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Evaluating important analytical figures of merit for PILSNER: particle-into-liquid sampling for nanoliter electrochemical reactions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04557-2. [PMID: 36801959 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently introduced as a method for aerosol electroanalysis, particle-into-liquid sampling for nanoliter electrochemical reactions (PILSNER) has shown promise as a versatile, highly sensitive analytical technique. To further validate the analytical figures of merit, we present correlated fluorescence microscopy and electrochemical data. The results show excellent agreement as to the detected concentration of a common redox mediator, ferrocyanide. Experimental data also suggest that PILSNER's unconventional two-electrode system is not a contributing source of error when appropriate controls are established. Finally, we address the concern that arises from two electrodes operating within such close proximity. COMSOL Multiphysics simulations confirm that with the present parameters, positive feedback is not a contributing source of error in voltammetric experiments. The simulations also show at what distances feedback could become a source of concern, which will be a factor in future investigations. Thus, this paper provides validation of PILSNER's analytical figures of merit, as well as voltammetric controls and COMSOL Multiphysics simulations to address possible confounding factors that could arise from PILSNER's experimental setup.
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2
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Stinson WDH, Brayton KM, Ardo S, Talin AA, Esposito DV. Quantifying the Influence of Defects on Selectivity of Electrodes Encapsulated by Nanoscopic Silicon Oxide Overlayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:55480-55490. [PMID: 36473158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulation of electrocatalysts and photocatalysts with semipermeable nanoscopic oxide overlayers that exhibit selective transport properties is an attractive approach to achieve high redox selectivity. However, defects within the overlayers─such as pinholes, cracks, or particle inclusions─may facilitate local high rates of parasitic reactions by creating pathways for facile transport of undesired reactants to exposed active sites. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an attractive method to determine the influence of defects on macroscopic performance metrics thanks to its ability to measure the relative rates of competing electrochemical reactions with high spatial resolution over the electrode. Here, we report the use of SECM to determine the influence of overlayer defects on the selectivity of silicon oxide (SiOx) encapsulated platinum thin-film electrocatalysts operated under conditions where two competing reactions─the hydrogen evolution and Fe(III) reduction reactions─can occur. After an SECM methodology is described to determine spatially resolved selectivity, representative selectivity maps are correlated with the location of defects that are characterized by optical, electron, and atomic force microscopies. This analysis reveals that certain types of defects in the oxide overlayer are responsible for ∼60-90% of the partial current density toward the undesired Fe(III) reduction reaction. By correcting for defect contributions to Fe(III) reduction rates, true Fe(III) permeability values for the SiOx overlayers were determined to be over an order of magnitude lower than permeabilities determined from analyses that ignore the presence of defects. Finally, different types of defects were studied revealing that defect morphology can have varying influence on both redox selectivity and calculated permeability. This work highlights the need for spatially resolved measurements to evaluate the performance of oxide-encapsulated catalysts and understand their performance limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D H Stinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Kelly M Brayton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
| | - Shane Ardo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California92697, United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Materials Physics Department, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California94550, United States
| | - Daniel V Esposito
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia Electrochemical Engineering Center, Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, Columbia University in the City of New York, New York, New York10027, United States
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3
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Sharma S, Ganjoo R, Thakur A, Kumar A. Electrochemical characterization and surface morphology techniques for corrosion inhibition—a review. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2039913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shveta Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Richika Ganjoo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Abhinay Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
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4
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Pishgar S, Gulati S, Strain JM, Liang Y, Mulvehill MC, Spurgeon JM. In Situ Analytical Techniques for the Investigation of Material Stability and Interface Dynamics in Electrocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2100322. [PMID: 34927994 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis and photoelectrochemistry are critical to technologies like fuel cells, electrolysis, and solar fuels. Material stability and interfacial phenomena are central to the performance and long-term viability of these technologies. Researchers need tools to uncover the fundamental processes occurring at the electrode/electrolyte interface. Numerous analytical instruments are well-developed for material characterization, but many are ex situ techniques often performed under vacuum and without applied bias. Such measurements miss dynamic phenomena in the electrolyte under operational conditions. However, innovative advancements have allowed modification of these techniques for in situ characterization in liquid environments at electrochemically relevant conditions. This review explains some of the main in situ electrochemical characterization techniques, briefly explaining the principle of operation and highlighting key work in applying the method to investigate material stability and interfacial properties for electrocatalysts and photoelectrodes. Covered methods include spectroscopy (in situ UV-vis, ambient pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (APXPS), and in situ Raman), mass spectrometry (on-line inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS)), and microscopy (in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)). Each technique's capabilities and advantages/disadvantages are discussed and summarized for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Pishgar
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Saumya Gulati
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Jacob M Strain
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Ying Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Matthew C Mulvehill
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
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Wang J, Xie L, Han L, Wang X, Wang J, Zeng H. In-situ probing of electrochemical dissolution and surface properties of chalcopyrite with implications for the dissolution kinetics and passivation mechanism. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 584:103-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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6
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Berg KE, Leroux YR, Hapiot P, Henry CS. SECM Investigation of Carbon Composite Thermoplastic Electrodes. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1304-1309. [PMID: 33373524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic electrodes (TPEs) are carbon composite electrodes consisting of graphite and thermoplastic polymer binder. TPE production is a solvent-based method, which makes it easy to fabricate and pattern into complex geometries, contrary to classical carbon composite electrodes. Depending on the composition (carbon type, binder, and composition ratio), TPEs can give excellent electrochemical performance and high conductivity. However, these TPEs are relatively new electrode materials, and thorough electrochemical characterization is still missing to understand and predict why large differences between TPEs exist. We used scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) as a screening tool to characterize TPEs. SECM data treatment based on scanning probe microscopy imaging allows a fast and easy comparison of the numerous images, as well as the optimization of the preparation. Experiments suggest that TPEs behave as a network of interacting microelectrodes made by electrochemically active islands isolated between less active areas. Higher carbon content in TPEs is not always indicative of more uniform electrodes with better electrochemical performances. Using various SECM redox probes, it is possible to select a specific graphite or polymer type for the analyte of interest. For example, TPEs made with COC:3569 are the best compromise for general detection, whereas PMMA:11 μm is better suited for catechol-like polyphenol analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E Berg
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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8
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Lagrost C, Leroux Y, Hapiot P. Localized Electrochemistry for Studying Functional Carbon Surfaces. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Lagrost
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS; Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE); Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Yann Leroux
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS; Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE); Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, CNRS; Université de Rennes 1, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE); Campus de Beaulieu 35042 Rennes Cedex France
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Kuznetsov V, Estrada-Vargas A, Maljusch A, Berkes BB, Bandarenka AS, Souto RM, Schuhmann W. Kinetic Passivation Effect of Localized Differential Aeration on Brass. Chempluschem 2016; 81:49-57. [PMID: 31968731 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a localized differential aeration cell on metals, susceptible to both anodic and cathodic corrosion, is a serious threat because of multiple degradation processes commencing with the passivation layer destruction. By using local electrochemical and X-ray dispersive techniques, it has been demonstrated that the differential aeration cell formed on high brass (α-brass, Cu65-Zn35) in the presence of 1H-benzotriazole or 5-methyl-1H-benzotriazole plays both corrosion-inhibiting and accelerating roles, depending on the inhibitor exposure time. Alternating-current scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to image local electrochemical activity, whereas energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy provided evidence for the mechanism of the observed phenomena. Short-term exposure to the inhibitor (5 min) promotes the formation of a passivation layer in the waterline region. In contrast, after prolonged exposure (45 min), a deficient passivation layer develops for both inhibitors. An excess of zinc(II)-inhibitor complexes in the passivation layer is accountable for the corrosion resistance of the region with high differential aeration. Rapid dezincification and local alkalinization facilitate the initial rapid formation of a passivation layer in the area under differential aeration to preserve its composition upon further modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Kuznetsov
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Arturo Estrada-Vargas
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Artjom Maljusch
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Balázs B Berkes
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,Battery and Electrochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Aliaksandr S Bandarenka
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Schellingstrasse 4, 80799 München, Germany.,Physics-Department ECS, Technical University Munich, James-Franck-Strasse 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ricardo M Souto
- Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, 38200, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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Esmaeili N, Neshati J, Yavari I. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the investigation of corrosion inhibition of triazino-benzimidazole-2-thiones in hydrochloric acid solution. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-015-2369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Mohamad NR, Marzuki NHC, Buang NA, Huyop F, Wahab RA. An overview of technologies for immobilization of enzymes and surface analysis techniques for immobilized enzymes. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2015; 29:205-220. [PMID: 26019635 PMCID: PMC4434042 DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2015.1008192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The current demands of sustainable green methodologies have increased the use of enzymatic technology in industrial processes. Employment of enzyme as biocatalysts offers the benefits of mild reaction conditions, biodegradability and catalytic efficiency. The harsh conditions of industrial processes, however, increase propensity of enzyme destabilization, shortening their industrial lifespan. Consequently, the technology of enzyme immobilization provides an effective means to circumvent these concerns by enhancing enzyme catalytic properties and also simplify downstream processing and improve operational stability. There are several techniques used to immobilize the enzymes onto supports which range from reversible physical adsorption and ionic linkages, to the irreversible stable covalent bonds. Such techniques produce immobilized enzymes of varying stability due to changes in the surface microenvironment and degree of multipoint attachment. Hence, it is mandatory to obtain information about the structure of the enzyme protein following interaction with the support surface as well as interactions of the enzymes with other proteins. Characterization technologies at the nanoscale level to study enzymes immobilized on surfaces are crucial to obtain valuable qualitative and quantitative information, including morphological visualization of the immobilized enzymes. These technologies are pertinent to assess efficacy of an immobilization technique and development of future enzyme immobilization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Royhaila Mohamad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Haziqah Che Marzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Nor Aziah Buang
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Fahrul Huyop
- Department of Biotechnology and Medical Engineering, Faculty of Bioscience and Medical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai81310, Johor, Malaysia
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Esmaeili N, Neshati J, Yavari I. Corrosion inhibition of new thiocarbohydrazides on the carbon steel in hydrochloric acid solution. J IND ENG CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Marques A, Izquierdo J, Souto R, Simões A. SECM imaging of the cut edge corrosion of galvanized steel as a function of pH. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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14
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Luo H, Dong C, Gao S, Du C, Xiao K, Li X. Sensing application in the precursor region of localized corrosion by scanning electrochemical microscopy. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01734j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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15
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Lithium Ion Quantification Using Mercury Amalgams as in Situ Electrochemical Probes in Nonaqueous Media. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10660-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac502517b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, 58 Roger Adams Laboratory, 600 South
Matthews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Meyer JN, Mathew MT, Wimmer MA, LeSuer RJ. Effect of tribolayer formation on corrosion of CoCrMo alloys investigated using scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7159-66. [PMID: 23848566 DOI: 10.1021/ac400823q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy was used to probe the topography and electrochemical activity of CoCrMo alloys mechanically polished in the presence of bovine calf serum (BCS) in a hip simulator. These substrates are made of the same alloy used in metal-on-metal bearings for artificial hip joints. The BCS serves as an in vitro substitute for the synovial fluid which forms a lubricant in the actual orthopedic device. Chemical and mechanical processes result in the formation of a tribolayer which passivates the alloy surface. Our studies of the heterogeneous electron transfer between ferrocenemethanol and the alloy indicate that the tribolayer formed on both high- and low-carbon substrates is highly heterogeneous with regions of high electrochemical activity. Whereas pits in the samples polished in the absence of BCS show the regions of highest electrochemical activity, the tribolayer-coated samples have electrochemical hot spots in topographically smooth regions of the surface. The tribolayer provides some attenuation of the electrochemical activity of the alloy but does not prevent the possibility of corrosion from occurring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua N Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Chicago State University, Chicago, Illinois 60628, United States
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Hapiot P. Chemically irreversible redox mediator for SECM kinetics investigations: determination of the absolute tip-sample distance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1840-5. [PMID: 23286357 DOI: 10.1021/ac303226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of a chemically irreversible redox probe in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was evaluated for the determination of the absolute tip-substrate distance. This data is required for a quantitative use of the method in the analysis of functional surfaces with an unknown redox response. Associated with the relevant model curves, the electrochemical response allows an easy positioning of the tip versus the substrate that is independent of the nature of the materials under investigation. The irreversible oxidation of polyaromatic compounds was found to be well adapted for such investigations in organic media. Anthracene oxidation in acetonitrile was chosen as a demonstrative example for evaluating the errors and limits of the procedure. Interest in the procedure was exemplified for the local investigations of surfaces modified by redox entities. This permits discrimination between the different processes occurring at the sample surface as the permeability of the probe through the layer or the charge transfer pathways. It was possible to observe small differences with simple kinetic models (irreversible charge transfer) that are related to permeation: charge transport steps through a permeable redox layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lhenry
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Izquierdo J, Nagy L, Bitter I, Souto RM, Nagy G. Potentiometric scanning electrochemical microscopy for the local characterization of the electrochemical behaviour of magnesium-based materials. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Etienne M, Lhenry S, Cornut R, Lefrou C. Optimization of the shearforce signal for scanning electrochemical microscopy and application for kinetic analysis. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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20
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Santana JJ, Pähler M, Schuhmann W, Souto RM. Investigation of Copper Corrosion Inhibition with Frequency-Dependent Alternating-Current Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chempluschem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Rodríguez-López J, Ritzert NL, Mann JA, Tan C, Dichtel WR, Abruña HD. Quantification of the Surface Diffusion of Tripodal Binding Motifs on Graphene Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:6224-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
| | - Nicole L. Ritzert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
| | - Jason A. Mann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
| | - Cen Tan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
| | - William R. Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
| | - Héctor D. Abruña
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United
States
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Izquierdo J, Nagy L, Varga Á, Bitter I, Nagy G, Souto RM. Scanning electrochemical microscopy for the investigation of corrosion processes: Measurement of Zn2+ spatial distribution with ion selective microelectrodes. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Varga Á, Nagy L, Izquierdo J, Bitter I, Souto RM, Nagy G. Development of Solid Contact Micropipette Zn-Ion Selective Electrode for Corrosion Studies. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.582545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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24
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Izquierdo J, Nagy L, Santana JJ, Nagy G, Souto RM. A novel microelectrochemical strategy for the study of corrosion inhibitors employing the scanning vibrating electrode technique and dual potentiometric/amperometric operation in scanning electrochemical microscopy: Application to the study of the cathodic inhibition by benzotriazole of the galvanic corrosion of copper coupled to iron. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Souto RM, González-García Y, Battistel D, Daniele S. In Situ Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Detection of Metal Dissolution during Zinc Corrosion by Means of Mercury Sphere-Cap Microelectrode Tips. Chemistry 2011; 18:230-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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26
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Souto R, Santana J, Fernández-Mérida L, González S. Sensing electrochemical activity in polymer coated metals during the early stages of coating degradation–Effect of the polarization of the substrate. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Spatially resolved measurement of electrochemical activity and pH distributions in corrosion processes by scanning electrochemical microscopy using antimony microelectrode tips. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Guadagnini L, Chiavari C, Martini C, Bernardi E, Morselli L, Tonelli D. The use of scanning electrochemical microscopy for the characterisation of patinas on copper alloys. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Oleinick AI, Battistel D, Daniele S, Svir I, Amatore C. Simple and Clear Evidence for Positive Feedback Limitation by Bipolar Behavior during Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Unbiased Conductors. Anal Chem 2011; 83:4887-93. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2006075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander I. Oleinick
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Dario Battistel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Cà Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S Marta, 2137 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi, Università Cà Foscari Venezia, Calle Larga S Marta, 2137 30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Irina Svir
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
| | - Christian Amatore
- Département de Chimie, UMR 8640, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 Rue Lhomond, F-75231 Paris Cedex 5, France
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Pähler M, Santana JJ, Schuhmann W, Souto RM. Application of AC-SECM in Corrosion Science: Local Visualisation of Inhibitor Films on Active Metals for Corrosion Protection. Chemistry 2010; 17:905-11. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201000689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Rodríguez-López J, Bard AJ. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Surface Interrogation of Adsorbed Hydrogen and the Open Circuit Catalytic Decomposition of Formic Acid at Platinum. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5121-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Nano- and Molecular Science and Technology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Pust SE, Salomo M, Oesterschulze E, Wittstock G. Influence of electrode size and geometry on electrochemical experiments with combined SECM-SFM probes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 21:105709. [PMID: 20160335 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/21/10/105709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold electrodes integrated into silicon scanning force microscopy (SFM) probes allow the acquisition of spatially correlated data for sample morphology (via SFM) and local electrochemical reactivity via scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The lateral resolution of both techniques is controlled by different properties of the integrated probes. The topographic tracking provided by the SFM mechanism allows the realization of very small working distances for the SECM measurements. Microfabrication technology was used in order to reduce the size of the active electrode area of the tip into the sub-100 nm regime. The functionality of the probes was tested using electrochemical methods. Experiments revealed that the response could be quantitatively compared to numerical simulation. The low working distance, in combination with the small size of the active electrode area, allows for high lateral resolution in the SECM images. This is illustrated with different model substrates that cover a range of different rate constants and illustrate the dependence of the SECM contrast on the local kinetics of the sample in the sub-micrometre size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha E Pust
- Faculty of Mathematics and Science, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Center of Interface Science, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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New oxygen evolution anodes for metal electrowinning: investigation of local physicochemical processes on composite electrodes with conductive atomic force microscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-009-0033-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Souto R, Fernández-Mérida L, González S. SECM Imaging of Interfacial Processes in Defective Organic Coatings Applied on Metallic Substrates Using Oxygen as Redox Mediator. ELECTROANAL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200900232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Wang Q, Rodríguez-López J, Bard AJ. Reaction of Br2 with Adsorbed CO on Pt, Studied by the Surface Interrogation Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:17046-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja907626t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Center for Electrochemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Center for Electrochemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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36
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Surface analysis with scanning electrochemical microscopy in the feedback mode: Monitoring of reactivity and pitting precursor sites on the Nd–Fe–B-type magnet. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Cortés-Salazar F, Träuble M, Li F, Busnel JM, Gassner AL, Hojeij M, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Soft Stylus Probes for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6889-96. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900887u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Träuble
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Fei Li
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Laure Gassner
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Mohamad Hojeij
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gunther Wittstock
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland, and Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Center of Interface Science (CIS), Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Nowierski C, Noël JJ, Shoesmith DW, Ding Z. Correlating surface microstructures with reactivity on commercially pure zirconium using scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Electrochem commun 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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39
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Electrochemical quantification of reactive oxygen and nitrogen: challenges and opportunities. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 394:95-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 02/09/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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