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NAGAME Y, SATO TK. Chemical characterization of heavy actinides and light transactinides - Experimental achievements at JAEA. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2024; 100:165-189. [PMID: 38462500 PMCID: PMC11105975 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.100.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the heaviest elements at the farthest reach of the periodic table (PT) and the classification of these elements in the PT are undoubtedly crucial and challenging subjects in chemical and physical sciences. The elucidation of the influence of relativistic effects on their outermost electronic configuration is also a critical and fascinating aspect. However, the heaviest elements with atomic numbers Z ≳ 100 must be produced at accelerators using nuclear reactions of heavy ions and target materials. Therefore, production rates for these elements are low, and their half-lives are as short as a few seconds to a few minutes; they are usually available in a quantity of only a few atoms at a time. Here, we review some highlighted studies on heavy actinide and light transactinide chemical characterization performed at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency tandem accelerator facility. We discuss briefly the prospects for future studies of the heaviest elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro NAGAME
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Tetsuya K. SATO
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), Tokai, Naka-gun, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
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Schädel M, Nagame Y. From SRAFAP to ARCA and AIDA – developments and implementation of automated aqueous-phase rapid chemistry apparatuses for heavy actinides and transactinides. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2019-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The development of automated rapid chemistry techniques and their application for batch-wise, chromatographic separations of heavy elements in the liquid-phase are outlined. Starting in the mid-1970s with manually performed separations using pressurized liquid-chromatography techniques, this development led to the first version of the Automated Rapid Chemistry Apparatus, ARCA, in the early 1980s. After a breakthrough to a much higher level of automation and miniaturization, the new apparatus ARCA II was built in the late 1980s. Based on it, the Automated Ion-exchange separation apparatus coupled with the Detection system for Alpha spectroscopy, AIDA, became operational in the late 1990s. In the context of technical and technological advancements, this article discusses the successful application of these instruments for (i) the search for superheavy elements, (ii) cross section measurements of actinide elements produced in multi-nucleon transfer reactions with actinide targets, (iii) chemical separation and characterization of the heavy actinides mendelevium, Md, and lawrencium, Lr, and (iv) studies of the transactinide elements rutherfordium, Rf, dubnium, Db, and seaborgium, Sg. Details of the separations are outlined together with the big advancements made over time and the limitations reached. For the transactinide elements, examples are given for their observed chemical behavior; often affected by an interplay between hydrolysis and complex formation. Influenced by relativistic effects, chemical properties of these elements sometimes deviated from those of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schädel
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH , 64291 Darmstadt , Germany
| | - Yuichiro Nagame
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) , Tokai-mura, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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Yokoyama A, Kitayama Y, Fukuda Y, Kikunaga H, Murakami M, Komori Y, Yano S, Haba H, Tsukada K, Toyoshima A. Extraction behavior of rutherfordium as a cationic fluoride complex with a TTA chelate extractant from HF/HNO3 acidic solutions. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-2949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify relevant Rf chemical species by using reversed-phase extraction chromatography with 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) resin as the stationary phase. Because TTA can be used to extract specific metal ions, the distribution ratios of the system enabled determination of the specific complex formation constant of Rf. We performed several experiments on chemical systems with Zr, Hf, No, and Rf, determined their adsorption coefficients, and deduced the K
d values for Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Yokoyama
- Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yuta Kitayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Yoshiki Fukuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University , Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192 , Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Kikunaga
- Research Center for Electron Photon Science, Tohoku University , Sendai, Miyagi 982-0826 , Japan
| | - Masashi Murakami
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Yukiko Komori
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Shinya Yano
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Haba
- Nishina Center for Accelerator-Based Science, RIKEN, Wako , Saitama 351-0198 , Japan
| | - Kazuaki Tsukada
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoshima
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency , Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
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Alfonso MC, Bennett ME, Folden CM. Extraction chromatography of the Rf homologs, Zr and Hf, using TEVA and UTEVA resins in HCl, HNO3, and H2SO4 media. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-015-4256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Yokokita T, Kasamatsu Y, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A. Distribution Behavior of Nb, Ta, and Pa as Homologues of Db in Cation Exchange and Solid-Liquid and Liquid-Liquid Extractions by Aliquat 336 from Hydrochloric Acid. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2015.1046297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Solid–liquid extraction of Mo and W by Aliquat 336 from HCl solutions toward extraction chromatography experiments of Sg. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3476-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract
The chemistry of superheavy elements - or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table - is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators (“pre-separator”) are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Schädel
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan / GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Heavy element chemistry facilities at Texas A&M University. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-013-2676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Kasamatsu Y, Kikutani Y, Kino A, Komori Y, Yokokita T, Yoshimura T, Takahashi N, Shinohara A. Solvent extraction of Zr and Hf from hydrochloric acid using tributylphosphate for the extraction of element 104, rutherfordium. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFor the solvent extraction experiment on element 104 (Rf), solvent extraction of Zr and Hf as its homologues was performed in tributylphosphate (TBP)/hydrochloric acid (HCl) system using the carrier-free radiotracers88Zr and175Hf. Time dependences of the distribution ratios of Zr and Hf were investigated using 6.1 and 10.0M HCl and 0.5 and 2.0M TBP benzene solutions. The distribution ratios in equilibrium were determined for these elements as a function of HCl concentrations in the range of 4.1-10.2M. We found that the neutral chloride complexes of Zr and Hf were formed and extracted into the organic phase within 20 min in HCl with a concentration higher than 6 M. From the results, we propose that solvent extraction of Rf from 4-8M HCl into 2.0M TBP benzene is suitable for investigating the chloride complexation properties of Rf. In addition, for the development of the rapid liquid-liquid extraction apparatus, three types of microchannel devices, namely, a micro reactor, capillary tube and micro-chemical chip, were tested as a mixing-solution part in the apparatus. The chemical reactions of Zr and Hf in the extraction were found to be fast only when using the microchemical chip, which is important for investigations with the 68-s261Rf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Kasamatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Kikutani
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Kino
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Y. Komori
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yokokita
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - T. Yoshimura
- Radioisotope Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - N. Takahashi
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - A. Shinohara
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Türler A, Pershina V. Advances in the Production and Chemistry of the Heaviest Elements. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1237-312. [DOI: 10.1021/cr3002438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Türler
- Laboratory
of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Radiochemistry
and Environmental Chemistry, Department Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Pershina
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH, Planckstrasse
1, D-64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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Abstract
Abstract
The experimental techniques developed to perform rapid chemical separations of the heaviest elements in the aqueous phase are presented. In general, these include transport of the nuclear reaction products to a separation device by the gas-jet technique and dissolution in an aqueous solution containing inorganic ligands for complex formation. The complexes are chemically characterized by a partition method which can be liquid–liquid extraction, ion-exchange- or reversed-phase extraction chromatography. The separated fractions are quickly evaporated to dryness for the preparation of samples for α-particle spectroscopy. Comments are given on the special situation in which chemistry has to be studied with single atoms. Theoretical predictions of chemical properties are compared to the presently known chemical behaviour of rutherfordium, Rf (element 104), dubnium, Db (element 105), seaborgium, Sg (element 106), and hassium, Hs (element 108) and to that of their lighter homologs in the Periodic Table in order to assess the role of relativistic effects in the chemistry of the heaviest elements.
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Almazan-Torres M, Drot R, Mercier-Bion F, Catalette H, Den Auwer C, Simoni E. Surface complexation modeling of uranium(VI) sorbed onto zirconium oxophosphate versus temperature: Thermodynamic and structural approaches. J Colloid Interface Sci 2008; 323:42-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2008.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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