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Hüger E, Stahn J, Heitjans P, Schmidt H. Neutron reflectometry to measure in situ the rate determining step of lithium ion transport through thin silicon layers and interfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:16444-16450. [PMID: 31120073 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01222b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Li ion transport through thin (14-22 nm) amorphous silicon layers adjacent to lithium metal oxide layers (lithium niobate) was studied by in situ neutron reflectometry experiments and the control mechanism was determined. It was found that the interface between amorphous silicon and the oxide material does not hinder Li transport. It is restricted by Li diffusion in the silicon material. This finding based on in situ experiments confirms results obtained ex situ and destructively by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling investigations. The Li permeabilities obtained from the present experiments are in agreement with those obtained from ex situ SIMS measurements showing similar activation enthalpies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Hüger
- AG Mikrokinetik, Institut für Metallurgie, TU Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
| | - Jochen Stahn
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, and ZFM - Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien, Leibniz Universität Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- AG Mikrokinetik, Institut für Metallurgie, TU Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany. and Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik, Technische Universität Clausthal, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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Hüger E, Dörrer L, Yimnirun R, Jutimoosik J, Stahn J, Paul A. Lithium permeation within lithium niobate multilayers with ultrathin chromium, silicon and carbon spacer layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23233-23243. [PMID: 30175350 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03345e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Li permeation through ultrathin Cr, Si and C layers and interfaces is of interest in the optimization of lithium ion batteries with respect to the control of Li flux. Twenty-one LiNbO3 layers (9 nm), which serve as solid state Li reservoirs, were sputter deposited in an alternating sequence of enriched 6Li or 7Li isotope fractions spaced with (8 nm) thin Cr, Si and C layers. The Li isotope contrast was used to measure Li permeation using depth profiling by secondary ion mass spectrometry and neutron reflectometry on a nanometer scale. Extremely low Li permeation for Cr and Si at room temperature exemplifies the effective blocking of Li movement at least for five years. However, Li permeation through C layers was found to be faster than through Cr and Si layers. With temperature, the Li permeation is enhanced through Cr as compared to that through Si layers. Furthermore, material characterisation shows amorphous LiNbO3, C and Si layers and polycrystalline Cr layers (with 80% elemental bcc chromium and 20% chromium-oxide situated at Cr/LiNbO3 interfaces). Annealing in air at 100 °C (373 K) does not oxidize the Cr layers any further. A stress of 12 GPa, which was measured in Cr spacer layers at room temperature, remains unchanged upon annealing. The origin of a weak ferromagnetic order measured at room temperature (300 K) was attributed to some traces of Cr and Si inside LiNbO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Hüger
- Institute of Metallurgy, Microkinetics Group, Clausthal University of Technology, Robert-Koch-Str. 42, D-38678 Clausthal Zellerfeld, Germany.
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Uhlendorf J, Ruprecht B, Witt E, Chandran CV, Dörrer L, Hüger E, Strauß F, Heitjans P, Schmidt H. Slow Lithium Transport in Metal Oxides on the Nanoscale. Z PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2016-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This article reports on Li self-diffusion in lithium containing metal oxide compounds. Case studies on LiNbO3, Li3NbO4, LiTaO3, LiAlO2, and LiGaO2 are presented. The focus is on slow diffusion processes on the nanometer scale investigated by macroscopic tracer methods (secondary ion mass spectrometry, neutron reflectometry) and microscopic methods (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, conductivity spectroscopy) in comparison. Special focus is on the influence of structural disorder on diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Uhlendorf
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Benjamin Ruprecht
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Elena Witt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - C. Vinod Chandran
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
| | - Lars Dörrer
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Erwin Hüger
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Florian Strauß
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
- CZM – Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
| | - Paul Heitjans
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Hannover , Germany
- ZFM – Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien , Hannover , Germany
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Technische Universität Clausthal , Institut für Metallurgie, AG Mikrokinetik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- CZM – Clausthaler Zentrum für Materialtechnik , Clausthal-Zellerfeld , Germany
- ZFM – Zentrum für Festkörperchemie und Neue Materialien , Hannover , Germany
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Hüger E, Rahn J, Stahn J, Geue T, Heitjans P, Schmidt H. Lithium diffusion in congruent LiNbO3 single crystals at low temperatures probed by neutron reflectometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:3670-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp54939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Hüger E, Dörrer L, Rahn J, Panzner T, Stahn J, Lilienkamp G, Schmidt H. Lithium transport through nanosized amorphous silicon layers. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:1237-1244. [PMID: 23360370 DOI: 10.1021/nl304736t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lithium migration in nanostructured electrode materials is important for an understanding and improvement of high energy density lithium batteries. An approach to measure lithium transport through nanometer thin layers of relevant electrochemical materials is presented using amorphous silicon as a model system. A multilayer consisting of a repetition of five [(6)LiNbO3(15 nm)/Si (10 nm)/(nat)LiNbO3 (15 nm)/Si (10 nm)] units is used for analysis, where LiNbO3 is a Li tracer reservoir. It is shown that the change of the relative (6)Li/(7)Li isotope fraction in the LiNbO3 layers by lithium diffusion through the nanosized silicon layers can be monitored nondestructively by neutron reflectometry. The results can be used to calculate transport parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Hüger
- Institute of Metallurgy, Thermochemistry and Microkinetics Group, Clausthal University of Technology, Robert-Koch-Strasse 42, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany.
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