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Shen Y, Cruz-Cabeza AJ, Azzouz O, Edkins K. Using Prenucleation Aggregation of Caffeine-Benzoic Acid as a Rapid Indication of Co-crystallization from Solutions. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1942-1950. [PMID: 36942815 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Co-crystal design is a convenient way to remedy the poor biopharmaceutical properties of drugs. Most studies focus on experimental co-crystal screening or computational prediction, but hardly any work has been done toward fast, efficient, and reliable prediction of solution crystallization for co-crystal formation. Here, we study the caffeine-benzoic acid co-crystal system, due to its reported difficulty to crystallize from the solution phase. With this work, we investigate whether there is a link between prenucleation aggregation in solution and co-crystal formation and how to harness this for crystallization prediction. 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy is used to study the prenucleation interaction between caffeine and benzoic acid in methanol, acetone, and acetonitrile as examples of common solvents. In this system, crystallization from methanol leads to no co-crystallization, from acetone to concomitant crystallization of co-crystal and caffeine, and from acetonitrile to pure co-crystal formation from solution. Strong heteromeric dimers were found to exist in all three solvents. Ternary phase diagrams were defined and a solution-accessible co-crystal region was found for all solvents. For this system, the prenucleation clusters found in solution could be linked to the crystallization of the co-crystal. Crystallization from DMSO did not yield the co-crystal and there were no detectable prenucleation aggregates. NMR spectroscopy to probe dimers in solution can thus be used as a fast, reliable, and promising tool to predict co-crystallization from specific solvents and to screen for suitable solvents for manufacturing and scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Shen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | | | - Ossama Azzouz
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Katharina Edkins
- School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Betulin Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors and Anticancer Agents in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168808. [PMID: 34445506 PMCID: PMC8395940 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-regulated protein carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is up-regulated in different tumor entities and correlated with poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Due to the radio- and chemotherapy resistance of solid hypoxic tumors, derivatives of betulinic acid (BA), a natural compound with anticancer properties, seem to be promising to benefit these cancer patients. We synthesized new betulin sulfonamides and determined their cytotoxicity in different breast cancer cell lines. Additionally, we investigated their effects on clonogenic survival, cell death, extracellular pH, HIF-1α, CA IX and CA XII protein levels and radiosensitivity. Our study revealed that cytotoxicity increased after treatment with the betulin sulfonamides compared to BA or their precursors, especially in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. CA IX activity as well as CA IX and CA XII protein levels were reduced by the betulin sulfonamides. We observed elevated inhibitory efficiency against protumorigenic processes such as proliferation and clonogenic survival and the promotion of cell death and radiosensitivity compared to the precursor derivatives. In particular, TNBC cells showed benefit from the addition of sulfonamides onto BA and revealed that betulin sulfonamides are promising compounds to treat more aggressive breast cancers, or are at the same level against less aggressive breast cancer cells.
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Betulin Phosphonates; Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxic Activity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091123. [PMID: 27571057 PMCID: PMC6273377 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Betulin derivatives are a widely studied group of compounds of natural origin due to their wide spectrum of biological activities. This paper describes new betulin derivatives, containing a phosphonate group. The allyl-vinyl isomerization and synthesis of acetylenic derivatives have been reported. Structural identification of products as E and Z isomers has been carried out using 1H-, 13C-, 31P-NMR, and crystallographic analysis. The crystal structure in the orthorhombic space group and analysis of crystal packing contacts for 29-diethoxyphosphoryl-28-cyclopropylpropynoyloxy-lup-20E(29)-en-3β-ol 8a are reported. All new compounds were tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against human T47D (breast cancer), SNB-19 (glioblastoma), and C32 (melanoma) cell lines.
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Synthesis, structure and cytotoxic activity of acetylenic derivatives of betulonic and betulinic acids. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.10.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Chrobak E, Michalik E, Kusz J, Nowak M, Boryczka S. Polymorphic forms of lupane triterpenoid betulonic aldehyde (betulonal). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 70:847-51. [PMID: 25186355 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229614017379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The lupane triterpenoid betulonic aldehyde [also known as betulonal; systematic name: lup-20(29)-en-28-al-3-one, C30H46O2] is a product of betulin oxidation. Crystals were obtained from hexane [form (I)] and dimethyl sulfoxide [form (II)] solutions. Forms (I) and (II) are both orthorhombic. The molecular geometric parameters in the two forms are similar, but the structures are different with respect to the crystal packing. Polymorph (I) contains two independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, while polymorph (II) contains only one molecule, which has a disordered aldehyde group [the disorder ratio is 0.769 (4):0.231 (4)]. In each molecule, the six-membered rings have chair conformations, whereas the cyclopentane ring in each molecule adopts an envelope conformation. All the rings in the lupane nucleus are trans-fused. The extended structures of both polymorphs are stabilized by weak intermolecular C-H...O and van der Waals interactions. Weak intramolecular C-H...O interactions are also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Chrobak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
| | - Ewa Michalik
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw 50-556, Poland
| | - Joachim Kusz
- Department of Physics of Crystals, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Maria Nowak
- Department of Solid State Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, Katowice 40-007, Poland
| | - Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
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Wang X, Gong N, Yang S, Du G, Lu Y. Studies on solvatomorphism of betulinic acid. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2696-2703. [PMID: 24752825 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Five solvates of betulinic acid with dimethyl sulfoxide (I), methanol (II), ethanol (III), isopropyl alcohol (IV), and 2-butanol (V) have been described in this work. Methods of X-ray crystallography, thermal analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were introduced for solvatomorphic identifications and characterizations. The orientation of isopropenyl and carboxylic groups might differ because of single-bonding rotations. The incorporation of solvents resulted in changes of the crystal symmetry, intermolecular arrangements, stoichiometry, hydrogen bonding interactions, and so on. Adducted solvents contributed most to the stability of crystal lattices and led to the formation of crystalline forms. Solvates II-V with their single-crystal structures determined have been reported for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Ningbo Gong
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiying Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanhua Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, National Center for Pharmaceutical Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Lu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Polymorphic Drugs, Center of Pharmaceutical Polymorphs, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People's Republic of China.
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Boryczka S, Michalik E, Kusz J, Nowak M, Chrobak E. Lup-20(29)-en-28-ol-3-one (betulone). Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o795-6. [PMID: 23723937 PMCID: PMC3648317 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813011008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C30H48O2, contains two independent mol-ecules, the main difference between them being that the isopropenyl group is rotated by approximately 180°. In each mol-ecule, the fused six-membered rings have chair-chair-chair-chair conformations and the cyclo-pentane ring adopts an envelope conformation with the C atom bearing the hy-droxy-methyl group as the flap. All ring junctions are trans-fused. With the exception of one of the methyl groups adjacent to the C=O group, all the methyl groups are in axial positions. The isopropenyl group is equatorial and the hy-droxy-methyl group is in an axial orientation. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link the mol-ecules into chains along [010]. Weak intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are also observed but the hy-droxy groups are not involved in hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Boryczka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Sosnowiec 41-200, Poland
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Synthesis, structure and cytotoxic activity of new acetylenic derivatives of betulin. Molecules 2013; 18:4526-43. [PMID: 23595090 PMCID: PMC6270304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18044526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of betulin derivatives containing one or two pharmacophores bearing an acetylenic and carbonyl function at the C-3 and/or C-28 positions has been synthesized and characterized by ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR, IR, MS and elemental analyses. The crystal structure of 28-O-propynoylbetulin was determined by X-ray structural analysis. All new compounds, as well as betulin, were tested in vitro for their antiproliferative activity against human SW707 colorectal, CCRF/CEM leukemia, T47D breast cancer, and against murine P388 leukemia and Balb3T3 normal fibroblasts cell lines. Most of the compounds showed better cytotoxicity than betulin and cisplatin used as reference agent. 28-O-Propynoylbetulin was the most potent derivative, being over 500 times more potent than betulin and about 100 times more cytotoxic than cisplatin against the human leukemia (CCRF/CEM) cell line, with an ID₅₀ value of 0.02 μg/mL.
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Boryczka S, Jastrzebska M, Bębenek E, Kusz J, Zubko M, Kadela M, Michalik E. X-Ray Diffraction and Infrared Spectroscopy of N,N- Dimethylformamide and Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solvatomorphs of Betulonic Acid. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:4458-71. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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