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Coenen HH, Ermert J. Expanding PET-applications in life sciences with positron-emitters beyond fluorine-18. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:241-269. [PMID: 32900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Positron-emission-tomography (PET) has become an indispensable diagnostic tool in modern nuclear medicine. Its outstanding molecular imaging features allow repetitive studies on one individual and with high sensitivity, though no interference. Rather few positron-emitters with near favourable physical properties, i.e. carbon-11 and fluorine-18, furnished most studies in the beginning, preferably if covalently bound as isotopic label of small molecules. With the advancement of PET-devices the scope of in vivo research in life sciences and especially that of medical applications expanded, and other than "standard" PET-nuclides received increasing significance, like the radiometals copper-64 and gallium-68. Especially during the last decades, positron-emitters of other chemical elements have gotten into the focus of interest, concomitant with the technical advancements in imaging and radionuclide production. With known nuclear imaging properties and main production methods of emerging positron-emitters their usefulness for medical application is promising and even proven for several ones already. Unfortunate decay properties could be corrected for, and β+-emitters, especially with a longer half-life, provided new possibilities for application where slower processes are of importance. Further on, (bio)chemical features of positron-emitters of other elements, among there many metals, not only expanded the field of classical clinical investigations, but also opened up new fields of application. Appropriately labelled peptides, proteins and nanoparticles lend itself as newer probes for PET-imaging, e.g. in theragnostic or PET/MR hybrid imaging. Furthermore, the potential of non-destructive in-vivo imaging with positron-emission-tomography directs the view on further areas of life sciences. Thus, exploiting the excellent methodology for basic research on molecular biochemical functions and processes is increasingly encouraged as well in areas outside of health, such as plant and environmental sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz H Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Johannes Ermert
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5, Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
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2
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Brandt M, Cardinale J, Rausch I, Mindt TL. Manganese in PET imaging: Opportunities and challenges. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2020; 62:541-551. [PMID: 31115089 PMCID: PMC6771670 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several radionuclides of the transition metal manganese are known and accessible. Three of them, 51Mn, 52mMn, and 52gMn, are positron emitters that are potentially interesting for positron emission tomography (PET) applications and, thus, have caught the interest of the radiochemical/radiopharmaceutical and nuclear medicine communities. This mini‐review provides an overview of the production routes and physical properties of these radionuclides. For medical imaging, the focus is on the longer‐living 52gMn and its application for the radiolabelling of molecules and other entities exhibiting long biological half‐lives, the imaging of manganese‐dependent biological processes, and the development of bimodal PET/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes in combination with paramagnetic natMn as a contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Brandt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Cardinale
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivo Rausch
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Saar G, Millo CM, Szajek LP, Bacon J, Herscovitch P, Koretsky AP. Anatomy, Functionality, and Neuronal Connectivity with Manganese Radiotracers for Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:562-574. [PMID: 29396750 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1162-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Manganese ion has been extensively used as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent in preclinical studies to assess tissue anatomy, function, and neuronal connectivity. Unfortunately, its use in human studies has been limited by cellular toxicity and the need to use a very low dose. The much higher sensitivity of positron emission tomography (PET) over MRI enables the use of lower concentrations of manganese, potentially expanding the methodology to humans. PROCEDURES PET tracers manganese-51 (Mn-51, t1/2 = 46 min) and manganese-52 (Mn-52, t1/2 = 5.6 days) were used in this study. The biodistribution of manganese in animals in the brain and other tissues was studied as well as the uptake in the pancreas after glucose stimulation as a functional assay. Finally, neuronal connectivity in the olfactory pathway following nasal administration of the divalent radioactive Mn-52 ([52Mn]Mn2+) was imaged. RESULTS PET imaging with the divalent radioactive Mn-51 ([51Mn]Mn2+) and [52Mn]Mn2+ in both rodents and monkeys demonstrates that the accumulation of activity in different organs is similar to that observed in rodent MRI studies following systemic administration. Furthermore, we demonstrated the ability of manganese to enter excitable cells. We followed activity-induced [51Mn]Mn2+ accumulation in the pancreas after glucose stimulation and showed that [52Mn]Mn2+ can be used to trace neuronal connections analogous to manganese-enhanced MRI neuronal tracing studies. CONCLUSIONS The results were consistent with manganese-enhanced MRI studies, despite the much lower manganese concentration used for PET (100 mM Mn2+ for MRI compared to ~ 0.05 mM for PET). This indicates that uptake and transport mechanisms are comparable even at low PET doses. This helps establish the use of manganese-based radiotracers in both preclinical and clinical studies to assess anatomy, function, and connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Saar
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Corina M Millo
- PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Lawrence P Szajek
- PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jeff Bacon
- PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter Herscovitch
- PET Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan P Koretsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Molecular Imaging, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Graves SA, Hernandez R, Valdovinos HF, Ellison PA, Engle JW, Barnhart TE, Cai W, Nickles RJ. Preparation and in vivo characterization of 51MnCl 2 as PET tracer of Ca 2+ channel-mediated transport. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3033. [PMID: 28596540 PMCID: PMC5465055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03202-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Manganese has long been employed as a T1-shortening agent in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) applications, but these techniques are limited by the biotoxicity of bulk-manganese. Positron emission tomography (PET) offers superior contrast sensitivity compared with MRI, and recent preclinical PET studies employing 52gMn (t1/2: 5.6 d, β+: 29%) show promise for a variety of applications including cell tracking, neural tract tracing, immunoPET, and functional β-cell mass quantification. The half-life and confounding gamma emissions of 52gMn are prohibitive to clinical translation, but the short-lived 51Mn (t1/2: 46 min, β+: 97%) represents a viable alternative. This work develops methods to produce 51Mn on low-energy medical cyclotrons, characterizes the in vivo behavior of 51MnCl2 in mice, and performs preliminary human dosimetry predictions. 51Mn was produced by proton irradiation of electrodeposited isotopically-enriched 54Fe targets. Radiochemically isolated 51MnCl2 was intravenously administered to ICR mice which were scanned by dynamic and static PET, followed by ex vivo gamma counting. Rapid blood clearance was observed with stable uptake in the pancreas, kidneys, liver, heart, and salivary gland. Dosimetry calculations predict that 370 MBq of 51Mn in an adult human male would yield an effective dose equivalent of approximately 13.5 mSv, roughly equivalent to a clinical [18F]-FDG procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Graves
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Reinier Hernandez
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Hector F Valdovinos
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Paul A Ellison
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Jonathan W Engle
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA.
| | - Todd E Barnhart
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Weibo Cai
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA
| | - Robert J Nickles
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, 53705, WI, USA.
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Wooten AL, Aweda TA, Lewis BC, Gross RB, Lapi SE. Biodistribution and PET Imaging of pharmacokinetics of manganese in mice using Manganese-52. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174351. [PMID: 28306727 PMCID: PMC5357058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Manganese is essential to life, and humans typically absorb sufficient quantities of this element from a normal healthy diet; however, chronic, elevated ingestion or inhalation of manganese can be neurotoxic, potentially leading to manganism. Although imaging of large amounts of accumulated Mn(II) is possible by MRI, quantitative measurement of the biodistribution of manganese, particularly at the trace level, can be challenging. In this study, we produced the positron-emitting radionuclide 52Mn (t1/2 = 5.6 d) by proton bombardment (Ep<15 MeV) of chromium metal, followed by solid-phase isolation by cation-exchange chromatography. An aqueous solution of [52Mn]MnCl2 was nebulized into a closed chamber with openings through which mice inhaled the aerosol, and a separate cohort of mice received intravenous (IV) injections of [52Mn]MnCl2. Ex vivo biodistribution was performed at 1 h and 1 d post-injection/inhalation (p.i.). In both trials, we observed uptake in lungs and thyroid at 1 d p.i. Manganese is known to cross the blood-brain barrier, as confirmed in our studies following IV injection (0.86%ID/g, 1 d p.i.) and following inhalation of aerosol, (0.31%ID/g, 1 d p.i.). Uptake in salivary gland and pancreas were observed at 1 d p.i. (0.5 and 0.8%ID/g), but to a much greater degree from IV injection (6.8 and 10%ID/g). In a separate study, mice received IV injection of an imaging dose of [52Mn]MnCl2, followed by in vivo imaging by positron emission tomography (PET) and ex vivo biodistribution. The results from this study supported many of the results from the biodistribution-only studies. In this work, we have confirmed results in the literature and contributed new results for the biodistribution of inhaled radiomanganese for several organs. Our results could serve as supporting information for environmental and occupational regulations, for designing PET studies utilizing 52Mn, and/or for predicting the biodistribution of manganese-based MR contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Lake Wooten
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Tolulope A. Aweda
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Lewis
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Rebecca B. Gross
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Suzanne E. Lapi
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, United States of America
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Buchholz M, Spahn I, Scholten B, Coenen HH. Cross-section measurements for the formation of manganese-52 and its isolation with a non-hazardous eluent. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
With respect to the production of no-carrieradded 52Mn nuclear reactions on natural chromium were investigated. Cross sections of the reactions natCr(p, x)48V, 48,49,51Cr, 52g,mMn were determined in the proton energy range of 7.6 to 45MeV. Additionally, production yields of 52g,mMn and 51Cr were measured in the energy range from 8.2 to 16.9MeV and therefrom the calculated saturation thick target yields were obtained as (2.55±0.31), (6.96±0.57), and (1.53±0.15) GBq/μA, respectively. For in vivo applications like PET, low toxicity is critical and sufficient activity of a radiolabelled compound mandatory. Thus, additional purification steps after separation of radionuclides and target materials have to be avoided. However, no isolation procedure has been reported in the literature so far where radiomanganese is directly obtained in a nonhazardous solution. Therefore a new separation procedure was developed utilizing the cation-exchange resin DOWEX 50W×8 (H+-form). 52gMn was quantitatively isolated from “bulk” chromium after 3 to 4 h in non-hazardous 0.067M ammonium citrate solution. Up to 99% of 52gMn activity was harvested within 10 to 15 mL eluent solution with no measureable 51Cr impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Buchholz
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - I. Spahn
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - B. Scholten
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - H. H. Coenen
- Institut für Neurowissenschaften und Medizin, INM-5: Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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Qaim SM. Development of novel positron emitters for medical applications: nuclear and radiochemical aspects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2011.1870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In molecular imaging, the importance of novel longer lived positron emitters, also termed as non-standard or innovative PET radionuclides, has been constantly increasing, especially because they allow studies on slow metabolic processes and in some cases furnish the possibility of quantification of radiation dose in internal radiotherapy. Considerable efforts have been invested worldwide and about 25 positron emitters have been developed. Those efforts relate to interdisciplinary studies dealing with basic nuclear data, high current charged particle irradiation, efficient radiochemical separation and quality control of the desired radionuclide, and recovery of the enriched target material for reuse. In this review all those aspects are briefly discussed, with particular reference to three radionuclides, namely 64Cu, 124I and 86Y, which are presently in great demand. For each radionuclide several nuclear routes were investigated but the ( p,n) reaction on an enriched target isotope was found to be the best for use at a small-sized cyclotron. Some other positron emitting radionuclides, such as 55Co, 76Br, 89Zr, 82mRb, 94mTc, 120I, etc., were also produced via the low-energy (p,n), (p,α) or (d,n) reaction. On the other hand, the production of radionuclides 52Fe, 73Se, 83Sr, etc. using intermediate energy (p,xn) or (d,xn) reactions needs special consideration, the nuclear data and chemical processing methods being of key importance. In a few special cases, a high intensity 3He- or α-particle beam could be an added advantage. The production of some potentially interesting positron emitters via generator systems, for example 44Ti/44Sc, 72Se/72As and 140N d/140Pr is considered. The significance of new generation high power accelerators is briefly discussed.
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Klein ATJ, Rösch F, Coenen HH, Qaim SM. Labelling of manganese-based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents with the positron emitter 51Mn, as exemplified by manganese-tetraphenyl-porphin-sulfonate (MnTPPS4). Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 62:711-20. [PMID: 15763477 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 09/25/2004] [Accepted: 09/27/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The potential tumor seeking MRI contrast agent MnTPPS(4) was labelled with the positron emitting nuclide (51)Mn in no-carrier-added (n.c.a.) form. The complex formation kinetics were investigated and the apparent rate constants were determined under pseudo-first-order conditions. The derived bimolecular rate constants gave the Arrhenius parameters E(A)=84 kJ mol(-1) and A=2 x 10(12)s(-1)M(-1). Optimum labelling conditions were derived (radiochemical yields >99% possible, effective yields about 32%). Separation and purification of n.c.a. (51)MnTPPS(4) were performed for potential human use. All impurities were <1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- A T J Klein
- Institut für Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
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