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:149. [PMID: 32547388 PMCID: PMC7272719 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) research indicated that the ability of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to disinhibit the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1) during motor preparation is an important predictor for bimanual motor performance in both young and older healthy adults. However, this DLPFC-M1 disinhibition is reduced in older adults. Here, we transiently suppressed left DLPFC using repetitive TMS (rTMS) during a cyclical bimanual task and investigated the effect of left DLPFC suppression: (1) on the projection from left DLPFC to the contralateral M1; and (2) on motor performance in 21 young (mean age ± SD = 21.57 ± 1.83) and 20 older (mean age ± SD = 69.05 ± 4.48) healthy adults. As predicted, without rTMS, older adults showed compromised DLPFC-M1 disinhibition as compared to younger adults and less preparatory DLPFC-M1 disinhibition was related to less accurate performance, irrespective of age. Notably, rTMS-induced DLPFC suppression restored DLPFC-M1 disinhibition in older adults and improved performance accuracy right after the local suppression in both age groups. However, the rTMS-induced gain in disinhibition was not correlated with the gain in performance. In sum, this novel rTMS approach advanced our mechanistic understanding of how left DLPFC regulates right M1 and allowed us to establish the causal role of left DLPFC in bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Verstraelen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Kim van Dun
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Julie Duque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Hakuei Fujiyama
- Discipline of Psychology, Exercise Science, Chiropractic and Counselling College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Cuypers
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Raf L J Meesen
- Neuroplasticity and Movement Control Research Group, Rehabilitation Research Institute (REVAL), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.,Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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42
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Hramov AE, Grubov V, Badarin A, Maksimenko VA, Pisarchik AN. Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Classification of Motor-Related Brain Activity on the Sensor-Level. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20082362. [PMID: 32326270 PMCID: PMC7219246 DOI: 10.3390/s20082362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sensor-level human brain activity is studied during real and imaginary motor execution using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Blood oxygenation and deoxygenation spatial dynamics exhibit pronounced hemispheric lateralization when performing motor tasks with the left and right hands. This fact allowed us to reveal biomarkers of hemodynamical response of the motor cortex on the motor execution, and use them for designing a sensing method for classification of the type of movement. The recognition accuracy of real movements is close to 100%, while the classification accuracy of imaginary movements is lower but quite high (at the level of 90%). The advantage of the proposed method is its ability to classify real and imaginary movements with sufficiently high efficiency without the need for recalculating parameters. The proposed system can serve as a sensor of motor activity to be used for neurorehabilitation after severe brain injuries, including traumas and strokes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E. Hramov
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Universitetskaja Str., 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russia; (V.G.); (A.B.); (V.A.M.); (A.N.P.)
- Saratov State Medical University, Bolshaya Kazachya Str., 112, 410012 Saratov, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-927-123-3294
| | - Vadim Grubov
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Universitetskaja Str., 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russia; (V.G.); (A.B.); (V.A.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Artem Badarin
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Universitetskaja Str., 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russia; (V.G.); (A.B.); (V.A.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Vladimir A. Maksimenko
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Universitetskaja Str., 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russia; (V.G.); (A.B.); (V.A.M.); (A.N.P.)
| | - Alexander N. Pisarchik
- Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Universitetskaja Str., 1, 420500 Innopolis, Russia; (V.G.); (A.B.); (V.A.M.); (A.N.P.)
- Center for Biomedical Technology, Technical University of Madrid, Campus Montegancedo, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Lebon F, Ruffino C, Greenhouse I, Labruna L, Ivry RB, Papaxanthis C. The Neural Specificity of Movement Preparation During Actual and Imagined Movements. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:689-700. [PMID: 29309536 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current theories consider motor imagery, the mental representation of action, to have considerable functional overlap with the processes involved in actual movement preparation and execution. To test the neural specificity of motor imagery, we conducted a series of 3 experiments using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We compared changes in corticospinal excitability as people prepared and implemented actual or imagined movements, using a delayed response task in which a cue indicated the forthcoming response. TMS pulses, used to elicit motor-evoked responses in the first dorsal interosseous muscle of the right hand, were applied before and after an imperative signal, allowing us to probe the state of excitability during movement preparation and implementation. Similar to previous work, excitability increased in the agonist muscle during the implementation of an actual or imagined movement. Interestingly, preparing an imagined movement engaged similar inhibitory processes as that observed during actual movement, although the degree of inhibition was less selective in the imagery conditions. These changes in corticospinal excitability were specific to actual/imagined movement preparation, as no modulation was observed when preparing and generating images of cued visual objects. Taken together, inhibition is a signature of how actions are prepared, whether they are imagined or actually executed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Lebon
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Célia Ruffino
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
| | - Ian Greenhouse
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ludovica Labruna
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Charalambos Papaxanthis
- INSERM UMR1093-CAPS, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, UFR des Sciences du Sport, Dijon, France
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Yuan J, Liu W, Liang Q, Cao X, Lucas MV, Yuan TF. Effect of Low-Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Impulse Inhibition in Abstinent Patients With Methamphetamine Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e200910. [PMID: 32167568 PMCID: PMC7070234 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.0910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Impulsivity during periods of abstinence is a critical symptom of patients who use methamphetamine (MA). OBJECTIVE To evaluate changes in impulse inhibition elicited by repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in patients with MA addiction. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This randomized clinical trial was conducted in Da Lian Shan Addiction Rehabilitation Center, Nanjing, China, from December 1, 2018, to April 20, 2019. Effects of the intervention were examined at 3 time points: after a single session (day 1), 24 hours after 10 repeated sessions (day 11), and at 3 weeks of follow-up (day 31). Men with MA addiction and healthy male control participants were recruited for this study. Data analysis was performed from March 2019 to October 2019. INTERVENTIONS Patients who use MA were randomized to undergo sham rTMS (36 patients) and or 1-Hz rTMS (37 patients) to the left prefrontal cortex, receiving daily TMS treatments for 10 consecutive days. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was impulse inhibition, which is primarily embodied by accuracy reduction (ie, accuracy cost) from standard to deviant trials in a 2-choice oddball task (80% standard and 20% deviant trials). RESULT The study included 73 men with MA addiction (mean [SD] age, 38.49 [7.69] years) and 33 male healthy control participants without MA addiction (mean [SD] age, 35.15 [9.68] years). The mean (SD) duration of abstinence for the men with MA addiction was 9.27 (4.61) months. Compared with the control group, patients with MA addiction exhibited greater impulsivity (accuracy cost, 3.3% vs 6.2%). The single session of 1-Hz rTMS over the left prefrontal cortex significantly increased accuracy from 91.4% to 95.7% (F1,36 = 9.58; P < .001) and reaction time delay from 50 milliseconds to 77 milliseconds (F1,36 = 22.66; P < .001) in deviant trials. These effects were seen consistently after 10 sessions of 1-Hz rTMS treatment (day 11 vs day 1, t26 = 1.59; P = .12), and the behavioral improvement was maintained at least for 3 weeks after treatment (day 31 vs day 1, t26 = 0.26; P = .80). These improvement effects of impulse inhibition were coupled with a reduction in addictive symptoms as measured by cue-induced craving. The pretest accuracy cost was positively correlated with the change in impulse inhibition (r = 0.615; P < .001) and change in craving (r = 0.334; P = .01), suggesting that these 2 behaviors may be modified simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that repeated rTMS sessions have sustained effects on impulse inhibition in patients with MA addiction and provide novel data on impulsivity management strategies for addiction rehabilitation. TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-ROC-16008541.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajin Yuan
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Weijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiongdan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinyu Cao
- Da Lian Shan Institute of Addiction Rehabilitation, Nanjing, China
| | - Molly V. Lucas
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ti-Fei Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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45
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Tuning the Corticospinal System: How Distributed Brain Circuits Shape Human Actions. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:359-379. [DOI: 10.1177/1073858419896751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Interactive behaviors rely on the operation of several processes allowing the control of actions, including their selection, withholding, and cancellation. The corticospinal system provides a unique route through which multiple brain circuits can exert control over bodily motor acts. In humans, the influence of these modulatory circuits on the corticospinal system can be probed using various transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols. Here, we review neural data from TMS studies at the basis of our current understanding of how diverse pathways—including intra-cortical, trans-cortical, and subcortico-cortical circuits—contribute to action control by tuning the activity of the corticospinal system. Critically, when doing so, we point out important caveats in the field that arise from the fact that these circuits, and their impact on the corticospinal system, have not been considered equivalently for action selection, withholding, and cancellation. This has led to the misleading view that some circuits or regions are specialized in specific control processes and that they produce particular modulatory changes in corticospinal excitability (e.g., generic vs. specific modulation of corticospinal excitability). Hence, we point to the need for more transversal research approaches in the field of action control.
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46
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Ye M, Guo Z, Li Z, Lin X, Li J, Jiang G, Teng Y, Qiu Y, Han L, Lv X. Aberrant inter-hemispheric coordination characterizes the progression of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 25:102175. [PMID: 31954985 PMCID: PMC6965735 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related cirrhosis (HBV-RC) and minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) exhibit alterations in homotopic inter-hemispheric functional connectivity (FC) and corpus callosum (CC) degeneration. However, the progression of inter-hemispheric dysconnectivity in cirrhotic patients from no MHE (NMHE) to MHE and its association with the progression of diseased-related cognitive impairment remain uncharacterized. We hypothesized that inter-hemispheric dysconnectivity exists in NMHE patients and further deteriorates at the MHE stage, which is associated with performance measured by psychometric hepatic encephalopathy scores (PHES) that can characterize cirrhotic patients with NMHE and MHE. Using inter-hemispheric homotopic FC and CC (and its subfields) volumetric measurements in 31 patients with HBV-RC (17 with NMHE and 14 with MHE) and 37 healthy controls, we verified that MHE patients had significant attenuated inter-hemispheric homotopic FC in the bilateral cuneus, post-central gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, and superior temporal gyms, as well as CC degeneration in total CC, CC2, CC3, and CC4 (each comparison had a corrected P < 0.05). In contrast, NMHE patients had relatively less severe inter-hemispheric homotopic FC and no CC degeneration. In addition, the degeneration of the CC and inter-hemispheric homotopic functional disconnections correlated with poor PHES performances in all cirrhotic patients (NMHE and MHE). Furthermore, impairment of inter-hemispheric homotopic FC partially mediated the association between CC degeneration and worse PHES performance. Notably, a combination of inter-hemispheric homotopic FC and CC volumes had higher discriminative values according to the area under the curve (AUC) score (AUC = 0.908, P < 0.001) to classify patients into MHE or NMHE groups when compared with either alone. Our findings shed light on the progression of inter-hemispheric dysconnectivity in relation to the progression of disease-related cognitive impairment in patients with HBV-RC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ye
- Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Geriatrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Ganzhou Medical University, Ganzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoshan Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guihua Jiang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Teng
- Department of Radiology, Lianjiang people' hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingwei Qiu
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lujun Han
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaofei Lv
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Ibáñez J, Hannah R, Rocchi L, Rothwell JC. Premovement Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability may be a Necessary Part of Movement Preparation. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:2910-2923. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In reaction time (RT) tasks corticospinal excitability (CSE) rises just prior to movement. This is preceded by a paradoxical reduction in CSE, when the time of the imperative (“GO”) stimulus is relatively predictable. Because RT tasks emphasise speed of response, it is impossible to distinguish whether reduced CSE reflects a mechanism for withholding prepared actions, or whether it is an inherent part of movement preparation. To address this question, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to estimate CSE changes preceding 1) RT movements; 2) movements synchronized with a predictable signal (predictive timing or PT movements); and 3) self-paced movements. Results show that CSE decreases with a similar temporal profile in all three cases, suggesting that it reflects a previously unrecognised state in the transition between rest and movement. Although TMS revealed reduced CSE in all movements, the TMS pulse itself had different effects on movement times. TMS given ~200 ms before the times to move speeded the onset of RT and self-paced movements, suggesting that their initiation depends on a form of trigger that can be conditioned by external events. On the contrary, PT movements did not show this effect, suggesting the use of a different triggering strategy prioritizing internal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ibáñez
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - R Hannah
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - L Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - J C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Komaitis S, Kalyvas AV, Skandalakis GP, Drosos E, Lani E, Liouta E, Liakos F, Kalamatianos T, Piagkou M, Emelifeonwu JA, Stranjalis G, Koutsarnakis C. The frontal longitudinal system as revealed through the fiber microdissection technique: structural evidence underpinning the direct connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor circuitry. J Neurosurg 2019; 133:1503-1515. [PMID: 31585424 DOI: 10.3171/2019.6.jns191224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the morphology, connectivity, and correlative anatomy of the longitudinal group of fibers residing in the frontal area, which resemble the anterior extension of the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) and were previously described as the frontal longitudinal system (FLS). METHODS Fifteen normal adult formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres collected from cadavers were studied using the Klingler microdissection technique. Lateral to medial dissections were performed in a stepwise fashion starting from the frontal area and extending to the temporoparietal regions. RESULTS The FLS was consistently identified as a fiber pathway residing just under the superficial U-fibers of the middle frontal gyrus or middle frontal sulcus (when present) and extending as far as the frontal pole. The authors were able to record two different configurations: one consisting of two distinct, parallel, longitudinal fiber chains (13% of cases), and the other consisting of a single stem of fibers (87% of cases). The fiber chains' cortical terminations in the frontal and prefrontal area were also traced. More specifically, the FLS was always recorded to terminate in Brodmann areas 6, 46, 45, and 10 (premotor cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, pars triangularis, and frontal pole, respectively), whereas terminations in Brodmann areas 4 (primary motor cortex), 47 (pars orbitalis), and 9 were also encountered in some specimens. In relation to the SLF system, the FLS represented its anterior continuation in the majority of the hemispheres, whereas in a few cases it was recorded as a completely distinct tract. Interestingly, the FLS comprised shorter fibers that were recorded to interconnect exclusively frontal areas, thus exhibiting different fiber architecture when compared to the long fibers forming the SLF. CONCLUSIONS The current study provides consistent, focused, and robust evidence on the morphology, architecture, and correlative anatomy of the FLS. This fiber system participates in the axonal connectivity of the prefrontal-premotor cortices and allegedly subserves cognitive-motor functions. Based in the SLF hypersegmentation concept that has been advocated by previous authors, the FLS should be approached as a distinct frontal segment within the superior longitudinal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Komaitis
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis V Kalyvas
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios P Skandalakis
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Drosos
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
| | - Evgenia Lani
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Liouta
- 6Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research, "Petros Kokkalis," Athens, Greece
| | - Faidon Liakos
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
| | | | - Maria Piagkou
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - John A Emelifeonwu
- 4Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
- 5Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Edinburgh Microneurosurgery Education Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK; and
| | - George Stranjalis
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 6Hellenic Center for Neurosurgical Research, "Petros Kokkalis," Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koutsarnakis
- 1Athens Microneurosurgery Laboratory, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens
- 2Department of Neurosurgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
- 3Department of Anatomy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
- 5Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Edinburgh Microneurosurgery Education Laboratory, Edinburgh, UK; and
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Seet MS, Livesey EJ, Harris JA. Associatively-Mediated Suppression of Corticospinal Excitability: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Study. Neuroscience 2019; 416:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Derosiere G, Thura D, Cisek P, Duque J. Motor cortex disruption delays motor processes but not deliberation about action choices. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1566-1577. [PMID: 31411932 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00163.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decisions about actions typically involve a period of deliberation that ends with the commitment to a choice and the motor processes overtly expressing that choice. Previous studies have shown that neural activity in sensorimotor areas, including the primary motor cortex (M1), correlates with deliberation features during action selection. However, the causal contribution of these areas to the decision process remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether M1 determines choice commitment or whether it simply reflects decision signals coming from upstream structures and instead mainly contributes to the motor processes that follow commitment. To do so, we tested the impact of a disruption of M1 activity, induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), on the behavior of human subjects in 1) a simple reaction time (SRT) task allowing us to estimate the duration of the motor processes and 2) a modified version of the tokens task (Cisek P, Puskas GA, El-Murr S. J Neurosci 29: 11560-11571, 2009), which allowed us to estimate subjects' time of commitment as well as accuracy criterion. The efficiency of cTBS was attested by a reduction in motor evoked potential amplitudes following M1 disruption compared with those following a sham stimulation. Furthermore, M1 cTBS lengthened SRTs, indicating that motor processes were perturbed by the intervention. Importantly, all of the behavioral results in the tokens task were similar following M1 disruption and sham stimulation, suggesting that the contribution of M1 to the deliberation process is potentially negligible. Taken together, these findings favor the view that M1 contribution is downstream of the decision process.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Decisions between actions are ubiquitous in the animal realm. Deliberation during action choices entails changes in the activity of the sensorimotor areas controlling those actions, but the causal role of these areas is still often debated. With the use of continuous theta burst stimulation, we show that disrupting the primary motor cortex (M1) delays the motor processes that follow instructed commitment but does not alter volitional deliberation, suggesting that M1 contribution may be downstream of the decision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Derosiere
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - David Thura
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center - IMPACT Team, INSERM U1028 - CNRS UMR 5292, Bron, France
| | - Paul Cisek
- Department of Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Duque
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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