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Cases-Cunillera S, Friker LL, Müller P, Becker AJ, Gielen GH. From bedside to bench: New insights in epilepsy-associated tumors based on recent classification updates and animal models on brain tumor networks. Mol Oncol 2024. [PMID: 38899375 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-grade neuroepithelial tumors (LGNTs), particularly those with glioneuronal histology, are highly associated with pharmacoresistant epilepsy. Increasing research focused on these neoplastic lesions did not translate into drug discovery; and anticonvulsant or antitumor therapies are not available yet. During the last years, animal modeling has improved, thereby leading to the possibility of generating brain tumors in mice mimicking crucial genetic, molecular and immunohistological features. Among them, intraventricular in utero electroporation (IUE) has been proven to be a valuable tool for the generation of animal models for LGNTs allowing endogenous tumor growth within the mouse brain parenchyma. Epileptogenicity is mostly determined by the slow-growing patterns of these tumors, thus mirroring intrinsic interactions between tumor cells and surrounding neurons is crucial to investigate the mechanisms underlying convulsive activity. In this review, we provide an updated classification of the human LGNT and summarize the most recent data from human and animal models, with a focus on the crosstalk between brain tumors and neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Cases-Cunillera
- INSERM U1266, Neuronal Signaling in Epilepsy and Glioma, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lea L Friker
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Philipp Müller
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Albert J Becker
- Section for Translational Epilepsy Research, Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerrit H Gielen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Lange F, Gade R, Einsle A, Porath K, Reichart G, Maletzki C, Schneider B, Henker C, Dubinski D, Linnebacher M, Köhling R, Freiman TM, Kirschstein T. A glutamatergic biomarker panel enables differentiating Grade 4 gliomas/astrocytomas from brain metastases. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1335401. [PMID: 38835368 PMCID: PMC11148222 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1335401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The differentiation of high-grade glioma and brain tumors of an extracranial origin is eminent for the decision on subsequent treatment regimens. While in high-grade glioma, a surgical resection of the tumor mass is a fundamental part of current standard regimens, in brain metastasis, the burden of the primary tumor must be considered. However, without a cancer history, the differentiation remains challenging in the imaging. Hence, biopsies are common that may help to identify the tumor origin. An additional tool to support the differentiation may be of great help. For this purpose, we aimed to identify a biomarker panel based on the expression analysis of a small sample of tissue to support the pathological analysis of surgery resection specimens. Given that an aberrant glutamate signaling was identified to drive glioblastoma progression, we focused on glutamate receptors and key players of glutamate homeostasis. Methods Based on surgically resected samples from 55 brain tumors, the expression of ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors and key players of glutamate homeostasis were analyzed by RT-PCR. Subsequently, a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed to identify genes whose expression levels may be associated with either glioblastoma or brain metastasis. Results Out of a total of 29 glutamatergic genes analyzed, nine genes presented a significantly different expression level between high-grade gliomas and brain metastases. Of those, seven were identified as potential biomarker candidates including genes encoding for AMPA receptors GRIA1, GRIA2, kainate receptors GRIK1 and GRIK4, metabotropic receptor GRM3, transaminase BCAT1 and the glutamine synthetase (encoded by GLUL). Overall, the biomarker panel achieved an accuracy of 88% (95% CI: 87.1, 90.8) in predicting the tumor entity. Gene expression data, however, could not discriminate between patients with seizures from those without. Conclusion We have identified a panel of seven genes whose expression may serve as a biomarker panel to discriminate glioblastomas and brain metastases at the molecular level. After further validation, our biomarker signatures could be of great use in the decision making on subsequent treatment regimens after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Richard Gade
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Einsle
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesine Reichart
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Claudia Maletzki
- Hematology, Oncology, Palliative Medicine, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Björn Schneider
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Henker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Daniel Dubinski
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Clinic of General Surgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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3
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Beckers P, Belo Do Nascimento I, Charlier M, Desmet N, Massie A, Hermans E. Implication of system x c- in neuroinflammation during the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:117. [PMID: 38715127 PMCID: PMC11077843 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03112-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high prevalence of neuropathic pain, treating this neurological disease remains challenging, given the limited efficacy and numerous side effects associated with current therapies. The complexity in patient management is largely attributed to an incomplete understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms. Central sensitization, that refers to the adaptation of the central nervous system to persistent inflammation and heightened excitatory transmission within pain pathways, stands as a significant contributor to persistent pain. Considering the role of the cystine/glutamate exchanger (also designated as system xc-) in modulating glutamate transmission and in supporting neuroinflammatory responses, we investigated the contribution of this exchanger in the development of neuropathic pain. METHODS We examined the implication of system xc- by evaluating changes in the expression/activity of this exchanger in the dorsal spinal cord of mice after unilateral partial sciatic nerve ligation. In this surgical model of neuropathic pain, we also examined the consequence of the genetic suppression of system xc- (using mice lacking the system xc- specific subunit xCT) or its pharmacological manipulation (using the pharmacological inhibitor sulfasalazine) on the pain-associated behavioral responses. Finally, we assessed the glial activation and the inflammatory response in the spinal cord by measuring mRNA and protein levels of GFAP and selected M1 and M2 microglial markers. RESULTS The sciatic nerve lesion was found to upregulate system xc- at the spinal level. The genetic deletion of xCT attenuated both the amplitude and the duration of the pain sensitization after nerve surgery, as evidenced by reduced responses to mechanical and thermal stimuli, and this was accompanied by reduced glial activation. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of system xc- had an analgesic effect in lesioned mice. CONCLUSION Together, these observations provide evidence for a role of system xc- in the biochemical processes underlying central sensitization. We propose that the reduced hypersensitivity observed in the transgenic mice lacking xCT or in sulfasalazine-treated mice is mediated by a reduced gliosis in the lumbar spinal cord and/or a shift in microglial M1/M2 polarization towards an anti-inflammatory phenotype in the absence of system xc-. These findings suggest that drugs targeting system xc- could contribute to prevent or reduce neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Beckers
- Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 53 (B1.53.01), Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Inês Belo Do Nascimento
- Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 53 (B1.53.01), Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Mathilde Charlier
- Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 53 (B1.53.01), Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Desmet
- Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 53 (B1.53.01), Brussels, 1200, Belgium
| | - Ann Massie
- Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Center for Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Laarbeeklaan 103, Brussels, 1090, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Avenue Hippocrate 53 (B1.53.01), Brussels, 1200, Belgium.
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Vatankhahan H, Esteki F, Jabalameli MA, Kiani P, Ehtiati S, Movahedpour A, Vakili O, Khatami SH. Electrochemical biosensors for early diagnosis of glioblastoma. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 557:117878. [PMID: 38493942 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive and life-threatening neurological malignancy of predominant astrocyte origin. This type of neoplasm can develop in either the brain or the spine and is also known as glioblastoma multiforme. Although current diagnostic methods such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) facilitate tumor location, these approaches are unable to assess disease severity. Furthermore, interpretation of imaging studies requires significant expertise which can have substantial inter-observer variability, thus challenging diagnosis and potentially delaying treatment. In contrast, biosensing systems offer a promising alternative to these traditional approaches. These technologies can continuously monitor specific molecules, providing valuable real-time data on treatment response, and could significantly improve patient outcomes. Among various types of biosensors, electrochemical systems are preferred over other types, as they do not require expensive or complex equipment or procedures and can be made with readily available materials and methods. Moreover, electrochemical biosensors can detect very small amounts of analytes with high accuracy and specificity by using various signal amplification strategies and recognition elements. Considering the advantages of electrochemical biosensors compared to other biosensing methods, we aim to highlight the potential application(s) of these sensors for GBM theranostics. The review's innovative insights are expected to antecede the development of novel biosensors and associated diagnostic platforms, ultimately restructuring GBM detection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Vatankhahan
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farnaz Esteki
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Jabalameli
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouria Kiani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajad Ehtiati
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omid Vakili
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Autophagy Research Center, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Noch EK, Palma L, Yim I, Bullen N, Barnett D, Walsh A, Bhinder B, Benedetti E, Krumsiek J, Gurvitch J, Khwaja S, Atlas D, Elemento O, Cantley LC. Cysteine induces mitochondrial reductive stress in glioblastoma through hydrogen peroxide production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317343121. [PMID: 38359293 PMCID: PMC10895255 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317343121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Glucose and amino acid metabolism are critical for glioblastoma (GBM) growth, but little is known about the specific metabolic alterations in GBM that are targetable with FDA-approved compounds. To investigate tumor metabolism signatures unique to GBM, we interrogated The Cancer Genome Atlas for alterations in glucose and amino acid signatures in GBM relative to other human cancers and found that GBM exhibits the highest levels of cysteine and methionine pathway gene expression of 32 human cancers. Treatment of patient-derived GBM cells with the FDA-approved single cysteine compound N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced GBM cell growth and mitochondrial oxygen consumption, which was worsened by glucose starvation. Normal brain cells and other cancer cells showed no response to NAC. Mechanistic experiments revealed that cysteine compounds induce rapid mitochondrial H2O2 production and reductive stress in GBM cells, an effect blocked by oxidized glutathione, thioredoxin, and redox enzyme overexpression. From analysis of the clinical proteomic tumor analysis consortium (CPTAC) database, we found that GBM cells exhibit lower expression of mitochondrial redox enzymes than four other cancers whose proteomic data are available in CPTAC. Knockdown of mitochondrial thioredoxin-2 in lung cancer cells induced NAC susceptibility, indicating the importance of mitochondrial redox enzyme expression in mitigating reductive stress. Intraperitoneal treatment of mice bearing orthotopic GBM xenografts with a two-cysteine peptide induced H2O2 in brain tumors in vivo. These findings indicate that GBM is uniquely susceptible to NAC-driven reductive stress and could synergize with glucose-lowering treatments for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan K. Noch
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuro-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Laura Palma
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Isaiah Yim
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Nayah Bullen
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Daniel Barnett
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Alexander Walsh
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Bhavneet Bhinder
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Elisa Benedetti
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Justin Gurvitch
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Sumaiyah Khwaja
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY10021
| | - Daphne Atlas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem9190401, Israel
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Lewis C. Cantley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02114
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Liu YC, Gong ZC, Li CQ, Teng P, Chen YY, Huang ZH. Global research trends and prospects of cellular metabolism in colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2024; 16:527-542. [PMID: 38425409 PMCID: PMC10900149 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v16.i2.527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of studies have focused on the role of cellular metabolism in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, no work is currently available to synthesize the field through bibliometrics. AIM To analyze the development in the field of "glucose metabolism" (GM), "amino acid metabolism" (AM), "lipid metabolism" (LM), and "nucleotide metabolism" (NM) in CRC by visualization. METHODS Articles within the abovementioned areas of GM, AM, LM and NM in CRC, which were published from January 1, 1991, to December 31, 2022, are retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection and analyzed by CiteSpace 6.2.R4 and VOSviewer 1.6.19. RESULTS The field of LM in CRC presented the largest number of annual publications and the fastest increase in the last decade compared with the other three fields. Meanwhile, China and the United States were two of the most prominent contributors in these four areas. In addition, Gang Wang, Wei Jia, Maria Notarnicola, and Cornelia Ulrich ranked first in publication numbers, while Jing-Yuan Fang, Senji Hirasawa, Wei Jia, and Charles Fuchs were the most cited authors on average in these four fields, respectively. "Gut microbiota" and "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" emerged as the newest burst words in GM, "gut microbiota" was the latest outburst word in AM, "metastasis", "tumor microenvironment", "fatty acid metabolism", and "metabolic reprogramming" were the up-to-date outbreaking words in LM, while "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" and "apoptosis" were the most recently occurring words in NM. CONCLUSION Research in "cellular metabolism in CRC" is all the rage at the moment, and researchers are particularly interested in exploring the mechanism to explain the metabolic alterations in CRC. Targeting metabolic vulnerability appears to be a promising direction in CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chen Liu
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Gong
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chao-Qun Li
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Teng
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Yan Chen
- Wuxi Institute of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214062, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Huang
- Wuxi Cancer Institute, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu Province, China
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Trejo-Solis C, Silva-Adaya D, Serrano-García N, Magaña-Maldonado R, Jimenez-Farfan D, Ferreira-Guerrero E, Cruz-Salgado A, Castillo-Rodriguez RA. Role of Glycolytic and Glutamine Metabolism Reprogramming on the Proliferation, Invasion, and Apoptosis Resistance through Modulation of Signaling Pathways in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17633. [PMID: 38139462 PMCID: PMC10744281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma cells exhibit genetic and metabolic alterations that affect the deregulation of several cellular signal transduction pathways, including those related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, oncogenic signaling pathways induce the expression of metabolic genes, increasing the metabolic enzyme activities and thus the critical biosynthetic pathways to generate nucleotides, amino acids, and fatty acids, which provide energy and metabolic intermediates that are essential to accomplish the biosynthetic needs of glioma cells. In this review, we aim to explore how dysregulated metabolic enzymes and their metabolites from primary metabolism pathways in glioblastoma (GBM) such as glycolysis and glutaminolysis modulate anabolic and catabolic metabolic pathways as well as pro-oncogenic signaling and contribute to the formation, survival, growth, and malignancy of glioma cells. Also, we discuss promising therapeutic strategies by targeting the key players in metabolic regulation. Therefore, the knowledge of metabolic reprogramming is necessary to fully understand the biology of malignant gliomas to improve patient survival significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solis
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (D.S.-A.); (N.S.-G.); (R.M.-M.)
| | - Dolores Jimenez-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico 04510, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Ferreira-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico; (E.F.-G.); (A.C.-S.)
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Bailleul J, Vlashi E. Glioblastomas: Hijacking Metabolism to Build a Flexible Shield for Therapy Resistance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 39:957-979. [PMID: 37022791 PMCID: PMC10655009 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Glioblastomas (GBMs) are among the most lethal tumors despite the almost exclusive localization to the brain. This is largely due to therapeutic resistance. Radiation and chemotherapy significantly increase the survival for GBM patients, however, GBMs always recur, and the median overall survival is just over a year. Proposed reasons for such intractable resistance to therapy are numerous and include tumor metabolism, in particular, the ability of tumor cells to reconfigure metabolic fluxes on demand (metabolic plasticity). Understanding how the hard-wired, oncogene-driven metabolic tendencies of GBMs intersect with flexible, context-induced metabolic rewiring promises to reveal novel approaches for combating therapy resistance. Recent Advances: Personalized genome-scale metabolic flux models have recently provided evidence that metabolic flexibility promotes radiation resistance in cancer and identified tumor redox metabolism as a major predictor for resistance to radiation therapy (RT). It was demonstrated that radioresistant tumors, including GBM, reroute metabolic fluxes to boost the levels of reducing factors of the cell, thus enhancing clearance of reactive oxygen species that are generated during RT and promoting survival. Critical Issues: The current body of knowledge from published studies strongly supports the notion that robust metabolic plasticity can act as a (flexible) shield against the cytotoxic effects of standard GBM therapies, thus driving therapy resistance. The limited understanding of the critical drivers of such metabolic plasticity hampers the rational design of effective combination therapies. Future Directions: Identifying and targeting regulators of metabolic plasticity, rather than specific metabolic pathways, in combination with standard-of-care treatments have the potential to improve therapeutic outcomes in GBM. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 39, 957-979.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Wang J, Wang H, Gao M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang D, Tu K, Xu Q. The regulation of amino acid metabolism in tumor cell death: from the perspective of physiological functions. Apoptosis 2023; 28:1304-1314. [PMID: 37523039 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01875-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are crucial molecules for the synthesis of mammalian proteins as well as a source of energy and redox equilibrium maintenance. The development of tumors also requires AAs as nutrients. Increased AAs metabolism is frequently seen in tumor cells to produce enough biomass, energy, and reduction agents. However, increased AA demand may result in auxotrophy in some cancer cells, highlighting the vulnerabilities of cancers and exposing the AA metabolism as a potential target for cancer therapy. The dynamic balance of cell survival and death is required for cellular homeostasis, growth, and development. Malignant cells manage to avoid cell death through a range of mechanisms, such as developing an addiction to amino acids through metabolic adaptation. In order to offer some guidance for AA-targeted cancer therapy, we have outlined the function of AA metabolism in tumor progression, the modalities of cell death, and the regulation of AA metabolism on tumor cell death in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongying Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yilei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongsheng Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kangsheng Tu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710065, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Qiuran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
- Research Center of Diagnosis and Treatment Technology for Hepatocellular Carcinoma of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
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10
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Kim R, Taylor D, Vonderheide RH, Gabrilovich DI. Ferroptosis of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2023; 44:542-552. [PMID: 37380530 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2023.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a distinct form of cell death driven by the accumulation of peroxidized lipids. Characterized by alterations in redox lipid metabolism, ferroptosis has been implicated in a variety of cellular processes, including cancer. Induction of ferroptosis is considered a novel way to kill tumor cells, especially cells resistant to radiation and chemotherapy. However, in recent years, a new paradigm has emerged. In addition to promoting tumor cell death, ferroptosis causes potent immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) by affecting both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we discuss the dual role of ferroptosis in the antitumor and protumorigenic functions of immune cells in cancer. We suggest strategies for targeting ferroptosis, taking into account its ambiguous role in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Kim
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Devon Taylor
- AstraZeneca, R&D Oncology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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11
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Yakubov E, Schmid S, Hammer A, Chen D, Dahlmanns JK, Mitrovic I, Zurabashvili L, Savaskan N, Steiner HH, Dahlmanns M. Ferroptosis and PPAR-gamma in the limelight of brain tumors and edema. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1176038. [PMID: 37554158 PMCID: PMC10406130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1176038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human malignant brain tumors such as gliomas are devastating due to the induction of cerebral edema and neurodegeneration. A major contributor to glioma-induced neurodegeneration has been identified as glutamate. Glutamate promotes cell growth and proliferation in variety of tumor types. Intriguently, glutamate is also an excitatory neurotransmitter and evokes neuronal cell death at high concentrations. Even though glutamate signaling at the receptor and its downstream effectors has been extensively investigated at the molecular level, there has been little insight into how glutamate enters the tumor microenvironment and impacts on metabolic equilibration until recently. Surprisingly, the 12 transmembrane spanning tranporter xCT (SLC7A11) appeared to be a major player in this process, mediating glutamate secretion and ferroptosis. Also, PPARγ is associated with ferroptosis in neurodegeneration, thereby destroying neurons and causing brain swelling. Although these data are intriguing, tumor-associated edema has so far been quoted as of vasogenic origin. Hence, glutamate and PPARγ biology in the process of glioma-induced brain swelling is conceptually challenging. By inhibiting xCT transporter or AMPA receptors in vivo, brain swelling and peritumoral alterations can be mitigated. This review sheds light on the role of glutamate in brain tumors presenting the conceptual challenge that xCT disruption causes ferroptosis activation in malignant brain tumors. Thus, interfering with glutamate takes center stage in forming the basis of a metabolic equilibration approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Yakubov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schmid
- Department of Trauma, Orthopaedics, Plastic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Hammer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Center for Spine and Scoliosis Therapy, Malteser Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daishi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jana Katharina Dahlmanns
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ivana Mitrovic
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Bogenhausen Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Savaskan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical School Hospital Universitätsklinikum Erlangen (UKER), Friedrich-Alexander Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Public Health Neukölln, District Office Neukölln of Berlin Neukölln, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Marc Dahlmanns
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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12
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Gooz M, Maldonado EN. Fluorescence microscopy imaging of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1152553. [PMID: 37427141 PMCID: PMC10326048 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1152553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism is an important contributor to cancer cell survival and proliferation that coexists with enhanced glycolytic activity. Measuring mitochondrial activity is useful to characterize cancer metabolism patterns, to identify metabolic vulnerabilities and to identify new drug targets. Optical imaging, especially fluorescent microscopy, is one of the most valuable tools for studying mitochondrial bioenergetics because it provides semiquantitative and quantitative readouts as well as spatiotemporal resolution of mitochondrial metabolism. This review aims to acquaint the reader with microscopy imaging techniques currently used to determine mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are major readouts of mitochondrial metabolism. We describe features, advantages, and limitations of the most used fluorescence imaging modalities: widefield, confocal and multiphoton microscopy, and fluorescent lifetime imaging (FLIM). We also discus relevant aspects of image processing. We briefly describe the role and production of NADH, NADHP, flavins and various ROS including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide and discuss how these parameters can be analyzed by fluorescent microscopy. We also explain the importance, value, and limitations of label-free autofluorescence imaging of NAD(P)H and FAD. Practical hints for the use of fluorescent probes and newly developed sensors for imaging ΔΨm, ATP and ROS are described. Overall, we provide updated information about the use of microscopy to study cancer metabolism that will be of interest to all investigators regardless of their level of expertise in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Gooz
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Eduardo N. Maldonado
- Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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13
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The Role of Hyperexcitability in Gliomagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010749. [PMID: 36614191 PMCID: PMC9820922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common malignant primary brain tumor. Recent studies have demonstrated that excitatory or activity-dependent signaling-both synaptic and non-synaptic-contribute to the progression of glioblastoma. Glutamatergic receptors may be stimulated via neuron-tumor synapses or release of glutamate by the tumor itself. Ion currents generated by these receptors directly alter the structure of membrane adhesion molecules and cytoskeletal proteins to promote migratory behavior. Additionally, the hyperexcitable milieu surrounding glioma increases the rate at which tumor cells proliferate and drive recurrent disease. Inhibition of excitatory signaling has shown to effectively reduce its pro-migratory and -proliferative effects.
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14
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Saha S, Sachdev M, Mitra SK. Recent advances in label-free optical, electrochemical, and electronic biosensors for glioma biomarkers. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:011502. [PMID: 36844882 PMCID: PMC9949901 DOI: 10.1063/5.0135525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are the most commonly occurring primary brain tumor with poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Currently, the diagnostic and monitoring options for glioma mainly revolve around imaging techniques, which often provide limited information and require supervisory expertise. Liquid biopsy is a great alternative or complementary monitoring protocol that can be implemented along with other standard diagnosis protocols. However, standard detection schemes for sampling and monitoring biomarkers in different biological fluids lack the necessary sensitivity and ability for real-time analysis. Lately, biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technology has attracted significant attention due to several advantageous features, including high sensitivity and specificity, high-throughput analysis, minimally invasive, and multiplexing ability. In this review article, we have focused our attention on glioma and presented a literature survey summarizing the diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers associated with glioma. Further, we discussed different biosensory approaches reported to date for the detection of specific glioma biomarkers. Current biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity, which can be used for point-of-care devices or liquid biopsies. However, for real clinical applications, these biosensors lack high-throughput and multiplexed analysis, which can be achieved via integration with microfluidic systems. We shared our perspective on the current state-of-the-art different biosensor-based diagnostic and monitoring technologies reported and the future research scopes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review focusing on biosensors for glioma detection, and it is anticipated that the review will offer a new pathway for the development of such biosensors and related diagnostic platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manoj Sachdev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sushanta K. Mitra
- Micro and Nanoscale Transport Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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15
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Cuscuta epithymum Murr. crude extract pre-conditioning protects C6 cells from L-glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2022; 22:335. [PMID: 36550546 PMCID: PMC9773566 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-022-03816-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cuscuta epithymum Murr. (C. epithymum), as an herbal medicine, has played an anti-cancerous role in various studies; however, its possible neuroprotective effects have been neglected. Here, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of C. epithymum seeds crude extract and different fractions on rat glioblastoma cells (C6) in L-glutamate oxidative condition. METHODS Initially, the total phenolic content of C. epithymum crude extract and the fractions (all produced by maceration method) was determined. Subsequently, C6 cells were pre-treated with the various concentrations of crude extract and fractions 24 h before L-glutamate exposure. Likewise, C6 cells were treated with the same concentrations of crude extract and fractions 24 h after exposure to L-glutamate. The cell viability and morphology were compared in crude extract and fractions groups, then superoxide dismutase (SODs) activity, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured. The flow cytometry test was used to study C. epithymum crude extract's effects on the cell cycle and also to quantify the apoptosis, necrosis, and live cells population in different groups. RESULTS C. epithymum crude extract and fractions (hexanoic, dichloromethanolic, and methanolic) had concentration-dependent cytotoxicity (IC50:126.47, 2101.96, 140.97, and 218.96 µg/ml, respectively). The crude extract and methanolic fraction contained phenolic compounds (55.99 ± 2.795 and 50.80 ± 2.969 mg gallic acid/g extract), while in hexanoic and dichloromethanolic fractions, the phenolic content was undetectable. In the cell viability assay, in comparison to fractions, the crude extract showed a more protective effect against glutamate-induced oxidative condition (P < 0.0001). The crude extract increased the SODs activity (P < 0.001) and decreased MDA and ROS levels (P < 0.0001) in comparison to the glutamate group. The crude extract significantly increased the population of cells in G1 (from 63.04 to 76.29) and decreased the percentage of cells in G2 (from 11.56 to 6.7) and S phase (from 25.4 to 17.01). In addition, it decreased the apoptotic and necrotic cell populations (from 34 to 17.1) and also increased the percentage of live cells (from 66.8 to 83.4 percent) in the flow cytometry test. CONCLUSION C. epithymum crude extract plays a neuroprotective role by activating the defense mechanisms in cell against the oxidative condition.
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El Atat O, Naser R, Abdelkhalek M, Habib RA, El Sibai M. Molecular targeted therapy: A new avenue in glioblastoma treatment. Oncol Lett 2022; 25:46. [PMID: 36644133 PMCID: PMC9811647 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also referred to as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is grade IV astrocytoma characterized by being fast-growing and the most aggressive brain tumor. In adults, it is the most prevalent type of malignant brain tumor. Despite the advancements in both diagnosis tools and therapeutic treatments, GBM is still associated with poor survival rate without any statistically significant improvement in the past three decades. Patient's genome signature is one of the key factors causing the development of this tumor, in addition to previous radiation exposure and other environmental factors. Researchers have identified genomic and subsequent molecular alterations affecting core pathways that trigger the malignant phenotype of this tumor. Targeting intrinsically altered molecules and pathways is seen as a novel avenue in GBM treatment. The present review shed light on signaling pathways and intrinsically altered molecules implicated in GBM development. It discussed the main challenges impeding successful GBM treatment, such as the blood brain barrier and tumor microenvironment (TME), the plasticity and heterogeneity of both GBM and TME and the glioblastoma stem cells. The present review also presented current advancements in GBM molecular targeted therapy in clinical trials. Profound and comprehensive understanding of molecular participants opens doors for innovative, more targeted and personalized GBM therapeutic modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oula El Atat
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Rayan Naser
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Maya Abdelkhalek
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Ralph Abi Habib
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon
| | - Mirvat El Sibai
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon,Correspondence to: Professor Mirvat El Sibai, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Koraytem Street, Beirut 1102 2801, Lebanon, E-mail:
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17
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Yu T, Yu SK, Lu KH. Comprehensive Molecular Analyses of an SLC Family-Based Model in Stomach Adenocarcinoma. Pathol Oncol Res 2022; 28:1610610. [PMID: 36313898 PMCID: PMC9606230 DOI: 10.3389/pore.2022.1610610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background: Solute carrier (SLC) family members are crucial in transporting amino acids across membranes. Amino acids are indispensable for both cancer and immune cells. However, the clinical significance of amino acid transporting SLC members in stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) remains unclear. This study aimed to develop an SLC family-based model to predict the prognosis and the response of STAD patients to immunotherapy.Methods: A total of 1239 tumor cases were obtained from online databases. The training set (n = 371) consisted of RNA sequencing profiles obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), while those from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) were used as the test set. Subsequently, the clinical characteristics and immune profiles were investigated, and potential immunotherapy response prediction values of the model were assessed.Results: Based on the TCGA cohort, an SLC family-based model was developed using multivariate Cox analysis. All tumor cases were stratified into high- and low-risk groups considering the SLC model. High-risk patients had a worse overall survival (OS) than low-risk patients, consistent with the results of GEO cohorts. Comprehensive analyses revealed that the high-risk group was correlated with aggressiveness-related pathways, whereas the low-risk group had better T helper cell infiltration and stronger immunotherapy response. Compared to the high-risk group, the low-risk group presented increased PD-L1 and tumor mutation burden.Conclusion: This SLC family-based model has the potential to predict the prognosis and immunotherapy outcomes of STAD patients. The survival of patients in the low-risk group was greatly prolonged, and the patients may benefit more from immunotherapy.
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18
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Yang Y, Schubert MC, Kuner T, Wick W, Winkler F, Venkataramani V. Brain Tumor Networks in Diffuse Glioma. Neurotherapeutics 2022; 19:1832-1843. [PMID: 36357661 PMCID: PMC9723066 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01320-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse gliomas are primary brain tumors associated with a poor prognosis. Cellular and molecular mechanisms driving the invasive growth patterns and therapeutic resistance are incompletely understood. The emerging field of cancer neuroscience offers a novel approach to study these brain tumors in the context of their intricate interactions with the nervous system employing and combining methodological toolsets from neuroscience and oncology. Increasing evidence has shown how neurodevelopmental and neuronal-like mechanisms are hijacked leading to the discovery of multicellular brain tumor networks. Here, we review how gap junction-coupled tumor-tumor-astrocyte networks, as well as synaptic and paracrine neuron-tumor networks drive glioma progression. Molecular mechanisms of these malignant, homo- and heterotypic networks, and their complex interplay are reviewed. Lastly, potential clinical-translational implications and resulting therapeutic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Yang
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc C Schubert
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), INF 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, INF 307, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Venkataramani V, Schneider M, Giordano FA, Kuner T, Wick W, Herrlinger U, Winkler F. Disconnecting multicellular networks in brain tumours. Nat Rev Cancer 2022; 22:481-491. [PMID: 35488036 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-022-00475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells can organize and communicate in functional networks. Similarly to other networks in biology and sociology, these can be highly relevant for growth and resilience. In this Perspective, we demonstrate by the example of glioblastomas and other incurable brain tumours how versatile multicellular tumour networks are formed by two classes of long intercellular membrane protrusions: tumour microtubes and tunnelling nanotubes. The resulting networks drive tumour growth and resistance to standard therapies. This raises the question of how to disconnect brain tumour networks to halt tumour growth and whether this can make established therapies more effective. Emerging principles of tumour networks, their potential relevance for tumour types outside the brain and translational implications, including clinical trials that are already based on these discoveries, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Frank Anton Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Herrlinger
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- National Center for Tumour Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Pardieu B, Pasanisi J, Ling F, Dal Bello R, Penneroux J, Su A, Joudinaud R, Chat L, Wu HC, Duchmann M, Sodaro G, Chauvel C, Castelli FA, Vasseur L, Pacchiardi K, Belloucif Y, Laiguillon MC, Meduri E, Vaganay C, Alexe G, Berrou J, Benaksas C, Forget A, Braun T, Gardin C, Raffoux E, Clappier E, Adès L, de Thé H, Fenaille F, Huntly BJ, Stegmaier K, Dombret H, Fenouille N, Lobry C, Puissant A, Itzykson R. Cystine uptake inhibition potentiates front-line therapies in acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 2022; 36:1585-1595. [PMID: 35474100 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
By querying metabolic pathways associated with leukemic stemness and survival in multiple AML datasets, we nominated SLC7A11 encoding the xCT cystine importer as a putative AML dependency. Genetic and chemical inhibition of SLC7A11 impaired the viability and clonogenic capacity of AML cell lines in a cysteine-dependent manner. Sulfasalazine, a broadly available drug with xCT inhibitory activity, had anti-leukemic activity against primary AML samples in ex vivo cultures. Multiple metabolic pathways were impacted upon xCT inhibition, resulting in depletion of glutathione pools in leukemic cells and oxidative stress-dependent cell death, only in part through ferroptosis. Higher expression of cysteine metabolism genes and greater cystine dependency was noted in NPM1-mutated AMLs. Among eight anti-leukemic drugs, the anthracycline daunorubicin was identified as the top synergistic agent in combination with sulfasalazine in vitro. Addition of sulfasalazine at a clinically relevant concentration significantly augmented the anti-leukemic activity of a daunorubicin-cytarabine combination in a panel of 45 primary samples enriched in NPM1-mutated AML. These results were confirmed in vivo in a patient-derived xenograft model. Collectively, our results nominate cystine import as a druggable target in AML and raise the possibility to repurpose sulfasalazine for the treatment of AML, notably in combination with chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryann Pardieu
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Justine Pasanisi
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Frank Ling
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Reinaldo Dal Bello
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Département Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Justine Penneroux
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Angela Su
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Romane Joudinaud
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Laureen Chat
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Hsin Chieh Wu
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Oncologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, PSL University, INSERM UMR1050, CNRS UMR, 7241, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Duchmann
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Gaetano Sodaro
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Clémentine Chauvel
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Florence A Castelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Loic Vasseur
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Kim Pacchiardi
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Yannis Belloucif
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Charlotte Laiguillon
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Eshwar Meduri
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Camille Vaganay
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Gabriela Alexe
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeannig Berrou
- Université Paris Cité, Leukemia Transfer Lab, EA 3518, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Chaima Benaksas
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Forget
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Thorsten Braun
- Université Paris Cité, Leukemia Transfer Lab, EA 3518, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Claude Gardin
- Université Paris Cité, Leukemia Transfer Lab, EA 3518, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Raffoux
- Département Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Clappier
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Adès
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Département Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
- Collège de France, Oncologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, PSL University, INSERM UMR1050, CNRS UMR, 7241, Paris, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, F-91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Brian J Huntly
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hervé Dombret
- Département Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France
- The Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nina Fenouille
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Camille Lobry
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Puissant
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France
| | - Raphael Itzykson
- Université Paris Cité, Génomes, biologie cellulaire et thérapeutique U944, INSERM, CNRS, F-75010, Paris, France.
- Département Hématologie et Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75010, Paris, France.
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21
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Hsieh CH, Huang YW, Tsai TF. Oral Conventional Synthetic Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs with Antineoplastic Potential: a Review. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb) 2022; 12:835-860. [PMID: 35381976 PMCID: PMC9021342 DOI: 10.1007/s13555-022-00713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing trend of malignancy worldwide. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are the cornerstones for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), but risk of malignancy is a major concern for patients receiving DMARDs. In addition, many IMIDs already carry higher background risks of neoplasms. Recently, the black box warning of malignancies has been added for Janus kinase inhibitors. Also, the use of biologic DMARDs in patients with established malignancies is usually discouraged owing to exclusion of such patients in pivotal studies and, hence, lack of evidence. In contrast, some conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) have been reported to show antineoplastic properties and can be beneficial for patients with cancer. Among the csDMARDs, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been the most extensively studied, and methotrexate is an established chemotherapeutic agent. Even cyclosporine A, a well-known drug associated with cancer risk, can potentiate the effect of some chemotherapeutic agents. We review the possible mechanisms behind and clinical evidence of the antineoplastic activities of csDMARDs, including chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, cyclosporine, leflunomide, mycophenolate mofetil, mycophenolic acid, methotrexate, sulfasalazine, and thiopurines. This knowledge may guide physicians in the choice of csDMARDs for patients with concurrent IMIDs and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cho-Hsun Hsieh
- Department of Medical Education, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Tsen-Fang Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7 Chung Shan S Rd, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan. .,Department of Dermatology, National Taiwan University Hospital & National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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22
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Abstract
Ferroptosis is a recently recognized iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic regulated cell death (RCD) characterized by lipid peroxide accumulation to lethal levels. Cancer cells, which show an increased iron dependency to enable rapid growth, seem vulnerable to ferroptosis. There is also increasing evidence that ferroptosis might be immunogenic and therefore could synergize with immunotherapies. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver tumor with a low survival rate due to frequent recurrence and limited efficacy of conventional chemotherapies, illustrating the urgent need for novel drug approaches or combinatorial strategies. Immunotherapy is a new treatment approach for advanced HCC patients. In this setting, ferroptosis inducers may have substantial clinical potential. However, there are still many questions to answer before the mystery of ferroptosis is fully unveiled. This review discusses the existing studies and our current understanding regarding the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis with the goal of enhancing response to immunotherapy of liver cancer. In addition, challenges and opportunities in clinical applications of potential candidates for ferroptosis-driven therapeutic strategies will be summarized. Unraveling the role of ferroptosis in the immune response could benefit the development of promising anti-cancer therapies that overcome drug resistance and prevent tumor metastasis.
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23
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Sarowar S, Cirillo D, Játiva P, Nilsen MH, Otragane SMA, Heggdal J, Selheim F, Ceña V, Bjørsvik HR, Enger PØ. The Styryl Benzoic Acid Derivative DC10 Potentiates Radiotherapy by Targeting the xCT-Glutathione Axis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:786739. [PMID: 35198439 PMCID: PMC8858948 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.786739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic tumors with moderate radiosensitivity account for most cancer-related deaths, highlighting the limitations of current radiotherapy regimens. The xCT-inhibitor sulfasalazine (SAS) sensitizes cancer cells to radiotherapy by blocking cystine uptake via the xCT membrane antiporter, and thereby glutathione (GSH) synthesis protecting against radiation-induced oxidative stress. The expression of xCT in multiple tumor types implies it as a target generic to cancer rather than confined to few subtypes. However, SAS has limited clinical potential as a radiosensitizer due to side effects and low bioavailability. Using SAS as a starting point, we previously developed synthetic xCT-inhibitors through scaffold hopping and structure optimization aided by structure-activity relationship analysis (SAR). Notably, the compound DC10 exhibited inhibition of GSH synthesis. In this study, we validated DC10 as a radiosensitizer in the xCT-expressing cancer cell lines A172, A375 and MCF7, and mice harboring melanoma xenografts. After DC10 treatment, we measured 14C-cystine uptake in the cancer cells using liquid scintillation counting, and intracellular GSH levels and reactive oxygen species (ROS) using luminescence assays. We performed immunoblotting of H2AX and ATM to assess DNA damage after treatment with DC10 and radiotherapy. We then assessed the effect of adding DC10 to radiation upon cancer cell colony formation. Blood samples from mice treated with DC10 underwent biochemical analysis to assess toxicity. Finally, mice with A375 melanomas in the flank, received DC10 and radiotherapy in combination, as monotherapies or no treatment. Notably, DC10 reduced cystine uptake and GSH synthesis and increased ROS levels in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DC10 interacted synergistically with radiation to increase DNA damage and reduce tumor cell colony formation. Mice receiving DC10 were clinically unaffected, whereas blood samples analysis to assess bone marrow suppression, liver or kidney toxicity revealed no significant differences between treated mice and untreated controls. Importantly, DC10 potentiated the anti-tumor efficacy of radiation in mice with melanoma xenografts. We conclude that DC10 is well tolerated and acts as a radiosensitizer by inhibiting cystine uptake, leading to GSH depletion and increased oxidative stress. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of using synthetic xCT-inhibitors to overcome radioresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Sarowar
- Oncomatrix Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Davide Cirillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pablo Játiva
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mette Hartmark Nilsen
- Oncomatrix Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Jan Heggdal
- Department of Medical Physics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Frode Selheim
- The Proteomics Facility of the University of Bergen (PROBE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Valentín Ceña
- Unidad Asociada Neurodeath, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
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24
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Drug Repurposing for Glioblastoma and Current Advances in Drug Delivery-A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121870. [PMID: 34944514 PMCID: PMC8699739 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults with an extremely poor prognosis. There is a dire need to develop effective therapeutics to overcome the intrinsic and acquired resistance of GBM to current therapies. The process of developing novel anti-neoplastic drugs from bench to bedside can incur significant time and cost implications. Drug repurposing may help overcome that obstacle. A wide range of drugs that are already approved for clinical use for the treatment of other diseases have been found to target GBM-associated signaling pathways and are being repurposed for the treatment of GBM. While many of these drugs are undergoing pre-clinical testing, others are in the clinical trial phase. Since GBM stem cells (GSCs) have been found to be a main source of tumor recurrence after surgery, recent studies have also investigated whether repurposed drugs that target these pathways can be used to counteract tumor recurrence. While several repurposed drugs have shown significant efficacy against GBM cell lines, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) can limit the ability of many of these drugs to reach intratumoral therapeutic concentrations. Localized intracranial delivery may help to achieve therapeutic drug concentration at the site of tumor resection while simultaneously minimizing toxicity and side effects. These strategies can be considered while repurposing drugs for GBM.
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25
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Umans RA, Martin J, Harrigan ME, Patel DC, Chaunsali L, Roshandel A, Iyer K, Powell MD, Oestreich K, Sontheimer H. Transcriptional Regulation of Amino Acid Transport in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13246169. [PMID: 34944790 PMCID: PMC8699180 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13246169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a highly invasive brain tumor that typically has poor patient outcomes. This is due in part to aggressive tumor expansion within the brain parenchyma. This process is aided by assiduous glutamate release via the System xc- (SXC) cystine–glutamate antiporter. SXC is over-expressed in roughly half of GBM tumors where it is responsible for glutamate-mediated neuronal cell death and provides excess glutamate to fuel tumor-associated epilepsy. Available pharmacological inhibitors have some promise, although they lack specificity and have poor bioavailability. Therefore, identifying regulators of SXC may provide a superior avenue to target GBM. In this study, we identify tumor protein 53 (TP53) as a molecular regulator of SXC in GBM. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a deadly brain tumor with a large unmet therapeutic need. Here, we tested the hypothesis that wild-type p53 is a negative transcriptional regulator of SLC7A11, the gene encoding the System xc- (SXC) catalytic subunit, xCT, in GBM. We demonstrate that xCT expression is inversely correlated with p53 expression in patient tissue. Using representative patient derived (PDX) tumor xenolines with wild-type, null, and mutant p53 we show that p53 expression negatively correlates with xCT expression. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation studies, we present a molecular interaction whereby p53 binds to the SLC7A11 promoter, suppressing gene expression in PDX GBM cells. Accordingly, genetic knockdown of p53 increases SLC7A11 transcript levels; conversely, over-expressing p53 in p53-null GBM cells downregulates xCT expression and glutamate release. Proof of principal studies in mice with flank gliomas demonstrate that daily treatment with the mutant p53 reactivator, PRIMA-1Met, results in reduced tumor growth associated with reduced xCT expression. These findings suggest that p53 is a molecular switch for GBM glutamate biology, with potential therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn A. Umans
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Joelle Martin
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Megan E. Harrigan
- Center for Glial Biology in Health, Disease and Cancer, The Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (R.A.U.); (J.M.); (M.E.H.)
| | - Dipan C. Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Lata Chaunsali
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
| | - Aarash Roshandel
- College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| | | | - Michael D. Powell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunity, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - Ken Oestreich
- Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Harald Sontheimer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA; (D.C.P.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Wilder CS, Chen Z, DiGiovanni J. Pharmacologic approaches to amino acid depletion for cancer therapy. Mol Carcinog 2021; 61:127-152. [PMID: 34534385 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming to support increased demands in bioenergetics and biosynthesis and to maintain reactive oxygen species at optimum levels. As metabolic alterations are broadly observed across many cancer types, metabolic reprogramming is considered a hallmark of cancer. A metabolic alteration commonly seen in cancer cells is an increased demand for certain amino acids. Amino acids are involved in a wide range of cellular functions, including proliferation, redox balance, bioenergetic and biosynthesis support, and homeostatic functions. Thus, targeting amino acid dependency in cancer is an attractive strategy for a number of cancers. In particular, pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion has been evaluated as a cancer treatment option for several cancers. Amino acids that have been investigated for the feasibility of drug-induced depletion in preclinical and clinical studies for cancer treatment include arginine, asparagine, cysteine, glutamine, lysine, and methionine. In this review, we will summarize the status of current research on pharmacologically mediated amino acid depletion as a strategy for cancer treatment and potential chemotherapeutic combinations that synergize with amino acid depletion to further inhibit tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly S Wilder
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Zhao Chen
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA.,Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
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27
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Liu MR, Zhu WT, Pei DS. System Xc -: a key regulatory target of ferroptosis in cancer. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1123-1131. [PMID: 33506324 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01070-0/tables/1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of oxidative stress-dependent regulated necrosis characterized by excessive lipid peroxide accumulation. This novel cell death modality has been implicated in preventing cancer progression. Cancer cells tend to modulate their redox state to prevent excessive peroxidation, eventually facilitating tumor growth. System Xc- (a cystine/glutamate antiporter system) is a promising target in cancer cells for ferroptosis induction. The overexpression of system Xc-, especially its core subunit xCT, has been reported in several tumors, and these high expression levels were closely related to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. xCT might serve as a novel biomarker, and its upregulation almost always indicates drug tolerance and poor survival. Therefore, system Xc- inhibition may enhance chemotherapy sensitivity and optimize patient prognosis. Here, we elaborate on the mediation of ferroptosis by suppressing system Xc- and the relevant underlying molecular mechanism in cancer cells. The spotlight on this approach to cancer treatment is creating a new horizon and pointing to future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ru Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China.
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28
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Campos-Sandoval JA, Gómez-García MC, Santos-Jiménez JDL, Matés JM, Alonso FJ, Márquez J. Antioxidant responses related to temozolomide resistance in glioblastoma. Neurochem Int 2021; 149:105136. [PMID: 34274381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma remains one of the most challenging and devastating cancers, with only a very small proportion of patients achieving 5-year survival. The current standard of care consists of surgery, followed by radiation therapy with concurrent and maintenance chemotherapy with the alkylating agent temozolomide. To date, this drug is the only one that provides a significant survival benefit, albeit modest, as patients end up acquiring resistance to this drug. As a result, tumor progression and recurrence inevitably occur, leading to death. Several factors have been proposed to explain this resistance, including an upregulated antioxidant system to keep the elevated intracellular ROS levels, a hallmark of cancer cells, under control. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of chemoresistance -including the important role of glioblastoma stem cells-with emphasis on antioxidant defenses and how agents that impair redox balance (i.e.: sulfasalazine, erastin, CB-839, withaferin, resveratrol, curcumin, chloroquine, and hydroxychloroquine) might be advantageous in combined therapies against this type of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Campos-Sandoval
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain.
| | - María C Gómez-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan de Los Santos-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - José M Matés
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Alonso
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
| | - Javier Márquez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Canceromics Lab. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain, and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Málaga, Spain
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29
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Saito Y, Soga T. Amino acid transporters as emerging therapeutic targets in cancer. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:2958-2965. [PMID: 34091991 PMCID: PMC8353895 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are indispensable nutrients for both normal and cancer cells. Cancer cells are unable to synthesize essential amino acids as well as some non‐essential amino acids adequately to support rapid proliferation, and must take up amino acids from the surroundings. To meet the increased demand for the amino acid needed for proliferation, high levels of amino acid transporters are expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Cancer cells utilize amino acids to synthesize proteins and nucleotides, as well as to obtain energy. In addition, amino acids are known to play pathological roles in cancer cells. Interestingly, breast cancer cells limit the use of amino acids for cell proliferation based on amino acid availability, which depends on estrogen receptor status. Here, we present a summarized literature review of novel amino acid functions in cancer cells. This review organizes the available knowledge on 2 amino acid transporters, SLC7A5 and SLC7A11, which are considered essential for breast cancer cell growth in a cell‐dependent manner. In particular, we propose the glutamine recycling model to clarify the mechanism underlying aberrant SLC7A5 activation. Finally, we overview the pathological significances of SLC7A5 and SLC7A11 in cancer tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Saito
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Japan
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30
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Zimmermann M, Kolmar H, Zimmer A. S-Sulfocysteine - Investigation of cellular uptake in CHO cells. J Biotechnol 2021; 335:27-38. [PMID: 34090949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
For the generation of therapeutic proteins in cell culture, high producing clones are used. These clones have a high demand in amino acids to support cell growth and productivity. l-cysteine (Cys) is critical in highly concentrated feeds due to low stability of Cys and low solubility of the oxidation product cystine at neutral pH. S-sulfocysteine (SSC) was developed to substitute the Cys source and fed-batch experiments using SSC showed good cellular performance regarding viable cell density and titer, indicating uptake and metabolization of SSC by Chinese hamster ovary cells. However, the responsible transporter allowing cellular uptake remains unclear and was studied in this work. Due to the structure similarity of SSC with cystine and glutamate, it was proposed that the cystine/glutamate antiporter (xc-) allows cellular uptake of SSC. The uptake was assessed via transporter inhibition using sulfasalazine and transporter overexpression using either sulforaphane or sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine during fed-batch experiments. Following daily addition of 50 μM and 100 μM sulfasalazine, the extracellular SSC concentration was increased by 65 % and 177 % respectively, suggesting a reduced uptake due to xc- inhibition. In contrast, enhanced transporter activity through 15 μM sulforaphane and sulforaphane-N-acetylcysteine treatment, induced a 60 % and 52 % reduced extracellular SSC concentration, respectively. These inverse uptake results strongly suggest that xc- is facilitating the transport of SSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zimmermann
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany; Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich‑Weiss‑Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Harald Kolmar
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich‑Weiss‑Strasse 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Aline Zimmer
- Merck Life Science, Upstream R&D, Frankfurter Strasse 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany.
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31
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So JS, Kim H, Han KS. Mechanisms of Invasion in Glioblastoma: Extracellular Matrix, Ca 2+ Signaling, and Glutamate. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:663092. [PMID: 34149360 PMCID: PMC8206529 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.663092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant form of primary brain tumor with a median survival time of 14–16 months in GBM patients. Surgical treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy may help increase survival by removing GBM from the brain. However, complete surgical resection to eliminate GBM is almost impossible due to its high invasiveness. When GBM cells migrate to the brain, they interact with various cells, including astrocytes, neurons, endothelial cells, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). They can also make their cell body shrink to infiltrate into narrow spaces in the brain; thereby, they can invade regions of the brain and escape from surgery. Brain tumor cells create an appropriate microenvironment for migration and invasion by modifying and degrading the ECM. During those processes, the Ca2+ signaling pathway and other signaling cascades mediated by various ion channels contribute mainly to gene expression, motility, and invasion of GBM cells. Furthermore, GBM cells release glutamate, affecting migration via activation of ionotropic glutamate receptors in an autocrine manner. This review focuses on the cellular mechanisms of glioblastoma invasion and motility related to ECM, Ca2+ signaling, and glutamate. Finally, we discuss possible therapeutic interventions to inhibit invasion by GBM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Seon So
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Hyeono Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Seok Han
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Gyeongju, Gyeongju, South Korea
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32
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Verbruggen L, Sprimont L, Bentea E, Janssen P, Gharib A, Deneyer L, De Pauw L, Lara O, Sato H, Nicaise C, Massie A. Chronic Sulfasalazine Treatment in Mice Induces System x c - - Independent Adverse Effects. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:625699. [PMID: 34084129 PMCID: PMC8167035 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.625699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite ample evidence for the therapeutic potential of inhibition of the cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− in neurological disorders and in cancer, none of the proposed inhibitors is selective. In this context, a lot of research has been performed using the EMA- and FDA-approved drug sulfasalazine (SAS). Even though this molecule is already on the market for decades as an anti-inflammatory drug, serious side effects due to its use have been reported. Whereas for the treatment of the main indications, SAS needs to be cleaved in the intestine into the anti-inflammatory compound mesalazine, it needs to reach the systemic circulation in its intact form to allow inhibition of system xc−. The higher plasma levels of intact SAS (or its metabolites) might induce adverse effects, independent of its action on system xc−. Some of these effects have however been attributed to system xc− inhibition, calling into question the safety of targeting system xc−. In this study we chronically treated system xc− - deficient mice and their wildtype littermates with two different doses of SAS (160 mg/kg twice daily or 320 mg/kg once daily, i.p.) and studied some of the adverse effects that were previously reported. SAS had a negative impact on the survival rate, the body weight, the thermoregulation and/or stress reaction of mice of both genotypes, and thus independent of its inhibitory action on system xc−. While SAS decreased the total distance travelled in the open-field test the first time the mice encountered the test, it did not influence this parameter on the long-term and it did not induce other behavioral changes such as anxiety- or depressive-like behavior. Finally, no major histological abnormalities were observed in the spinal cord. To conclude, we were unable to identify any undesirable system xc−-dependent effect of chronic administration of SAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lindsay Sprimont
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Janssen
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Azzedine Gharib
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Lauren Deneyer
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Laura De Pauw
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Olaya Lara
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Hideyo Sato
- Department of Medical Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Charles Nicaise
- Laboratory Neurodegeneration and Regeneration, URPHyM-NARILIS, Université de Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Ann Massie
- Laboratory of Neuro-Aging & Viro-Immunotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Lange F, Hörnschemeyer J, Kirschstein T. Glutamatergic Mechanisms in Glioblastoma and Tumor-Associated Epilepsy. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051226. [PMID: 34067762 PMCID: PMC8156732 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of glioblastomas is associated with a variety of neurological impairments, such as tumor-related epileptic seizures. Seizures are not only a common comorbidity of glioblastoma but often an initial clinical symptom of this cancer entity. Both, glioblastoma and tumor-associated epilepsy are closely linked to one another through several pathophysiological mechanisms, with the neurotransmitter glutamate playing a key role. Glutamate interacts with its ionotropic and metabotropic receptors to promote both tumor progression and excitotoxicity. In this review, based on its physiological functions, our current understanding of glutamate receptors and glutamatergic signaling will be discussed in detail. Furthermore, preclinical models to study glutamatergic interactions between glioma cells and the tumor-surrounding microenvironment will be presented. Finally, current studies addressing glutamate receptors in glioma and tumor-related epilepsy will be highlighted and future approaches to interfere with the glutamatergic network are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (T.K.)
| | - Julia Hörnschemeyer
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, 18057 Rostock, Germany;
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (T.K.)
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34
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Jaroch K, Modrakowska P, Bojko B. Glioblastoma Metabolomics-In Vitro Studies. Metabolites 2021; 11:315. [PMID: 34068300 PMCID: PMC8153257 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016, the WHO introduced new guidelines for the diagnosis of brain gliomas based on new genomic markers. The addition of these new markers to the pre-existing diagnostic methods provided a new level of precision for the diagnosis of glioma and the prediction of treatment effectiveness. Yet, despite this new classification tool, glioblastoma (GBM), a grade IV glioma, continues to have one of the highest mortality rates among central nervous system tumors. Metabolomics is a particularly promising tool for the analysis of GBM tumors and potential methods of treating them, as it is the only "omics" approach that is capable of providing a metabolic signature of a tumor's phenotype. With careful experimental design, cell cultures can be a useful matrix in GBM metabolomics, as they ensure stable conditions and, under proper conditions, are capable of capturing different tumor phenotypes. This paper reviews in vitro metabolomic profiling studies of high-grade gliomas, with a particular focus on sample-preparation techniques, crucial metabolites identified, cell culture conditions, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation, and pharmacometabolomics. Ultimately, this review aims to elucidate potential future directions for in vitro GBM metabolomics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, dr A. Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.J.); (P.M.)
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35
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Venkataramani V, Tanev DI, Kuner T, Wick W, Winkler F. Synaptic input to brain tumors: clinical implications. Neuro Oncol 2021; 23:23-33. [PMID: 32623467 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of synaptic connections between neurons and brain tumor cells fundamentally challenges our understanding of gliomas and brain metastases and shows how these tumors can integrate into complex neuronal circuits. Here, we provide an overview of glutamatergic neuron-to-brain tumor synaptic communication (NBTSC) and explore novel therapeutic avenues. First, we summarize current concepts of direct synaptic interactions between presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic glioma cells, and indirect perisynaptic input to metastatic breast cancer cells. We explain how these novel structures drive brain tumor growth and invasion. Second, a vicious cycle of enhanced neuronal activity, including tumor-related epilepsy, and glioma progression is described. Finally, we discuss which future avenues to target NBTSC appear most promising. All in all, further characterization of NBTSC and the exploration of NBTSC-inhibiting therapies have the potential to reveal critical vulnerabilities of yet incurable brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Venkataramani
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dimitar Ivanov Tanev
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wick
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Winkler
- Neurology Clinic and National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuro-Oncology, German Cancer Consortium, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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36
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Jiang X, Stockwell BR, Conrad M. Ferroptosis: mechanisms, biology and role in disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:266-282. [PMID: 33495651 PMCID: PMC8142022 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-00324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2450] [Impact Index Per Article: 816.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research field of ferroptosis has seen exponential growth over the past few years, since the term was coined in 2012. This unique modality of cell death, driven by iron-dependent phospholipid peroxidation, is regulated by multiple cellular metabolic pathways, including redox homeostasis, iron handling, mitochondrial activity and metabolism of amino acids, lipids and sugars, in addition to various signalling pathways relevant to disease. Numerous organ injuries and degenerative pathologies are driven by ferroptosis. Intriguingly, therapy-resistant cancer cells, particularly those in the mesenchymal state and prone to metastasis, are exquisitely vulnerable to ferroptosis. As such, pharmacological modulation of ferroptosis, via both its induction and its inhibition, holds great potential for the treatment of drug-resistant cancers, ischaemic organ injuries and other degenerative diseases linked to extensive lipid peroxidation. In this Review, we provide a critical analysis of the current molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of ferroptosis, the potential physiological functions of ferroptosis in tumour suppression and immune surveillance, and its pathological roles, together with a potential for therapeutic targeting. Importantly, as in all rapidly evolving research areas, challenges exist due to misconceptions and inappropriate experimental methods. This Review also aims to address these issues and to provide practical guidelines for enhancing reproducibility and reliability in studies of ferroptosis. Finally, we discuss important concepts and pressing questions that should be the focus of future ferroptosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany.
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
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37
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Ren Z, Rajani C, Jia W. The Distinctive Serum Metabolomes of Gastric, Esophageal and Colorectal Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040720. [PMID: 33578739 PMCID: PMC7916516 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancer of the stomach, esophagus and colon are often fatal. Ways are being sought to establish patient-friendly screening tests that would allow these cancers to be detected earlier. Examination of the metabolomics results of cancer patient’s serum for certain metabolites unique for a particular cancer was the goal of this review. From studies conducted within the past five years several metabolites were found to be changed in cancer compared to non-cancer patients for each of the three cancers. Further confirmation of what was discovered in this review coupled with establishment of standard protocols may allow for cancer screening on patient blood samples to become routine clinical tests. Abstract Three of the most lethal cancers in the world are the gastrointestinal cancers—gastric (GC), esophageal (EC) and colorectal cancer (CRC)—which are ranked as third, sixth and fourth in cancer deaths globally. Early detection of these cancers is difficult, and a quest is currently on to find non-invasive screening tests to detect these cancers. The reprogramming of energy metabolism is a hallmark of cancer, notably, an increased dependence on aerobic glycolysis which is often referred to as the Warburg effect. This metabolic change results in a unique metabolic profile that distinguishes cancer cells from normal cells. Serum metabolomics analyses allow one to measure the end products of both host and microbiota metabolism present at the time of sample collection. It is a non-invasive procedure requiring only blood collection which encourages greater patient compliance to have more frequent screenings for cancer. In the following review we will examine some of the most current serum metabolomics studies in order to compare their results and test a hypothesis that different tumors, notably, from EC, GC and CRC, have distinguishing serum metabolite profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Ren
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China;
| | - Cynthia Rajani
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- Correspondence: (C.R.); or (W.J.)
| | - Wei Jia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China;
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
- Correspondence: (C.R.); or (W.J.)
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38
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Liu MR, Zhu WT, Pei DS. System Xc -: a key regulatory target of ferroptosis in cancer. Invest New Drugs 2021; 39:1123-1131. [PMID: 33506324 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-021-01070-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of oxidative stress-dependent regulated necrosis characterized by excessive lipid peroxide accumulation. This novel cell death modality has been implicated in preventing cancer progression. Cancer cells tend to modulate their redox state to prevent excessive peroxidation, eventually facilitating tumor growth. System Xc- (a cystine/glutamate antiporter system) is a promising target in cancer cells for ferroptosis induction. The overexpression of system Xc-, especially its core subunit xCT, has been reported in several tumors, and these high expression levels were closely related to cancer cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis and the tumor microenvironment. xCT might serve as a novel biomarker, and its upregulation almost always indicates drug tolerance and poor survival. Therefore, system Xc- inhibition may enhance chemotherapy sensitivity and optimize patient prognosis. Here, we elaborate on the mediation of ferroptosis by suppressing system Xc- and the relevant underlying molecular mechanism in cancer cells. The spotlight on this approach to cancer treatment is creating a new horizon and pointing to future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ru Liu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Tao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical University, 209 Tong-shan Road, Jiangsu, 221004, Xuzhou, China.
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39
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Floros KV, Cai J, Jacob S, Kurupi R, Fairchild CK, Shende M, Coon CM, Powell KM, Belvin BR, Hu B, Puchalapalli M, Ramamoorthy S, Swift K, Lewis JP, Dozmorov MG, Glod J, Koblinski JE, Boikos SA, Faber AC. MYCN-Amplified Neuroblastoma Is Addicted to Iron and Vulnerable to Inhibition of the System Xc-/Glutathione Axis. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1896-1908. [PMID: 33483374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
MYCN is amplified in 20% to 25% of neuroblastoma, and MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma contributes to a large percent of pediatric cancer-related deaths. Therapy improvements for this subtype of cancer are a high priority. Here we uncover a MYCN-dependent therapeutic vulnerability in neuroblastoma. Namely, amplified MYCN rewires the cell through expression of key receptors, ultimately enhancing iron influx through increased expression of the iron import transferrin receptor 1. Accumulating iron causes reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and MYCN-amplified neuroblastomas show enhanced reliance on the system Xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter for ROS detoxification through increased transcription of this receptor. This dependence creates a marked vulnerability to targeting the system Xc-/glutathione (GSH) pathway with ferroptosis inducers. This reliance can be exploited through therapy with FDA-approved rheumatoid arthritis drugs sulfasalazine (SAS) and auranofin: in MYCN-amplified, patient-derived xenograft models, both therapies blocked growth and induced ferroptosis. SAS and auranofin activity was largely mitigated by the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1, antioxidants like N-acetyl-L-cysteine, or by the iron scavenger deferoxamine (DFO). DFO reduced auranofin-induced ROS, further linking increased iron capture in MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma to a therapeutic vulnerability to ROS-inducing drugs. These data uncover an oncogene vulnerability to ferroptosis caused by increased iron accumulation and subsequent reliance on the system Xc-/GSH pathway. SIGNIFICANCE: This study shows how MYCN increases intracellular iron levels and subsequent GSH pathway activity and demonstrates the antitumor activity of FDA-approved SAS and auranofin in patient-derived xenograft models of MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos V Floros
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - JinYang Cai
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sheeba Jacob
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Richard Kurupi
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Carter K Fairchild
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mayuri Shende
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Colin M Coon
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Krista M Powell
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Benjamin R Belvin
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Madhavi Puchalapalli
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sivapriya Ramamoorthy
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Metabolon Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kimberly Swift
- Discovery and Translational Sciences, Metabolon Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Janina P Lewis
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - John Glod
- National Cancer Institute Pediatric Oncology Branch, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sosipatros A Boikos
- Division of Hematology, Oncology and Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Anthony C Faber
- School of Dentistry, VCU Philips Institute and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
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Shen D, Tian L, Yang F, Li J, Li X, Yao Y, Lam EWF, Gao P, Jin B, Wang R. ADO/hypotaurine: a novel metabolic pathway contributing to glioblastoma development. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:21. [PMID: 33483477 PMCID: PMC7822925 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00398-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant advance has been made towards understanding glioblastoma metabolism through global metabolomic profiling. However, hitherto little is known about the role by which altered metabolism plays in driving the aggressive glioma phenotype. We have previously identified hypotaurine as one of the top-ranked metabolites for differentiating low- and high-grade tumors, and that there is also a strong association between the levels of intratumoral hypotaurine and expression of its biosynthetic enzyme, cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) dioxygenase (ADO). Using transcription profiling, we further uncovered that the ADO/hypotaurine axis targets CCL20 secretion through activating the NF-κB pathway to drive the self-renewal and maintenance of glioma 'cancer stem cells' or glioma cancer stem-like cells. Conversely, abrogating the ADO/hypotaurine axis using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing limited glioblastoma cell proliferation and self-renewal in vitro and tumor growth in vivo in an orthotopical mouse model, indicating that this metabolic pathway is a potential key therapeutic target. Collectively, our results unveil a targetable metabolic pathway, which contributes to the growth and progression of aggressive high-grade gliomas, as well as a novel predictive marker for glioblastoma diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Shen
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 116001, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Lili Tian
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Fangyu Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, 110015, Shenyang, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 116011, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Yiqun Yao
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 116001, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China
| | - Eric W-F Lam
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Peng Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, Dalian Sixth People's Hospital, 116031, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Bilian Jin
- Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Cancer Center, Dalian Medical University, 116044, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.
| | - Ruoyu Wang
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, 116001, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R. China.
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41
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Quinones A, Le A. The Multifaceted Glioblastoma: From Genomic Alterations to Metabolic Adaptations. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1311:59-76. [PMID: 34014534 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) develops on glial cells and is the most common as well as the deadliest form of brain cancer. As in other cancers, distinct combinations of genetic alterations in GBM subtypes induce a diversity of metabolic phenotypes, which explains the variability of GBM sensitivity to current therapies targeting its reprogrammed metabolism. Therefore, it is becoming imperative for cancer researchers to account for the temporal and spatial heterogeneity within this cancer type before making generalized conclusions about a particular treatment's efficacy. Standard therapies for GBM have shown little success as the disease is almost always lethal; however, researchers are making progress and learning how to combine therapeutic strategies most effectively. GBMs can be classified initially into two subsets consisting of primary and secondary GBMs, and this categorization stems from cancer development. GBM is the highest grade of gliomas, which includes glioma I (low proliferative potential), glioma II (low proliferative potential with some capacity for infiltration and recurrence), glioma III (evidence of malignancy), and glioma IV (GBM) (malignant with features of necrosis and microvascular proliferation). Secondary GBM develops from a low-grade glioma to an advanced-stage cancer, while primary GBM provides no signs of progression and is identified as an advanced-stage glioma from the onset. The differences in prognosis and histology correlated with each classification are generally negligible, but the demographics of individuals affected and the accompanying genetic/metabolic properties show distinct differentiation [3].
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Yamamoto M, Teramoto K, Katoh H. Epidermal growth factor promotes glioblastoma cell death under glucose deprivation via upregulation of xCT (SLC7A11). Cell Signal 2020; 78:109874. [PMID: 33285240 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT (SLC7A11) is frequently overexpressed in many cancers, including glioblastoma. Cystine taken up by the cells via xCT is reduced to cysteine, which is used to synthesize glutathione for antioxidant cellular defense. However, overexpression of xCT causes cell death under glucose-limited conditions. We found that stimulation of glioblastoma cells with epidermal growth factor (EGF) induces the upregulation of xCT and promotes cell death under glucose deprivation. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor Torin 1 suppressed the EGF-induced upregulation of xCT and cell death. EGF increased xCT mRNA levels, which was suppressed by Torin 1. The lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1 increased xCT protein levels in the absence of EGF or in the presence of EGF and Torin 1. Taken together, our study suggests that EGF promotes glioblastoma cell death under glucose-limited conditions via the upregulation of xCT at transcriptional and protein levels in an mTOR-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Teramoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hironori Katoh
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.
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Lange F, Hartung J, Liebelt C, Boisserée J, Resch T, Porath K, Hörnschemeyer MF, Reichart G, Sellmann T, Neubert V, Kriesen S, Hildebrandt G, Schültke E, Köhling R, Kirschstein T. Perampanel Add-on to Standard Radiochemotherapy in vivo Promotes Neuroprotection in a Rodent F98 Glioma Model. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:598266. [PMID: 33328869 PMCID: PMC7734300 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.598266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
An abnormal glutamate signaling of glioblastoma may contribute to both tumor progression and the generation of glioma-associated epileptic seizures. We hypothesized that the AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel (PER) could attenuate tumor growth and epileptic events. F98 glioma cells, grown orthotopically in Fischer rats, were employed as a model of glioma to investigate the therapeutic efficiency of PER (15 mg/kg) as adjuvant to standard radiochemotherapy (RCT). The epileptiform phenotype was investigated by video-EEG analysis and field potential recordings. Effects on glioma progression were estimated by tumor size quantification, survival analysis and immunohistological staining. Our data revealed that orthotopically-growing F98 glioma promote an epileptiform phenotype in rats. RCT reduced the tumor size and prolonged the survival of the animals. The adjuvant administration of PER had no effect on tumor progression. The tumor-associated epileptic events were abolished by PER application or RCT respectively, to initial baseline levels. Remarkably, PER preserved the glutamatergic network activity on healthy peritumoral tissue in RCT-treated animals. F98 tumors are not only a robust model to investigate glioma progression, but also a viable model to simulate a glioma-associated epileptiform phenotype. Furthermore, our data indicate that PER acts as a potent anticonvulsant and may protect the tumor-surrounding tissue as adjuvant to RCT, but failed to attenuate tumor growth or promote animal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Lange
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jens Hartung
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Clara Liebelt
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Julius Boisserée
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Resch
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Katrin Porath
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Gesine Reichart
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Tina Sellmann
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Valentin Neubert
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephan Kriesen
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Guido Hildebrandt
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Schültke
- Department of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Köhling
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Timo Kirschstein
- Oscar-Langendorff-Institute of Physiology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Communication of Glioma cells with neuronal plasticity: What is the underlying mechanism? Neurochem Int 2020; 141:104879. [PMID: 33068685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There has been a significantly rising discussion on how neuronal plasticity communicates with the glioma growth and invasion. This literature review aims to determine which neurotransmitters, ion channels and signaling pathways are involved in this context, how information is transferred from synaptic sites to the glioma cells and how glioma cells apply established mechanics of synaptic plasticity for their own increment. This work is a compilation of some outstanding findings related to the influence of the glutamate, calcium, potassium, chloride and sodium channels and other important brain plasticity molecules over the glioma progression. These topics also include the relevant molecular signaling data which could prove to be helpful for an effective clinical management of brain tumors in the future.
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Take Advantage of Glutamine Anaplerosis, the Kernel of the Metabolic Rewiring in Malignant Gliomas. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10101370. [PMID: 32993063 PMCID: PMC7599606 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is a non-essential amino acid that plays a key role in the metabolism of proliferating cells including neoplastic cells. In the central nervous system (CNS), glutamine metabolism is particularly relevant, because the glutamine-glutamate cycle is a way of controlling the production of glutamate-derived neurotransmitters by tightly regulating the bioavailability of the amino acids in a neuron-astrocyte metabolic symbiosis-dependent manner. Glutamine-related metabolic adjustments have been reported in several CNS malignancies including malignant gliomas that are considered ‘glutamine addicted’. In these tumors, glutamine becomes an essential amino acid preferentially used in energy and biomass production including glutathione (GSH) generation, which is crucial in oxidative stress control. Therefore, in this review, we will highlight the metabolic remodeling that gliomas undergo, focusing on glutamine metabolism. We will address some therapeutic regimens including novel research attempts to target glutamine metabolism and a brief update of diagnosis strategies that take advantage of this altered profile. A better understanding of malignant glioma cell metabolism will help in the identification of new molecular targets and the design of new therapies.
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Together we stand, apart we fall: how cell-to-cell contact/interplay provides resistance to ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:789. [PMID: 32968052 PMCID: PMC7511929 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02994-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Contextualisation of the new type of cell death called “ferroptosis” opened a completely new avenue for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Cumulative fundamental research dating back to the mid-20th century, crowned by the extraordinary work of the group led by Dr. Stockwell from Columbia University in 2012, finally got its candidature to be applied in the clinical settings. Although the potential for clinical importance is undoubtedly growing every day, as showed by the increasing number of papers dealing with ferroptosis and its applications, long experience of cancer research and treatment taught us that caution is still necessary. The plasticity of the tumour cells, particularly acute, along with its involvement in the resistance mechanisms, that have been seen, to greater or lesser extent, for almost all currently used therapies, represents the biggest fascinations in biomedical research field and also the biggest challenge to achieving cures in cancer patients. Accordingly, the main features of fundamental research have to be vigilance and anticipation. In this review, we tried to summarize the literature data, accumulated in the past couple of years, which point out the pitfalls in which “ferroptosis inducers” can fall if used prematurely in the clinical settings, but at the same time can provide a great advantage in the exhausting battle with cancer resistance. This is the first comprehensive review focusing on the effects of the cell-to-cell contact/interplay in the development of resistance to ferroptosis, while the contribution of cell-born factors has been summarized previously so here we just listed them.
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Liu J, Xia X, Huang P. xCT: A Critical Molecule That Links Cancer Metabolism to Redox Signaling. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2358-2366. [PMID: 32931751 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
System xc- cystine/glutamate antiporter, composed of a light-chain subunit (xCT, SLC7A11) and a heavy-chain subunit (CD98hc, SLC3A2), is mainly responsible for the cellular uptake of cystine in exchange for intracellular glutamate. In recent years, the xCT molecule has been found to play an important role in tumor growth, progression, metastasis, and multidrug resistance in various types of cancer. Interestingly, xCT also exhibits an essential function in regulating tumor-associated ferroptosis. Despite significant progress in targeting the system xc- transporter in cancer treatment, the underlying mechanisms still remain elusive. It is also unclear why solid tumors are more sensitive to xCT inhibitors such as sulfasalazine, as compared to hematological malignancies. This review mainly focuses on the role of xCT cystine/glutamate transporter in regard to tumor growth, chemoresistance, tumor-selective ferroptosis, and the mechanisms regulating xCT gene expression. The potential therapeutic implications of targeting the system xc- and its combination with chemotherapeutic agents or immunotherapy to suppress tumor growth and overcome drug resistance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xiaojun Xia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng East Road, Guangzhou 510060, China; Metabolic Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University Zhongshan School of Medicine, 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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Oncology Therapeutics Targeting the Metabolism of Amino Acids. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081904. [PMID: 32824193 PMCID: PMC7463463 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid metabolism promotes cancer cell proliferation and survival by supporting building block synthesis, producing reducing agents to mitigate oxidative stress, and generating immunosuppressive metabolites for immune evasion. Malignant cells rewire amino acid metabolism to maximize their access to nutrients. Amino acid transporter expression is upregulated to acquire amino acids from the extracellular environment. Under nutrient depleted conditions, macropinocytosis can be activated where proteins from the extracellular environment are engulfed and degraded into the constituent amino acids. The demand for non-essential amino acids (NEAAs) can be met through de novo synthesis pathways. Cancer cells can alter various signaling pathways to boost amino acid usage for the generation of nucleotides, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging molecules, and oncometabolites. The importance of amino acid metabolism in cancer proliferation makes it a potential target for therapeutic intervention, including via small molecules and antibodies. In this review, we will delineate the targets related to amino acid metabolism and promising therapeutic approaches.
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Armocida D, Frati A, Salvati M, Santoro A, Pesce A. Is Ki-67 index overexpression in IDH wild type glioblastoma a predictor of shorter Progression Free survival? A clinical and Molecular analytic investigation. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2020; 198:106126. [PMID: 32861131 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ki-67 proliferation index is widely used for differentiating between high and low-grade gliomas, but differentiating between the same grade IV appears to be more problematic, and the point about its prognostic value for GBM patients remains unclear. To reduce the possibility to find a marked histological heterogeneity, and may contain areas that could be diagnosed as lower grade, in this study we considered a large group of patients with IDH wild-type Glioblastoma (IDH-WT GBM) and we have analyzed previously reported prognostic factors, in regards to their relationship with the Ki-67 expression index. METHODS We explore the prognostic impact of ki-67 index status in 127 patients affected by IDH-WT GBM. We therefore analyzed clinical characteristics, tumor genetics, dimension and clinical outcomes. We selected a total of 127 patients affected by newly diagnosed IDH-WT GBM who underwent surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy in our Institution in the period ranging between January 2014 and December 2016 RESULTS: The volume of the lesion had a strong association with the Ki67 overexpression. In particular lesions whose volume was greater than 45 cm3, presented a higher percentage of Ki67 expression demonstrating that greater tumors are more likely associated to higher values of Ki67 percentages. On a multivariate analysis, it was possible to outline that Ki67 was significant a predictor of shorter PFS independently from the age of the patients, the volume of the lesion and preoperative KPS. CONCLUSIONS There is a correlation between percentage staining of Ki-67 and OS in our cohort of patients with IDH-WT GBM. This is only the third observational study documenting a positive correlation between Ki-67 and overall survival in GBM and the first one demonstrates that percentage Ki-67 staining >20 % predicts poorer progression free survival in IDH-WT GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Armocida
- Human Neurosciences Department Neurosurgery Division "Sapienza" University, Italy.
| | | | - Maurizio Salvati
- Human Neurosciences Department Neurosurgery Division "Sapienza" University, Italy; IRCCS "Neuromed" Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Antonio Santoro
- Human Neurosciences Department Neurosurgery Division "Sapienza" University, Italy
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Yoo S, Bae JY, Moon J, Koh G. System χ c- overexpression prevents 2-deoxy-d-ribose-induced β-cell damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 153:17-25. [PMID: 32305647 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic β-cells are vulnerable to oxidative stress, which promotes β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. System χc- is a sodium-independent, cystine/glutamate antiporter that mediates the exchange of extracellular l-cystine and intracellular l-glutamate. The import of l-cystine through this transporter is the rate-limiting step in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway that plays a significant role in antioxidative defense. Previously, we reported that 2-deoxy-d-ribose (dRib) induces oxidative damage through GSH depletion in pancreatic β-cells. In the current study, we elucidated the mechanism underlying the oxidative stress-induced β-cell damage. We measured the intracellular l-[14C]cystine uptake, GSH content, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in rat insulinoma cell line, RINm5F. Treatment of dRib decreased the intracellular l-[14C]cystine uptake and GSH content and increased the intracellular ROS levels, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Conversely, 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME), a cystine uptake enhancer, recovered the dRib-induced decrease in l-[14C]cystine uptake, GSH content, and cell viability in a Na+-independent manner. In the case of isolated islets, dRib dose-dependently decreased the intracellular l-[14C]cystine uptake and cell viability; however, dRib-induced cytotoxicity was completely recovered by adding N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). To confirm that system χc- mediates the oxidative stress-induced β-cell damage, we overexpressed xCT (the substrate-specific subunit of system χc-) using a lentiviral vector in RINm5F cells. Overexpression of xCT fully recovered the dRib-induced decrease in l-[14C]cystine uptake and GSH content and prevented the dRib-induced increase in ROS levels, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis. The overexpression of xCT showed a protective effect against dRib-induced oxidative damage in RINm5F cells. Our study showed that dRib depletes intracellular GSH content through inhibition of cystine transport via system χc- in β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ju Young Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaecheol Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwanpyo Koh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University School of Medicine, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Jeju National University Hospital, 15 Aran 13-gil, Jeju, 63241, Republic of Korea.
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