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Cui Z, Wu B, Blank I, Yu Y, Gu J, Zhou T, Zhang Y, Wang W, Liu Y. TastePeptides-EEG: An Ensemble Model for Umami Taste Evaluation Based on Electroencephalogram and Machine Learning. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:13430-13439. [PMID: 37639501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In the field of food, the sensory evaluation of food still relies on the results of manual sensory evaluation, but the results of human sensory evaluation are not universal, and there is a problem of speech fraud. This work proposed an electroencephalography (EEG)-based analysis method that effectively enables the identification of umami/non-umami substances. First, the key features were extracted using percentage conversion, standardization, and significance screening, and based on these features, the top four models were selected from 19 common binary classification algorithms as submodels. Then, the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm was used to fit the outputs of these four submodels to establish TastePeptides-EEG. The validation set of the model achieved a judgment accuracy of 90.2%, and the test set achieved a judgment accuracy of 77.8%. This study discovered the frequency change of α wave in umami taste perception and found the frequency response delay phenomenon of the F/RT/C area under umami taste stimulation for the first time. The model is published at www.tastepeptides-meta.com/TastePeptides-EEG, which is convenient for relevant researchers to speed up the analysis of umami perception and provide help for the development of the next generation of brain-computer interfaces for flavor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Cui
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ben Wu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Imre Blank
- Zhejiang Yiming Food Co, Ltd., Huting North Street 199, Shanghai 201615, China
| | - Yashu Yu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiaming Gu
- College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094 China
| | - Tianxing Zhou
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Meat Processing of Sichuan, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
| | - Wenli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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Perrusquia-Hernández E, Andrade-González RD, Cifuentes-Mendiola SE, Montes-Angeles CD, Zepeda-Reyes KI, Pérez-Martínez IO. Chemosensory representation of first-time oral exposure to ethanol in the orbitofrontal cortex of mice. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:417-425. [PMID: 36571635 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent ethanol consumption changes the neuronal activity of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in rodents, which has been attributed to important participation in the development of addiction, particularly alcoholism. The OFC participates in gustatory sensory integration. However, it is unknown whether this region can encode chemosensory elements of oral ethanol administration independently of the consumption movement (orofacial motor response) when administered for the first time (naïve mice). To answer this question, we used a sedated mouse model and a temporary analysis protocol to register extracellular neuronal responses during the oral administration of ethanol. Our results show an increase in neuronal frequency (in the first 500 ms) when low (0.6, 1, and 2.1 M) and high (3.2, 4.3, and 8.6 M) concentrations of ethanol are orally administered. The modulatory effect of ethanol was observed from low and high concentrations and differed from the tastants. There was consistent neuronal activity independent of the concentration of ethanol. Our results demonstrate a sensory representation of oral ethanol stimulation in the OFC neurons of naïve mice under sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Perrusquia-Hernández
- Sección de Neurobiología de las Sensaciones Orales, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R D Andrade-González
- Sección de Neurobiología de las Sensaciones Orales, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S E Cifuentes-Mendiola
- Sección de Osteoinmunología e Inmunidad Oral, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - C D Montes-Angeles
- Sección de Neurobiología de las Sensaciones Orales, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - K I Zepeda-Reyes
- Sección de Neurobiología de las Sensaciones Orales, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Isaac Obed Pérez-Martínez
- Sección de Neurobiología de las Sensaciones Orales, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, San Sebastián Xhala, 54714, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico.
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Wu B, Zhou X, Blank I, Liu Y. Investigating the influence of monosodium L-glutamate on brain responses via scalp-electroencephalogram (scalp-EEG). FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Flook EA, Luchsinger JR, Silveri MM, Winder DG, Benningfield MM, Blackford JU. Anxiety during abstinence from alcohol: A systematic review of rodent and human evidence for the anterior insula's role in the abstinence network. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e12861. [PMID: 31991531 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing disease that impacts almost a third of Americans. Despite effective treatments for attaining sobriety, the majority of patients relapse within a year, making relapse a substantial barrier to long-term treatment success. A major factor contributing to relapse is heightened negative affect that results from the combination of abstinence-related increases in stress-reactivity and decreases in reward sensitivity. Substantial research has contributed to the understanding of reward-related changes in AUD. However, less is known about anxiety during abstinence, a critical component of understanding addiction as anxiety during abstinence can trigger relapse. Most of what we know about abstinence-related negative affect comes from rodent studies which have identified key brain regions responsible for abstinence-related behaviors. This abstinence network is composed of brain regions that make up the extended amygdala: the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA), and the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). More recently, emerging evidence from rodent and human studies suggests a fourth brain region, the anterior insula, might be part of the abstinence network. Here, we review current rodent and human literature on the extended amygdala's role in alcohol abstinence and anxiety, present evidence for the anterior insula's role in the abstinence network, and provide future directions for research to further elucidate the neural underpinnings of abstinence in humans. A better understanding of the abstinence network is critical toward understanding and possibly preventing relapse in AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A. Flook
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Joseph R. Luchsinger
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt J.F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
| | - Marisa M. Silveri
- Neurodevelopmental Laboratory on Addictions and Mental Health, Brain Imaging Center, McLean Hospital Belmont MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | - Danny G. Winder
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt J.F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
| | - Margaret M. Benningfield
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Jennifer Urbano Blackford
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
- Vanderbilt J.F. Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville TN USA
- Research Health Scientist, Research and Development, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center Nashville TN USA
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Interoceptive insular cortex participates in sensory processing of gastrointestinal malaise and associated behaviors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21642. [PMID: 33303809 PMCID: PMC7730439 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78200-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex plays a central role in the perception and regulation of bodily needs and emotions. Its modular arrangement, corresponding with different sensory modalities, denotes a complex organization, and reveals it to be a hub that is able to coordinate autonomic and behavioral responses to many types of stimuli. Yet, little is known about the dynamics of its electrical activity at the neuronal level. We recorded single neurons in behaving rats from the posterior insula cortex (pIC), a subdivision considered as a primary interoceptive cortex, during gastrointestinal (GI) malaise, a state akin to the emotion of disgust in humans. We found that a large proportion of pIC neurons were modulated during the rodent compensatory behaviors of lying on belly (LOB) and Pica. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LOB was correlated with low-frequency oscillations in the field potentials and spikes at the theta (8 Hz) band, and that low-frequency electrical microstimulation of pIC elicited LOB and Pica. These findings demonstrate that pIC neurons play a critical role in GI malaise perception, and that the pIC influences the expression of behaviors that alleviate GI malaise. Our model provides an accessible approach at the single cell level to study innate emotional behaviors, currently elusive in humans.
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Sato H, Kawano T, Yin DX, Kato T, Toyoda H. Nicotinic activity depresses synaptic potentiation in layer V pyramidal neurons of mouse insular cortex. Neuroscience 2017; 358:13-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Han J, Cha M, Kwon M, Hong SK, Bai SJ, Lee BH. In vivo voltage-sensitive dye imaging of the insular cortex in nerve-injured rats. Neurosci Lett 2016; 634:146-152. [PMID: 27737808 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The insular cortex (IC) is a pain-related brain region that receives various types of sensory input and processes the emotional aspects of pain. The present study was conducted to investigate spatiotemporal patterns related to neuroplastic changes in the IC after nerve injury using voltage-sensitive dye imaging. The tibial and sural nerves of rats were injured under pentobarbital anesthesia. To observe optical signals in the IC, rats were re-anesthetized with urethane 7days after injury, and a craniectomy was performed to allow for optical imaging. Optical signals of the IC were elicited by peripheral electrical stimulation. Neuropathic rats showed a significantly higher optical intensity following 5.0mA electrical stimulation compared to sham-injured rats. A larger area of activation was observed by 1.25 and 2.5mA electrical stimulation compared to sham-injured rats. The activated areas tended to be larger, and the peak amplitudes of optical signals increased with increasing stimulation intensity in both groups. These results suggest that the elevated responsiveness of the IC to peripheral stimulation is related to neuropathic pain, and that neuroplastic changes are likely to be involved in the IC after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsoo Han
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeounghoon Cha
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjee Kwon
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Karp Hong
- Division of Bio and Health Sciences, Mokwon University, Daejeon 35349, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Joon Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Bae Hwan Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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8
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A role of CB1R in inducing θ-rhythm coordination between the gustatory and gastrointestinal insula. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32529. [PMID: 27581068 PMCID: PMC5007515 DOI: 10.1038/srep32529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anandamide (AEA) and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA) are produced in the intestine and brain during fasting and satiety, respectively. Subsequently, AEA facilitates food intake via activation of cannabinoid type-1 receptors (CB1Rs) while OEA decreases food intake via activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) and/or G-protein-coupled receptor 119 (GPR119). Neuronal activity in the gastrointestinal region of the autonomic insula (GI-Au-I) that rostrally adjoins the gustatory insula (Gu-I) increases during fasting, enhancing appetite while umami and sweet taste sensations in Gu-I enhances appetite in GI-Au-I, strongly suggesting the presence of a neural interaction between the Gu-I and GI-Au-I which changes depending on the concentrations of AEA and OEA. However, this possibility has never been investigated. In rat slice preparations, we demonstrate with voltage-sensitive dye imaging that activation of CB1Rs by AEA induces θ-rhythm oscillatory synchronization in the Gu-I which propagates into the GI-Au-I but stops at its caudal end, displaying an oscillatory coordination. The AEA-induced oscillation was abolished by a CB1R antagonist or OEA through activation of GPR119. Our results demonstrate that the neural coordination between the Gu-I and GI-Au-I is generated or suppressed by the opposing activities between CB1R and GPR119. This mechanism may be involved in the feeding behavior based on taste recognition.
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Kawakami S, Sato H, Sasaki AT, Tanabe HC, Yoshida Y, Saito M, Toyoda H, Sadato N, Kang Y. The Brain Mechanisms Underlying the Perception of Pungent Taste of Capsaicin and the Subsequent Autonomic Responses. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:720. [PMID: 26834613 PMCID: PMC4717328 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In a human fMRI study, it has been demonstrated that tasting and ingesting capsaicin activate the ventral part of the middle and posterior short gyri (M/PSG) of the insula which is known as the primary gustatory area, suggesting that capsaicin is recognized as a taste. Tasting and digesting spicy foods containing capsaicin induce various physiological responses such as perspiration from face, salivation, and facilitation of cardiovascular activity, which are thought to be caused through viscero-visceral autonomic reflexes. However, this does not necessarily exclude the possibility of the involvement of higher-order sensory-motor integration between the M/PSG and anterior short gyrus (ASG) known as the autonomic region of the insula. To reveal a possible functional coordination between the M/PSG and ASG, we here addressed whether capsaicin increases neural activity in the ASG as well as the M/PSG using fMRI and a custom-made taste delivery system. Twenty subjects participated in this study, and three tastant solutions: capsaicin, NaCl, and artificial saliva (AS) were used. Group analyses with the regions activated by capsaicin revealed significant activations in the bilateral ASG and M/PSG. The fMRI blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signals in response to capsaicin stimulation were significantly higher in ASG than in M/PSG regardless of the side. Concomitantly, capsaicin increased the fingertip temperature significantly. Although there was no significant correlation between the fingertip temperatures and BOLD signals in the ASG or M/PSG when the contrast [Capsaicin-AS] or [Capsaicin-NaCl] was computed, a significant correlation was found in the bilateral ASG when the contrast [2 × Capsaicin-NaCl-AS] was computed. In contrast, there was a significant correlation in the hypothalamus regardless of the contrasts. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between M/PSG and ASG. These results indicate that capsaicin increases neural activity in the ASG as well as the M/PSG, suggesting that the neural coordination between the two cortical areas may be involved in autonomic responses to tasting spicy foods as reflected in fingertip temperature increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinpei Kawakami
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Morinaga & Co., Ltd., YokohamaJapan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Akihiro T Sasaki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan; Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science TechnologiesKobe, Japan; Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City UniversityOsaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumiko Yoshida
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka UniversitySuita, Japan; Department of Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima UniversityKagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences Okazaki, Japan
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University Suita, Japan
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Saito M, Tanaka T, Sato H, Toyoda H, Aoyagi T, Kang Y. A mathematical model of negative covariability of inter-columnar excitatory synaptic actions caused by presynaptic inhibition. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2999-3007. [PMID: 23841876 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously showed that a positive covariability between intracortical excitatory synaptic actions onto the two layer three pyramidal cells (PCs) located in mutually adjacent columns is changed into a negative covariability by column-wise presynaptic inhibition of intracortical inputs, implicated as a basis for the desynchronization of inter-columnar synaptic actions. Here we investigated how the inter-columnar desynchronization is modulated by the strength of presynaptic inhibition or other factors, by using a mathematical model. Based on our previous findings on the paired-pulse depression (PPD) of intracortical excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked in PCs located in the stimulated home column (HC) but no PPD in PCs located in the adjacent column (AC), a mathematical model of synaptic connections between PCs and inhibitory interneurons was constructed. When the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) was decreased beyond 0.80, the correlation coefficient between the two second EPSC amplitudes in the paired PCs located in the HC and AC and that in the paired PCs located in the same HC exhibited opposite changes, and reached a global negative maximum and local positive maximum, respectively, at almost the same PPR (0.40). At this PPR, the desynchronization between the two cell assemblies in mutually adjacent columns would be maximized. These positive and negative covariabilities were not produced without background oscillatory synchronization across columns and were enhanced by increasing the synchronization magnitude, indicating that the synchronization leads to the desynchronization. We propose that a slow oscillatory synchronization across columns may emerge following the liberation from the column-wise presynaptic inhibition of inter-columnar synaptic inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Saito
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuma Tanaka
- Department of Morphological Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hajime Sato
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroki Toyoda
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshio Aoyagi
- Department of Applied Analysis and Complex Dynamical Systems, Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youngnam Kang
- Department of Neuroscience and Oral Physiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Nilius B, Appendino G. Spices: the savory and beneficial science of pungency. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 164:1-76. [PMID: 23605179 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spicy food does not only provide an important hedonic input in daily life, but has also been anedoctically associated to beneficial effects on our health. In this context, the discovery of chemesthetic trigeminal receptors and their spicy ligands has provided the mechanistic basis and the pharmacological means to investigate this enticing possibility. This review discusses in molecular terms the connection between the neurophysiology of pungent spices and the "systemic" effects associated to their trigeminality. It commences with a cultural and historical overview on the Western fascination for spices, and, after analysing in detail the mechanisms underlying the trigeminality of food, the main dietary players from the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of cation channels are introduced, also discussing the "alien" distribution of taste receptors outside the oro-pharingeal cavity. The modulation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 by spices is next described, discussing how spicy sensations can be turned into hedonic pungency, and analyzing the mechanistic bases for the health benefits that have been associated to the consumption of spices. These include, in addition to a beneficial modulation of gastro-intestinal and cardio-vascular function, slimming, the optimization of skeletal muscle performance, the reduction of chronic inflammation, and the prevention of metabolic syndrome and diabetes. We conclude by reviewing the role of electrophilic spice constituents on cancer prevention in the light of their action on pro-inflammatory and pro-cancerogenic nuclear factors like NFκB, and on their interaction with the electrophile sensor protein Keap1 and the ensuing Nrf2-mediated transcriptional activity. Spicy compounds have a complex polypharmacology, and just like any other bioactive agent, show a balance of beneficial and bad actions. However, at least for moderate consumption, the balance seems definitely in favour of the positive side, suggesting that a spicy diet, a caveman-era technology, could be seriously considered in addition to caloric control and exercise as a measurement to prevent and control many chronic diseases associate to malnutrition from a Western diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Nilius
- KU Leuven Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Leuven, Belgium,
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