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Gauberg J, Moreno KB, Jayaraman K, Abumeri S, Jenkins S, Salazar AM, Meharena HS, Glasgow SM. Spinal motor neuron development and metabolism are transcriptionally regulated by Nuclear Factor IA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.26.600888. [PMID: 38979382 PMCID: PMC11230388 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.26.600888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Neural circuits governing all motor behaviors in vertebrates rely on the proper development of motor neurons and their precise targeting of limb muscles. Transcription factors are essential for motor neuron development, regulating their specification, migration, and axonal targeting. While transcriptional regulation of the early stages of motor neuron specification is well-established, much less is known about the role of transcription factors in the later stages of maturation and terminal arborization. Defining the molecular mechanisms of these later stages is critical for elucidating how motor circuits are constructed. Here, we demonstrate that the transcription factor Nuclear Factor-IA (NFIA) is required for motor neuron positioning, axonal branching, and neuromuscular junction formation. Moreover, we find that NFIA is required for proper mitochondrial function and ATP production, providing a new and important link between transcription factors and metabolism during motor neuron development. Together, these findings underscore the critical role of NFIA in instructing the assembly of spinal circuits for movement.
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Vagnozzi AN, Moore MT, Lin M, Brozost EM, KC R, Agarwal A, Schwarz LA, Duan X, Zampieri N, Landmesser LT, Philippidou P. Coordinated cadherin functions sculpt respiratory motor circuit connectivity. eLife 2022; 11:e82116. [PMID: 36583530 PMCID: PMC9910829 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breathing, and the motor circuits that control it, is essential for life. At the core of respiratory circuits are Dbx1-derived interneurons, which generate the rhythm and pattern of breathing, and phrenic motor neurons (MNs), which provide the final motor output that drives diaphragm muscle contractions during inspiration. Despite their critical function, the principles that dictate how respiratory circuits assemble are unknown. Here, we show that coordinated activity of a type I cadherin (N-cadherin) and type II cadherins (Cadherin-6, -9, and -10) is required in both MNs and Dbx1-derived neurons to generate robust respiratory motor output. Both MN- and Dbx1-specific cadherin inactivation in mice during a critical developmental window results in perinatal lethality due to respiratory failure and a striking reduction in phrenic MN bursting activity. This combinatorial cadherin code is required to establish phrenic MN cell body and dendritic topography; surprisingly, however, cell body position appears to be dispensable for the targeting of phrenic MNs by descending respiratory inputs. Our findings demonstrate that type I and II cadherins function cooperatively throughout the respiratory circuit to generate a robust breathing output and reveal novel strategies that drive the assembly of motor circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Vagnozzi
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Matthew T Moore
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Minshan Lin
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Elyse M Brozost
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Ritesh KC
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Aambar Agarwal
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Lindsay A Schwarz
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphisUnited States
| | - Xin Duan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz AssociationBerlinGermany
| | - Lynn T Landmesser
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
| | - Polyxeni Philippidou
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve UniversityClevelandUnited States
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Transcriptome Profile of Membrane and Extracellular Matrix Components in Ligament-Fibroblastic Progenitors and Cementoblasts Differentiated from Human Periodontal Ligament Cells. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13040659. [PMID: 35456465 PMCID: PMC9031187 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ligament-fibroblastic cells and cementoblasts, two types of progenitor cells that differentiate from periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs), are responsible for the formation of the adhesive tissues in the tooth root. Since one of the factors that determines the fate of stem cell differentiation is the change in the microenvironment of the stem/progenitor cells, this study attempted to compare and analyze the molecular differences in the membrane and ECM of the two progenitor cells. Single cells derived from hPDLSCs were treated with TGF-β1 and BMP7 to obtain ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblastic cells, respectively. The transcriptome profiles of three independent replicates of each progenitor were evaluated using next-generation sequencing. The representative differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were verified by qRT-PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Among a total of 2245 DEGs identified, 142 and 114 DEGs related to ECM and cell membrane molecules were upregulated in ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblast-like cells, respectively. The major types of integrin and cadherin were found to be different between the two progenitor cells. In addition, the representative core proteins for each glycosaminoglycan-specific proteoglycan class were different between the two progenitors. This study provides a detailed understanding of cell–cell and cell–ECM interactions through the specific components of the membrane and ECM for ligament-fibroblastic and cementoblastic differentiation of hPDLSCs.
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Zheng BT, Li QL, Lan T, Xie J, Lu YG, Zheng DL, Su BH. CDH11 Regulates Adhesion and Transcellular Migration of Tongue Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:4211-4222. [PMID: 34295163 PMCID: PMC8291966 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s298614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose CDH11, as a member of cadherins, mediates homotypic cell adhesion. Some studies have shown that CDH11 plays an important role in the development of tumors, especially in the processes of tumor invasion and metastasis. While features of CDH11 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) are still indeterminate, the purpose of the present study is to explore the role of CDH11 in TSCC. Methods The expression of cadherin gene in a TSCC cell line with high metastatic potential (LN4) and the parental CAL27 were examined both in the TCGA database and in collected clinical samples, further verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The effects of CDH11 on the proliferation, apoptosis, migration, invasion and adhesion were tested in appropriate ways after CDH11 was overexpressed in TSCC cells. Results Among the 22 cadherin genes, CDH11 was one of the most obviously inhibited genes in LN4 cells as compared with the parental cells. Overexpression of CDH11 did not show a significant effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis, stemness, migration and invasion ability of TSCC cells themselves, but it increased the adhesion of TSCC cells with human oral epithelial cells and decreased their ability to pass through human oral epithelial cells (HOECs) for migration. Conclusion The results indicated that CDH11 plays as a tumor suppressor in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by inhibiting the invasion and migration of tongue cancer cells. CDH11 may serve as an effective clinical target for new tongue cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi-Tan Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Ling Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Lan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - You-Guang Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
| | - Da-Li Zheng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Hua Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, People's Republic of China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350002, People's Republic of China
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5
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Polanco J, Reyes-Vigil F, Weisberg SD, Dhimitruka I, Brusés JL. Differential Spatiotemporal Expression of Type I and Type II Cadherins Associated With the Segmentation of the Central Nervous System and Formation of Brain Nuclei in the Developing Mouse. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:633719. [PMID: 33833667 PMCID: PMC8021962 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.633719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I and type II classical cadherins comprise a family of cell adhesion molecules that regulate cell sorting and tissue separation by forming specific homo and heterophilic bonds. Factors that affect cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion include cadherin binding affinity and expression level. This study examines the expression pattern of type I cadherins (Cdh1, Cdh2, Cdh3, and Cdh4), type II cadherins (Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh10, Cdh11, Cdh12, Cdh18, Cdh20, and Cdh24), and the atypical cadherin 13 (Cdh13) during distinct morphogenetic events in the developing mouse central nervous system from embryonic day 11.5 to postnatal day 56. Cadherin mRNA expression levels obtained from in situ hybridization experiments carried out at the Allen Institute for Brain Science (https://alleninstitute.org/) were retrieved from the Allen Developing Mouse Brain Atlas. Cdh2 is the most abundantly expressed type I cadherin throughout development, while Cdh1, Cdh3, and Cdh4 are expressed at low levels. Type II cadherins show a dynamic pattern of expression that varies between neuroanatomical structures and developmental ages. Atypical Cdh13 expression pattern correlates with Cdh2 in abundancy and localization. Analyses of cadherin-mediated relative adhesion estimated from their expression level and binding affinity show substantial differences in adhesive properties between regions of the neural tube associated with the segmentation along the anterior–posterior axis. Differences in relative adhesion were also observed between brain nuclei in the developing subpallium (basal ganglia), suggesting that differential cell adhesion contributes to the segregation of neuronal pools. In the adult cerebral cortex, type II cadherins Cdh6, Cdh8, Cdh10, and Cdh12 are abundant in intermediate layers, while Cdh11 shows a gradated expression from the deeper layer 6 to the superficial layer 1, and Cdh9, Cdh18, and Cdh24 are more abundant in the deeper layers. Person’s correlation analyses of cadherins mRNA expression patterns between areas and layers of the cerebral cortex and the nuclei of the subpallium show significant correlations between certain cortical areas and the basal ganglia. The study shows that differential cadherin expression and cadherin-mediated adhesion are associated with a wide range of morphogenetic events in the developing central nervous system including the organization of neurons into layers, the segregation of neurons into nuclei, and the formation of neuronal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Polanco
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Fredy Reyes-Vigil
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Sarah D Weisberg
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Ilirian Dhimitruka
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
| | - Juan L Brusés
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY, United States
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6
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Zhou H, Wang X, Lin J, Zhao Z, Chang C. Distribution of Cadherin in the Parahippocampal Area of Developing Domestic Chicken Embryos. Exp Neurobiol 2020; 29:11-26. [PMID: 32122105 PMCID: PMC7075654 DOI: 10.5607/en.2020.29.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal formation is important in spatial learning and memory. Members of the cadherin superfamily are observed in the neural system with diverse spatial and temporal expression patterns and are involved in many biological processes. To date, the avian hippocampal formation is not well understood. In this study, we examined the expression of cadherin mRNA in chicken and mouse brains to investigate the morphological and cytoarchitectural bases of hippocampal formation. Profiles of the spatiotemporal expression of cadherin mRNAs in the developing chicken embryonic parahippocampal area (APH) are provided, and layer-specific expression and spatiotemporal expression were observed in different subdivisions of the APH. That fact that some cadherins (Cdh2, Cdh8, Pcdh8 and Pcdh10) showed conserved regional expression both in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex of mice and the hippocampal formation of chickens partially confirmed the structural homology proposed by previous scientists. This study indicates that some cadherins can be used as special markers of the avian hippocampal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Goethe-University Hospital, Frankfurt am Main 60596, Germany
| | - XiaoFan Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - JunTang Lin
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of Stem Cell Medicine, College of Biomedical Engineering, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Ze Zhao
- School of Law, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Cheng Chang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Birth Defect Prevention Key Laboratory, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Zhengzhou 450000, China.,Center of Cerebral Palsy Surgical Research and Treatment, ZhengZhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
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7
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Dewitz C, Duan X, Zampieri N. Organization of motor pools depends on the combined function of N-cadherin and type II cadherins. Development 2019; 146:dev.180422. [PMID: 31235635 DOI: 10.1242/dev.180422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type I and type II classical cadherins constitute a family of cell adhesion molecules expressed in complex combinatorial profiles in the nervous system, suggesting that a cadherin code implements specific adhesive recognition events that control the development of neural circuits. In the spinal cord, classical cadherins define at a molecular level the positional organization of motor neuron subtypes into discrete nuclear structures termed motor pools. However, the roles and contributions of different members of the family in defining motor neuron spatial organization are not yet clear. By combining mouse genetics with quantitative positional analysis, we found that motor neuron organization into pools depends on type II cadherins. Type II cadherin function, however, does not strictly reflect the predictions arising from binding specificities at a molecular level, but instead relies on N-cadherin, a type I cadherin whose elimination is required to reveal type II contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Dewitz
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xin Duan
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Physiology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, 1550 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94143-2811, USA
| | - Niccolò Zampieri
- Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure, Neuroscience Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany .,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Pederick DT, Richards KL, Piltz SG, Kumar R, Mincheva-Tasheva S, Mandelstam SA, Dale RC, Scheffer IE, Gecz J, Petrou S, Hughes JN, Thomas PQ. Abnormal Cell Sorting Underlies the Unique X-Linked Inheritance of PCDH19 Epilepsy. Neuron 2019; 97:59-66.e5. [PMID: 29301106 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
X-linked diseases typically exhibit more severe phenotypes in males than females. In contrast, protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) mutations cause epilepsy in heterozygous females but spare hemizygous males. The cellular mechanism responsible for this unique pattern of X-linked inheritance is unknown. We show that PCDH19 contributes to adhesion specificity in a combinatorial manner such that mosaic expression of Pcdh19 in heterozygous female mice leads to striking sorting between cells expressing wild-type (WT) PCDH19 and null PCDH19 in the developing cortex, correlating with altered network activity. Complete deletion of PCDH19 in heterozygous mice abolishes abnormal cell sorting and restores normal network activity. Furthermore, we identify variable cortical malformations in PCDH19 epilepsy patients. Our results highlight the role of PCDH19 in determining cell adhesion affinities during cortical development and the way segregation of WT and null PCDH19 cells is associated with the unique X-linked inheritance of PCDH19 epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Pederick
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Kay L Richards
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Sandra G Piltz
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stefka Mincheva-Tasheva
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Simone A Mandelstam
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Radiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Medical Imaging, Royal Children's Hospital, Florey Neurosciences Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Russell C Dale
- Institute for Neuroscience and Muscle Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ingrid E Scheffer
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; The University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Steven Petrou
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Medicine Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - James N Hughes
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- School of Biological Sciences and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; School of Medicine and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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9
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Chen Z. Common cues wire the spinal cord: Axon guidance molecules in spinal neuron migration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 85:71-77. [PMID: 29274387 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Topographic arrangement of neuronal cell bodies and axonal tracts are crucial for proper wiring of the nervous system. This involves often-coordinated neuronal migration and axon guidance during development. Most neurons migrate from their birthplace to specific topographic coordinates as they adopt the final cell fates and extend axons. The axons follow temporospatial specific guidance cues to reach the appropriate targets. When neuronal or axonal migration or their coordination is disrupted, severe consequences including neurodevelopmental disorders and neurological diseases, can arise. Neuronal and axonal migration shares some molecular mechanisms, as genes originally identified as axon guidance molecules have been increasingly shown to direct both navigation processes. This review focuses on axon guidance pathways that are shown to also direct neuronal migration in the vertebrate spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of MCD Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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10
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Dewitz C, Pimpinella S, Hackel P, Akalin A, Jessell TM, Zampieri N. Nuclear Organization in the Spinal Cord Depends on Motor Neuron Lamination Orchestrated by Catenin and Afadin Function. Cell Rep 2018; 22:1681-1694. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Kim M, Bjorke B, Mastick GS. Motor neuron migration and positioning mechanisms: New roles for guidance cues. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 85:78-83. [PMID: 29141180 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Motor neurons differentiate from progenitor cells and cluster as motor nuclei, settling next to the floor plate in the brain stem and spinal cord. Although precise positioning of motor neurons is critical for their functional input and output, the molecular mechanisms that guide motor neurons to their proper positions remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent evidence of motor neuron positioning mechanisms, highlighting situations in which motor neuron cell bodies can migrate, and experiments that show that their migration is regulated by axon guidance cues. The view that emerges is that motor neurons are actively trapped or restricted in static positions, as the cells balance a push in the dorsal direction by repulsive Slit/Robo cues and a pull in the ventral direction by attractive Netrin-1/DCC cues. These new functions of guidance cues are necessary fine-tuning to set up patterns of motor neurons at their proper positions in the neural tube during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA.
| | - Brielle Bjorke
- Neuroscience Program, Carleton College, Northfield, MN 55057, USA
| | - Grant S Mastick
- Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
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12
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Abstract
Motor neurons of the spinal cord are responsible for the assembly of neuromuscular connections indispensable for basic locomotion and skilled movements. A precise spatial relationship exists between the position of motor neuron cell bodies in the spinal cord and the course of their axonal projections to peripheral muscle targets. Motor neuron innervation of the vertebrate limb is a prime example of this topographic organization and by virtue of its accessibility and predictability has provided access to fundamental principles of motor system development and neuronal guidance. The seemingly basic binary map established by genetically defined motor neuron subtypes that target muscles in the limb is directed by a surprisingly large number of directional cues. Rather than being simply redundant, these converging signaling pathways are hierarchically linked and cooperate to increase the fidelity of axon pathfinding decisions. A current priority is to determine how multiple guidance signals are integrated by individual growth cones and how they synergize to delineate class-specific axonal trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bonanomi
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Steel D, Symonds JD, Zuberi SM, Brunklaus A. Dravet syndrome and its mimics: Beyond SCN1A. Epilepsia 2017; 58:1807-1816. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dora Steel
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group; Royal Hospital for Children; Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Joseph D. Symonds
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group; Royal Hospital for Children; Glasgow United Kingdom
- School of Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Sameer M. Zuberi
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group; Royal Hospital for Children; Glasgow United Kingdom
- School of Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Brunklaus
- The Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group; Royal Hospital for Children; Glasgow United Kingdom
- School of Medicine; University of Glasgow; Glasgow United Kingdom
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14
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Luxey M, Laussu J, Davy A. EphrinB2 sharpens lateral motor column division in the developing spinal cord. Neural Dev 2015; 10:25. [PMID: 26503288 PMCID: PMC4624581 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-015-0051-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During sensori-motor circuit development, the somas of motoneurons (MN) are distributed in a topographic manner in the ventral horn of the neural tube. Indeed, their position within the lateral motor columns (LMC) correlates with axonal trajectories and identity of target limb muscles. The mechanisms by which this topographic distribution is established remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we assessed the role of ephrinB2 in MN topographic organization in the developing mouse spinal cord. Results First, we used a reporter mouse line to establish the spatio-temporal expression pattern of EfnB2 in the developing LMC. We show that early in LMC development, ephrinB2 is differentially expressed in MN of the lateral versus medial LMC, suggesting a possible role in MN sorting and/or migration. We demonstrate that while MN-specific excision of EfnB2 did not perturb specification or migration of MN, conditional loss of ephrinB2 led to the blurring of the LMC divisional boundary and to errors in the selection of LMC axon trajectory in the limb. Conclusions Altogether, our study uncovered a novel cell autonomous role for ephrinB2 in LMC MN thus emphasizing the prevalent role of this ephrin member in maintaining cell population boundaries. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13064-015-0051-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maëva Luxey
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,Institut de Recherche Clinique de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal (Québec), H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Julien Laussu
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France.,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Alice Davy
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, CNRS, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, France. .,Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.
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15
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Abstract
Control of movement is a fundamental and complex task of the vertebrate nervous system, which relies on communication between circuits distributed throughout the brain and spinal cord. Many of the networks essential for the execution of basic locomotor behaviors are composed of discrete neuronal populations residing within the spinal cord. The organization and connectivity of these circuits is established through programs that generate functionally diverse neuronal subtypes, each contributing to a specific facet of motor output. Significant progress has been made in deciphering how neuronal subtypes are specified and in delineating the guidance and synaptic specificity determinants at the core of motor circuit assembly. Recent studies have shed light on the basic principles linking locomotor circuit connectivity with function, and they are beginning to reveal how more sophisticated motor behaviors are encoded. In this review, we discuss the impact of developmental programs in specifying motor behaviors governed by spinal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Catela
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| | - Maggie M Shin
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
| | - Jeremy S Dasen
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016;
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16
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Commissural axonal corridors instruct neuronal migration in the mouse spinal cord. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7028. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Singh S, Solecki DJ. Polarity transitions during neurogenesis and germinal zone exit in the developing central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 25852469 PMCID: PMC4349153 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
During neural development, billions of neurons differentiate, polarize, migrate and form synapses in a precisely choreographed sequence. These precise developmental events are accompanied by discreet transitions in cellular polarity. While radial glial neural stem cells are highly polarized, transiently amplifying neural progenitors are less polarized after delaminating from their parental stem cell. Moreover, preceding their radial migration to a final laminar position neural progenitors re-adopt a polarized morphology before they embarking on their journey along a glial guide to the destination where they will fully mature. In this review, we will compare and contrast the key polarity transitions of cells derived from a neuroepithelium to the well-characterized polarity transitions that occur in true epithelia. We will highlight recent advances in the field that shows that neuronal progenitor delamination from germinal zone (GZ) niche shares similarities to an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, studies in the cerebellum suggest the acquisition of radial migration and polarity in transiently amplifying neural progenitors share similarities to mesenchymal-epithelial transitions. Where applicable, we will compare and contrast the precise molecular mechanisms used by epithelial cells and neuronal progenitors to control plasticity in cell polarity during their distinct developmental programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Singh
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David J Solecki
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis, TN, USA
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18
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The assessment of the in vivo to in vitro cellular transition of human umbilical cord multipotent stromal cells. Placenta 2014; 36:232-9. [PMID: 25524058 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human umbilical cord stroma is a rich source of primitive multipotent stromal cells (hUC-MSCs). However, the methods for hUC-MSC isolation and propagation remain controversial and vary among laboratories. Our group previously demonstrated that two cell types emerge upon enzymatic isolation of hUC-MSCs, which subsequently undergo a transition towards a fibroblastoid phenotype in later passages. The aim of this study was to further analyse cultured hUC-MSCs by evaluating the cytoskeletal and cell adhesion proteins and by comparing the remodelling of those proteins in umbilical cord sections to determine the cell alterations due to enzymatic and explant methods. METHODS Tissue sections and cultured cells isolated by enzymatic or explant methods were analysed morphologically and by labelling cytokeratin, vimentin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, E-cadherin and N-cadherin profiles. RESULTS The present observations confirmed that wide, flat cells (type-1) share myofibroblastic features, appear exclusively in enzymatically isolated early cultures; gradually diminish or are replaced by fibroblastoid cells (type-2) in later passages. In contrast, the explant method does not result in the existence of type-1 cells in vitro. Among the tested CK subtypes, CK18 expression is upregulated, whereas CK19 expression is downregulated upon culturing after both protocols. Vimentin and α-SMA, as the major intermediate filaments of hUC-MSCs were found unaltered throughout the culturing period regardless of the cell isolation technique used. DISCUSSION The data presented confirm and further elucidate the previously observed phenotypic change in hUC-MSCs as illustrated by alterations in structural proteins during enzymatic isolation and subsequent culturing of cells compared with in situ equivalents.
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19
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Abstract
Hindbrain cranial motor neurons are organized into discrete functional clusters. A new study demonstrates that coalescence of these nuclei is driven by the expression of distinct combinations of cadherin adhesion molecules by each motor neuron group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Pearson
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Samantha J Butler
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Bennett G Novitch
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Central topography of cranial motor nuclei controlled by differential cadherin expression. Curr Biol 2014; 24:2541-7. [PMID: 25308074 PMCID: PMC4228048 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal nuclei are prominent, evolutionarily conserved features of vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) organization [1]. Nuclei are clusters of soma of functionally related neurons and are located in highly stereotyped positions. Establishment of this CNS topography is critical to neural circuit assembly. However, little is known of either the cellular or molecular mechanisms that drive nucleus formation during development, a process termed nucleogenesis [2, 3, 4, 5]. Brainstem motor neurons, which contribute axons to distinct cranial nerves and whose functions are essential to vertebrate survival, are organized exclusively as nuclei. Cranial motor nuclei are composed of two main classes, termed branchiomotor/visceromotor and somatomotor [6]. Each of these classes innervates evolutionarily distinct structures, for example, the branchial arches and eyes, respectively. Additionally, each class is generated by distinct progenitor cell populations and is defined by differential transcription factor expression [7, 8]; for example, Hb9 distinguishes somatomotor from branchiomotor neurons. We characterized the time course of cranial motornucleogenesis, finding that despite differences in cellular origin, segregation of branchiomotor and somatomotor nuclei occurs actively, passing through a phase of each being intermingled. We also found that differential expression of cadherin cell adhesion family members uniquely defines each motor nucleus. We show that cadherin expression is critical to nucleogenesis as its perturbation degrades nucleus topography predictably. Cranial motor nucleogenesis occurs through an active process of segregation Differential cadherin expression defines cranial motor nuclei Cadherin expression drives specificity of cranial motor nucleus segregation Cadherin expression does not affect cranial motor neuron migration
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Machado CB, Kanning KC, Kreis P, Stevenson D, Crossley M, Nowak M, Iacovino M, Kyba M, Chambers D, Blanc E, Lieberam I. Reconstruction of phrenic neuron identity in embryonic stem cell-derived motor neurons. Development 2014; 141:784-94. [PMID: 24496616 PMCID: PMC3912827 DOI: 10.1242/dev.097188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Air breathing is an essential motor function for vertebrates living on land. The rhythm that drives breathing is generated within the central nervous system and relayed via specialised subsets of spinal motor neurons to muscles that regulate lung volume. In mammals, a key respiratory muscle is the diaphragm, which is innervated by motor neurons in the phrenic nucleus. Remarkably, relatively little is known about how this crucial subtype of motor neuron is generated during embryogenesis. Here, we used direct differentiation of motor neurons from mouse embryonic stem cells as a tool to identify genes that direct phrenic neuron identity. We find that three determinants, Pou3f1, Hoxa5 and Notch, act in combination to promote a phrenic neuron molecular identity. We show that Notch signalling induces Pou3f1 in developing motor neurons in vitro and in vivo. This suggests that the phrenic neuron lineage is established through a local source of Notch ligand at mid-cervical levels. Furthermore, we find that the cadherins Pcdh10, which is regulated by Pou3f1 and Hoxa5, and Cdh10, which is controlled by Pou3f1, are both mediators of like-like clustering of motor neuron cell bodies. This specific Pcdh10/Cdh10 activity might provide the means by which phrenic neurons are assembled into a distinct nucleus. Our study provides a framework for understanding how phrenic neuron identity is conferred and will help to generate this rare and inaccessible yet vital neuronal subtype directly from pluripotent stem cells, thus facilitating subsequent functional investigations.
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22
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Lin J, Wang C, Redies C. Restricted expression of classic cadherins in the spinal cord of the chicken embryo. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:18. [PMID: 24744704 PMCID: PMC3978366 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic cadherins belong to the family of cadherin genes and play important roles in neurogenesis, neuron migration, and axon growth. In the present study, we compared the expression patterns of 10 classic cadherins (Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh11, Cdh12, Cdh18, and Cdh20) in the developing chicken spinal cord (SP) by in situ hybridization. Our results indicate that each of the investigated cadherins exhibits a spatially restricted and temporally regulated pattern of expression. At early developmental stages (E2.5–E3), Cdh2 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelial layer. Cdh6 is strongly positive in the roof plate and later also in the floor plate. Cdh7, Cdh11, Cdh12, and Cdh20 are expressed in restricted regions of the basal plate of the SP. At intermediate stages of development (E4–E10), specific expression profiles are observed for all investigated cadherins in the differentiating mantle layer along the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and rostrocaudal dimensions. Expression profiles are especially diverse for Cdh2, Cdh4, Cdh8, Cdh11, and Cdh20 in the dorsal horn, while different pools of motor neurons exhibit signal for Cdh6, Cdh7, Cdh8, Cdh9, Cdh12, and Cdh20 in the ventral horn. Interestingly, subpopulations of cells in the dorsal root ganglion express combinations of different cadherins. In the surrounding tissues, such as the boundary cap cells and the notochord, the cadherins are also expressed differentially. The highly regulated spatiotemporal expression patterns of the classic cadherins indicate that these genes potentially play multiple and diverse roles during the development of the SP and its surrounding tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntang Lin
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Congrui Wang
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany ; Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Christoph Redies
- Institute of Anatomy I, University of Jena School of Medicine - Jena University Hospital Jena, Germany
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23
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Hawthorne AL. Repurposing Reelin: the new role of radial glia, Reelin and Notch in motor neuron migration. Exp Neurol 2014; 256:17-20. [PMID: 24607503 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of Reelin during cerebral cortical neuron migration has long been studied, but the Reelin signaling pathway and its possible interactions are just beginning to be unraveled. Reelin is not only important in cerebral cortical migration, but has recently been shown to interact with the Notch signaling pathway and to be critical for radial glial cell number and morphology. Lee and Song (2013) show a new Notch- and Reelin-dependent role for radial glia in the mouse spinal cord: to act as a fine filter that allows somatic motor neuron axons but not cell bodies to traverse out of the CNS. Here, the types of neuronal migration are discussed, focusing on motor neurons and cues for proper localization. The interaction of Reelin signaling with the Notch pathway is reviewed, which dictates the proper formation of radial glia in the spinal cord in order to prevent ectopic motor neuron migration (Lee and Song, 2013). Future studies may reveal novel interactions and further insights as to how Reelin functions throughout the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia L Hawthorne
- Dept. of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael St., WBRB 415, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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24
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Kania A. Spinal motor neuron migration and the significance of topographic organization in the nervous system. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 800:133-48. [PMID: 24243104 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7687-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system displays a high degree of topographic organisation such that neuronal soma position is closely correlated to axonal trajectory. One example of such order is the myotopic organisation of the motor system where spinal motor neuron position parallels that of target muscles. This chapter will discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying motor neuron soma positioning, which include transcriptional control of Reelin signaling and cadherin expression. As the same transcription factors have been shown to control motor axon innervation of target muscles, a simple mechanism of topographic organisation specification is becoming evident raising the question of how coordinating soma position with axon trajectory might be important for nervous system wiring and its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kania
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), 110, ave. des Pins Ouest, Montréal, QC, H2W 1R7, Canada,
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25
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Gheldof A, Berx G. Cadherins and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 116:317-36. [PMID: 23481201 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394311-8.00014-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a process whereby epithelial cells are transcriptionally reprogrammed, resulting in decreased adhesion and enhanced migration or invasion. EMT occurs during different stages of embryonic development, including gastrulation and neural crest cell delamination, and is induced by a panel of specific transcription factors. These factors comprise, among others, members of the Snail, ZEB, and Twist families, and are all known to modulate cadherin expression and, in particular, E-cadherin. By regulating expression of the cadherin family of proteins, EMT-inducing transcription factors dynamically modulate cell adhesion, allowing many developmental processes to take place. However, during cancer progression EMT can be utilized by cancer cells to contribute to malignancy. This is also reflected at the level of the cadherins, where the cadherin switch between E- and N-cadherins is a classical example seen in cancer-related EMT. In this chapter, we give a detailed overview of the entanglement between EMT-inducing transcription factors and cadherin modulation during embryonic development and cancer progression. We describe how classical cadherins such as E- and N-cadherins are regulated during EMT, as well as cadherin 7, -6B, and -11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gheldof
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Unit of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
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26
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Abstract
Slice cultures can facilitate the manipulation of embryo development both pharmacologically and through gene manipulations. In this reduced system, potential lethal side effects due to systemic drug applications can be overcome. However, culture conditions must ensure that normal development proceeds within the reduced environment of the slice. We have focused on the development of the spinal cord, particularly that of spinal motor neurons. We systematically varied culture conditions of chicken embryo slices from the point at which most spinal motor neurons had been born. We assayed the number and type of motor neurons that survived during the culture period and the position of those motor neurons compared to that in vivo. We found that serum type and neurotrophic factors were required during the culture period and were able to keep motor neurons alive for at least 24 hr and allow those motor neurons to migrate to appropriate positions in the spinal cord. We present these culture conditions and the methodology of preparing the embryo slice cultures using eviscerated chicken embryos embedded in agarose and sliced using a vibratome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina C Tubby
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
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27
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Paulson AF, Prasad MS, Thuringer AH, Manzerra P. Regulation of cadherin expression in nervous system development. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 8:19-28. [PMID: 24526207 DOI: 10.4161/cam.27839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses our current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms for classical cadherin expression during development of the vertebrate nervous system. The complexity of the spatial and temporal expression patterns is linked to morphogenic and functional roles in the developing nervous system. While the regulatory networks controlling cadherin expression are not well understood, it is likely that the multiple signaling pathways active in the development of particular domains also regulate the specific cadherins expressed at that time and location. With the growing understanding of the broader roles of cadherins in cell-cell adhesion and non-adhesion processes, it is important to understand both the upstream regulation of cadherin expression and the downstream effects of specific cadherins within their cellular context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia F Paulson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences; Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
| | - Maneeshi S Prasad
- Department of Molecular Biosciences; Northwestern University; Evanston, IL USA
| | | | - Pasquale Manzerra
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences; Sanford School of Medicine of The University of South Dakota; Vermillion, SD USA
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28
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Shirkoohi R. Epithelial mesenchymal transition from a natural gestational orchestration to a bizarre cancer disturbance. Cancer Sci 2012. [PMID: 23181983 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a pathologic phenomenon in cancer, has a twin in the embryonic period of life. In the first one, its promotion will cause metastasis to become a life-threatening stage of cancer, while in the second it will lead to organogenesis, which is necessary for all living creatures. There is one more from this phenomenon, which occurs during the wound healing process and if dys-regulated can lead to fibrosis. In both there are stimulants in common and one that are different. Stages start from cell-cell junction dissociation followed by morphological changes and behavioral and essence alterations. To control the EMT as a bizarre disturbance in cancer and metastasis, initially it is better to understand the wonder of natural gestational orchestration in early life. In this review, first the structure of the two heads of the spectrum is described followed by the cellular and micro-environmental alterations during this phenomenon. Understanding cellular behavior in this process and what makes them invasive resistant stemness cells will be of great importance in highlighting roads to cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Shirkoohi
- Genetic Group, Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Price SR. Cell adhesion and migration in the organization of spinal motor neurons. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 6:385-9. [PMID: 22902765 DOI: 10.4161/cam.21044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal motor neurons are critical to the ability of animals to move and thus essential to survival. Motor neurons that project axons to distinct limb-muscle targets are topographically organized such that central nervous system position reflects the location of the muscle in the limb. The central positioning of limb-projecting motor neurons arises during development through motor neuron migration followed by a period of coalescence into discrete groupings of motor neurons which project axons to an individual muscle. These so-called motor pools are a common feature of motor organization in higher vertebrates. Recent work has highlighted the critical role for armadillo family member catenin-dependent functions of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules in directing the organization of motor neurons. Cadherin function appears to be important for both the motor neuron migration and coalescence phases of the emergence of motor neuron topography. Here, I review this recent work in the context of our understanding of the general development of spinal motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Price
- Research Department of Cell and Developmental Biology; University College London; London, UK.
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30
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Rousso DL, Pearson CA, Gaber ZB, Miquelajauregui A, Li S, Portera-Cailliau C, Morrisey EE, Novitch BG. Foxp-mediated suppression of N-cadherin regulates neuroepithelial character and progenitor maintenance in the CNS. Neuron 2012; 74:314-30. [PMID: 22542185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroepithelial attachments at adherens junctions are essential for the self-renewal of neural stem and progenitor cells and the polarized organization of the developing central nervous system. The balance between stem cell maintenance and differentiation depends on the precise assembly and disassembly of these adhesive contacts, but the gene regulatory mechanisms orchestrating this process are not known. Here, we demonstrate that two Forkhead transcription factors, Foxp2 and Foxp4, are progressively expressed upon neural differentiation in the spinal cord. Elevated expression of either Foxp represses the expression of a key component of adherens junctions, N-cadherin, and promotes the detachment of differentiating neurons from the neuroepithelium. Conversely, inactivation of Foxp2 and Foxp4 function in both chick and mouse results in a spectrum of neural tube defects associated with neuroepithelial disorganization and enhanced progenitor maintenance. Together, these data reveal a Foxp-based transcriptional mechanism that regulates the integrity and cytoarchitecture of neuroepithelial progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Rousso
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 610 Charles Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Arber S. Motor Circuits in Action: Specification, Connectivity, and Function. Neuron 2012; 74:975-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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32
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Wu H, Lu Y, Barik A, Joseph A, Taketo MM, Xiong WC, Mei L. β-Catenin gain of function in muscles impairs neuromuscular junction formation. Development 2012; 139:2392-404. [PMID: 22627288 DOI: 10.1242/dev.080705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) formation requires proper interaction between motoneurons and muscle cells. β-Catenin is required in muscle cells for NMJ formation. To understand underlying mechanisms, we investigated the effect of β-catenin gain of function (GOF) on NMJ development. In HSA-β-cat(flox(ex3)/+) mice, which express stable β-catenin specifically in muscles, motor nerve terminals became extensively defasciculated and arborized. Ectopic muscles were observed in the diaphragm and were innervated by ectopic phrenic nerve branches. Moreover, extensive outgrowth and branching of spinal axons were evident in the GOF mice. These results indicate that increased β-catenin in muscles alters presynaptic differentiation. Postsynaptically, AChR clusters in HSA-β-cat(flox(ex3)/+) diaphragms were distributed in a wider region, suggesting that muscle β-catenin GOF disrupted the signal that restricts AChR clustering to the middle region of muscle fibers. Expression of stable β-catenin in motoneurons, however, had no effect on NMJ formation. These observations provide additional genetic evidence that pre- and postsynaptic development of the NMJ requires an intricate balance of β-catenin activity in muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Georgia Health Sciences University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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