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Morrison HA, Eden K, Trusiano B, Rothschild DE, Qin Y, Wade PA, Rowe AJ, Mounzer C, Stephens MC, Hanson KM, Brown SL, Holl EK, Allen IC. NF-κB Inducing Kinase Attenuates Colorectal Cancer by Regulating Noncanonical NF-κB Mediated Colonic Epithelial Cell Regeneration. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101356. [PMID: 38750899 PMCID: PMC11278896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Dysregulated colonic epithelial cell (CEC) proliferation is a critical feature in the development of colorectal cancer. We show that NF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) attenuates colorectal cancer through coordinating CEC regeneration/differentiation via noncanonical NF-κB signaling that is unique from canonical NF-kB signaling. METHODS Initial studies evaluated crypt morphology/functionality, organoid generation, transcriptome profiles, and the microbiome. Inflammation and inflammation-induced tumorigenesis were initiated in whole-body NIK knockout mice (Nik-/-) and conditional-knockout mice following administration of azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium. RESULTS Human transcriptomic data revealed dysregulated noncanonical NF-kB signaling. In vitro studies evaluating Nik-/- crypts and organoids derived from mature, nondividing CECs, and colonic stem cells exhibited increased accumulation and stunted growth, respectively. Transcriptomic analysis of Nik-/- cells revealed gene expression signatures associated with altered differentiation-regeneration. When assessed in vivo, Nik-/- mice exhibited more severe colitis with dextran sulfate sodium administration and an altered microbiome characterized by increased colitogenic microbiota. In the inflammation-induced tumorigenesis model, we observed both increased tumor burdens and inflammation in mice where NIK is knocked out in CECs (NikΔCEC). Interestingly, this was not recapitulated when NIK was conditionally knocked out in myeloid cells (NikΔMYE). Surprisingly, conditional knockout of the canonical pathway in myeloid cells (RelAΔMYE) revealed decreased tumor burden and inflammation and no significant changes when conditionally knocked out in CECs (RelAΔCEC). CONCLUSIONS Dysregulated noncanonical NF-κB signaling is associated with the development of colorectal cancer in a tissue-dependent manner and defines a critical role for NIK in regulating gastrointestinal inflammation and regeneration associated with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Morrison
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Kristin Eden
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
| | - Brie Trusiano
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Daniel E Rothschild
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Yufeng Qin
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Paul A Wade
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Audrey J Rowe
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Christina Mounzer
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Morgan C Stephens
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Katherine M Hanson
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Stephan L Brown
- Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | - Eda K Holl
- Duke University, Department of Surgery, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Irving C Allen
- Virginia Tech, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Science and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, Virginia; Virginia Tech, Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Roanoke, Virginia.
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2
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Zhang G, Yang F, Li J, Chen S, Kong Y, Mo C, Leng X, Liu Y, Xu Y, Wang Y. A quinazoline derivative suppresses B cell hyper-activation and ameliorates the severity of systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1159075. [PMID: 37256224 PMCID: PMC10225574 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1159075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aberrant autoreactive B cell responses contribute to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Currently, there is no safe and effective drug for intervention of SLE. Quinazoline derivative (N4-(4-phenoxyphenethyl)quinazoline-4,6-diamine, QNZ) is a NF-κB inhibitor and has potent anti-inflammatory activity. However, it is unclear whether QNZ treatment can modulate B cell activation and SLE severity. Methods: Splenic CD19+ B cells were treated with QNZ (2, 10, or 50 nM) or paeoniflorin (200 μM, a positive control), and their activation and antigen presentation function-related molecule expression were examined by flow cytometry. MRL/lpr lupus-prone mice were randomized and treated intraperitoneally with vehicle alone, 0.2 mg/kg/d QNZ or 1 mg/kg/d FK-506 (tacrolimus, a positive control) for 8 weeks. Their body weights and clinical symptoms were measured and the frequency of different subsets of splenic and lymph node activated B cells were quantified by flow cytometry. The degrees of kidney inflammation and glycogen deposition were examined by hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and PAS staining. The levels of serum autoantibodies and renal IgG, complement C3 deposition were examined by ELISA and immunofluorescence. Results: QNZ treatment significantly inhibited the activation and antigen presentation-related molecule expression of B cells in vitro. Similarly, treatment with QNZ significantly mitigated the SLE activity by reducing the frequency of activated B cells and plasma cells in MRL/lpr mice. Conclusion: QNZ treatment ameliorated the severity of SLE in MRL/lpr mice, which may be associated with inhibiting B cell activation, and plasma cell formation. QNZ may be an excellent candidate for the treatment of SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gan Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Juan Li
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Shan Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhang Kong
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunfen Mo
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Leng
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yantang Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, Clinical Medical College and the First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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3
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Kalinin S, Boullerne AI, Feinstein DL. Serum levels of lipocalin-2 are elevated at early times in African American relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 364:577810. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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4
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Loss of LKB1-NUAK1 signalling enhances NF-κB activity in a spheroid model of high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3011. [PMID: 35194062 PMCID: PMC8863794 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06796-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is an aggressive malignancy often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Although most HGSOC patients respond initially to debulking surgery combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy, many ultimately relapse with platinum-resistant disease. Thus, improving outcomes requires new ways of limiting metastasis and eradicating residual disease. We identified previously that Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) and its substrate NUAK1 are implicated in EOC spheroid cell viability and are required for efficient metastasis in orthotopic mouse models. Here, we sought to identify additional signalling pathways altered in EOC cells due to LKB1 or NUAK1 loss-of-function. Transcriptome analysis revealed that inflammatory signalling mediated by NF-κB transcription factors is hyperactive due to LKB1-NUAK1 loss in HGSOC cells and spheroids. Upregulated NF-κB signalling due to NUAK1 loss suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and sustains cell survival in spheroids. NF-κB signalling is also activated in HGSOC precursor fallopian tube secretory epithelial cell spheroids, and is further enhanced by NUAK1 loss. Finally, immunohistochemical analysis of OVCAR8 xenograft tumors lacking NUAK1 displayed increased RelB expression and nuclear staining. Our results support the idea that NUAK1 and NF-κB signalling pathways together regulate ROS and inflammatory signalling, supporting cell survival during each step of HGSOC pathogenesis. We propose that their combined inhibition may be efficacious as a novel therapeutic strategy for advanced HGSOC.
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Wu Y, Liu X, Li G. Integrated bioinformatics and network pharmacology to identify the therapeutic target and molecular mechanisms of Huangqin decoction on ulcerative Colitis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:159. [PMID: 34997010 PMCID: PMC8741777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03980-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Huangqin decoction (HQD) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine formula for ulcerative colitis. However, the pharmacology and molecular mechanism of HQD on ulcerative colitis is still unclear. Combined microarray analysis, network pharmacology, and molecular docking for revealing the therapeutic targets and molecular mechanism of HQD against ulcerative colitis. TCMSP, DrugBank, Swiss Target Prediction were utilized to search the active components and effective targets of HQD. Ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained by microarray data from the GEO database (GSE107499). Co-targets between HQD and ulcerative colitis are obtained by Draw Venn Diagram. PPI (Protein–protein interaction) network was constructed by the STRING database. To obtain the core target, topological analysis is exploited by Cytoscape 3.7.2. GO and KEGG enrichment pathway analysis was performed to Metascape platform, and molecular docking through Autodock Vina 1.1.2 finished. 161 active components with 486 effective targets of HQD were screened. 1542 ulcerative colitis effective targets were obtained with |Log2FC|> 1 and adjusted P-value < 0.05. The Venn analysis was contained 79 co-targets. Enrichment analysis showed that HQD played a role in TNF signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, Th17 cell differentiation, etc. IL6, TNF, IL1B, PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG with the highest degree from PPI network were successfully docked with 19 core components of HQD, respectively. According to ZINC15 database, quercetin (ZINC4175638), baicalein (ZINC3871633), and wogonin (ZINC899093) recognized as key compounds of HQD on ulcerative colitis. PTGS2, ESR1, and PPARG are potential therapeutic targets of HQD. HQD can act on multiple targets through multi-pathway, to carry out its therapeutic role in ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300000, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, 300000, China.
| | - Xinqiao Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Guiwei Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300000, China
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6
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Liver kinase B1 rs9282860 polymorphism and risk for multiple sclerosis in White and Black Americans. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2021; 55:103185. [PMID: 34371271 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported that the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9282860 in serine threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene which codes for liver kinase B1 (LKB1) has higher prevalence in White relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) patients than controls. However it is not known if this SNP is a risk factor for MS in other populations. METHODS We assessed the prevalence of the STK11 SNP in samples collected from African American (AA) persons with MS (PwMS) and controls at multiple Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Centers and from a network of academic MS centers. Genotyping was carried out using a specific Taqman assay. Comparisons of SNP frequencies were made using Fisher's exact test to determine significance and odds ratios. Group means were compared by appropriate t-tests based on normality and variance using SPSS V27. RESULTS There were no significant differences in average age at first symptom onset, age at diagnosis, disease duration, or disease severity between RRMS patients recruited from VAMCs versus non-VAMCs. The SNP was more prevalent in AA than White PwMS, however only in secondary progressive MS (SPMS) patients was that difference statistically significant. AA SPMS patients had higher STK11 SNP prevalence than controls; and in that cohort the SNP was associated with older age at symptom onset and at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the STK11 SNP represents a risk factor for SPMS in AA patients, and can influence both early (onset) and later (conversion to SPMSS) events.
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7
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Zheng L, Wang X, Hu L, Gao W, Zhang W, Zhang X, Hu C, Rong R, Yang C, Zhu D. Cyclic Helix B Peptide Prolongs Skin Allograft Survival via Inhibition of B Cell Immune Responses in a Murine Model. Front Immunol 2021; 12:682749. [PMID: 34054874 PMCID: PMC8149941 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.682749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) represents a major cause of allograft dysfunction and results in allograft failure in solid organ transplantation. Cyclic helix B peptide (CHBP) is a novel erythropoietin-derived peptide that ameliorated renal allograft rejection in a renal transplantation model. However, its effect on AMR remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of CHBP on AMR using a secondary allogeneic skin transplantation model, which was created by transplanting skin from BALB/c mice to C57BL/6 mice with or without CHBP treatment. A secondary syngeneic skin transplantation model, involving transplantation from C57BL/6 mice to C57BL/6 mice, was also created to act as a control. Skin graft rejection, CD19+ B cell infiltration in the skin allograft, the percentages of splenic plasma cells, germinal center (GC) B cells, and Tfh cells, the serum levels of donor specific antibodies (DSAs), and NF-κB signaling in splenocytes were analyzed. Skin allograft survival was significantly prolonged in the CHBP group compared to the allogeneic group. CHBP treatment also significantly reduced the CD19+ B cell infiltration in the skin allograft, decreased the percentages of splenic plasma cells, GC B cells, and Tfh cells, and ameliorated the increase in the serum DSA level. At a molecular level, CHBP downregulated P100, RelB, and P52 in splenocytes. CHBP prolonged skin allograft survival by inhibiting AMR, which may be mediated by inhibition of NF-κB signaling to suppress B cell immune responses, thereby decreasing the DSA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Linkun Hu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Weitao Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuepeng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiming Rong
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Blood Transfusion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China.,Zhangjiang Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Zhu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
A large and growing body of evidence supports functions of enzymes that regulate or effect cellular metabolism in governing the development, survival, and effector functions of immune cells—especially T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Among these proteins, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a conserved ATP and nutrient sensor that regulates multiple metabolic pathways to promote energy homeostasis. Although AMPK had been shown to regulate aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell biology, its function in B lymphocytes has been less clear. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of AMPK in the metabolism, function, and maintenance of the B lineage.
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9
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LKB1 inhibits intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma by repressing the transcriptional activity of the immune checkpoint PD-L1. Life Sci 2020; 257:118068. [PMID: 32653521 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a highly malignant tumour with increasing incidence and high mortality. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) regulates cellular energy metabolism and cell division and affects immune microenvironment. This study aimed to uncover the underlying function and mechanism of LKB1 in ICC. MAIN METHODS To determine the correlation between LKB1 levels and clinicopathological features, the expression profile of LKB1 in ICC tissue specimens was examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting. In vitro experiments were conducted to examine the anticancer effect of LKB1 in ICC. Changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated markers and immune checkpoints were analysed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. The influence of LKB1 on the transcriptional activity of PD-L1 was determined by dual-luciferase reporter assays and IFNγ induction. KEY FINDINGS LKB1 was expressed at low levels in ICC and tightly associated with poor prognosis. LKB1 knockdown promoted the proliferation, migration, matrix adhesion and EMT of ICC cells. Notably, LKB1 silencing upregulated the surface expression of PD-L1 in ICC cells. Suppressed and mutated LKB1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of PD-L1 in ICC cells, leading to high expression of the immune checkpoint PD-L1. Furthermore, inhibiting LKB1 suppressed ICC cell apoptosis induced by IFNγ. SIGNIFICANCE By suppressing malignant transformation and the immune checkpoint PD-L1 of cancer cells, LKB1 plays an important role in inhibiting ICC and is a potential target for clinical diagnosis and treatment. This study may provide new strategies for improving the efficiency of cancer immunotherapy.
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10
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Jellusova J. The role of metabolic checkpoint regulators in B cell survival and transformation. Immunol Rev 2020; 295:39-53. [PMID: 32185805 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In response to mitogenic stimulation, B cells activate different pro-anabolic signaling pathways such as c-Myc- and mTORC1-dependent networks to satisfy the energetic demands of biomass synthesis and proliferation. In order to preserve viability and function, cell growth cannot progress unchecked and must be adjusted according to the availability of nutrients. Nutrient-sensing proteins such as AMPK antagonize mTORC1 activity in response to starvation. If pro-anabolic signaling pathways are aberrantly activated, B cells may lack the metabolic capacity to accommodate their energetic needs, which can lead to cell death. On the other hand, metabolic hyperactivation is a salient feature of cancer cells, suggesting that mechanisms exist, which allow B cells to cope with metabolic stress. The aim of this review is to discuss how B cells respond to a mismatch between energy supply and demand and what the consequences are of metabolic dysregulation in normal and malignant B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Jellusova
- Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biology III at the Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Liu M, Chen J, Huang H, Zeng Y, Feng X, Shi M. Lkb1 is an important regulator of Treg differentiation and proliferation of amniotic mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 521:434-440. [PMID: 31672271 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to explore the role of liver kinase b1 (Lkb1) in the biological characteristics and immune regulation of amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs). AMSCs were identified via the cell surface markers using flow cytometry. We knocked down the expression of Lkb1 in AMSCs using lentivirus-mediated Lkb1-specific shRNA. The efficiency of the knockdown was detected by flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and western blot. The AMSC-related phenotype was determined by flow cytometric analysis via staining surface markers. Fibroblast colony-forming cells (CFU-F) assay and Ki-67 intracellular staining assay were used to determine the proliferative capacity. The differentiated and immunosuppressive capabilities were determined by conditional induction of differentiation and co-culture experiments. We observed that AMSCs along with Lkb1 knockdown (AMSCs-Lkb1) displayed similar cellular morphology and surface antigen expression patterns as those observed in AMSCs. However, AMSCs-Lkb1 exhibited an enhanced differentiation capacity towards osteogenesis and chondrogenesis while it showed defective proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, AMSCs-Lkb1 showed an enhanced immunosuppressive capacity by directly inhibiting conventional T cells and indirectly inducing production of regulatory T cells (Treg). Interestingly, Treg produced by AMSCs-Lkb1 displayed stronger proliferative capacity as compared to those produced by AMSCs. Our results indicate that Lkb1 plays a vital role in maintaining self-renewal of AMSCs and regulating immune equivalence, and may hold potential for the clinical management of diseases such as GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolan Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Hematology Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Jiadi Chen
- Fujian Medical University, Fujian Institute of Hematology, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory on Hematology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Huifang Huang
- Central Laboratory, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Yun Zeng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Hematology Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China
| | - Xiaoming Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300020, China
| | - Mingxia Shi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Hematology Research Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, China.
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12
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Kalinin S, Meares GP, Lin SX, Pietruczyk EA, Saher G, Spieth L, Nave KA, Boullerne AI, Lutz SE, Benveniste EN, Feinstein DL. Liver kinase B1 depletion from astrocytes worsens disease in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Glia 2019; 68:600-616. [PMID: 31664743 PMCID: PMC7337013 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) is a ubiquitously expressed kinase involved in the regulation of cell metabolism, growth, and inflammatory activation. We previously reported that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the gene encoding LKB1 is a risk factor for multiple sclerosis (MS). Since astrocyte activation and metabolic function have important roles in regulating neuroinflammation and neuropathology, we examined the serine/threonine kinase LKB1 in astrocytes in a chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mouse model of MS. To reduce LKB1, a heterozygous astrocyte-selective conditional knockout (het-cKO) model was used. While disease incidence was similar, disease severity was worsened in het-cKO mice. RNAseq analysis identified Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways enriched in het-cKO mice relating to mitochondrial function, confirmed by alterations in mitochondrial complex proteins and reductions in mRNAs related to astrocyte metabolism. Enriched pathways included major histocompatibility class II genes, confirmed by increases in MHCII protein in spinal cord and cerebellum of het-cKO mice. We observed increased numbers of CD4+ Th17 cells and increased neuronal damage in spinal cords of het-cKO mice, associated with reduced expression of choline acetyltransferase, accumulation of immunoglobulin-γ, and reduced expression of factors involved in motor neuron survival. In vitro, LKB1-deficient astrocytes showed reduced metabolic function and increased inflammatory activation. These data suggest that metabolic dysfunction in astrocytes, in this case due to LKB1 deficiency, can exacerbate demyelinating disease by loss of metabolic support and increase in the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Gordon P Meares
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Shao Xia Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Gesine Saher
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Lena Spieth
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Gottingen, Germany
| | - Anne I Boullerne
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sarah E Lutz
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Etty N Benveniste
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Waters LR, Ahsan FM, Ten Hoeve J, Hong JS, Kim DNH, Minasyan A, Braas D, Graeber TG, Zangle TA, Teitell MA. Ampk regulates IgD expression but not energy stress with B cell activation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8176. [PMID: 31160601 PMCID: PMC6546716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43985-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ampk is an energy gatekeeper that responds to decreases in ATP by inhibiting energy-consuming anabolic processes and promoting energy-generating catabolic processes. Recently, we showed that Lkb1, an understudied kinase in B lymphocytes and a major upstream kinase for Ampk, had critical and unexpected roles in activating naïve B cells and in germinal center formation. Therefore, we examined whether Lkb1 activities during B cell activation depend on Ampk and report surprising Ampk activation with in vitro B cell stimulation in the absence of energy stress, coupled to rapid biomass accumulation. Despite Ampk activation and a controlling role for Lkb1 in B cell activation, Ampk knockout did not significantly affect B cell activation, differentiation, nutrient dynamics, gene expression, or humoral immune responses. Instead, Ampk loss specifically repressed the transcriptional expression of IgD and its regulator, Zfp318. Results also reveal that early activation of Ampk by phenformin treatment impairs germinal center formation but does not significantly alter antibody responses. Combined, the data show an unexpectedly specific role for Ampk in the regulation of IgD expression during B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynnea R Waters
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fasih M Ahsan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Johanna Ten Hoeve
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jason S Hong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Diane N H Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Aspram Minasyan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Daniel Braas
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas G Graeber
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- UCLA Metabolomics Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas A Zangle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Michael A Teitell
- Molecular Biology Interdepartmental Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- California NanoSystems Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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14
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Yuan C, Qu ZL, Tang XL, Liu Q, Luo W, Huang C, Pan Q, Zhang XL. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mannose-Capped Lipoarabinomannan Induces IL-10-Producing B Cells and Hinders CD4 +Th1 Immunity. iScience 2018; 11:13-30. [PMID: 30572206 PMCID: PMC6299163 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Th1/interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated responses in mycobacterial infection has been well established. However, little is known about B cell-mediated immunity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Interleukin (IL)-10-producing B cells (B10 cells), a subset of B regulatory cells (Bregs), are implicated in modulating the immune response. Herein, we found that B10 cells were significantly increased in patients with tuberculosis. Furthermore, mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM), a major surface lipoglycan component from Mtb, induced a significant increase in B10 cells, which enriched in CD5+ B1a B cells. ManLAM induced IL-10 production mainly by activating MyD88/PI3K/AKT/Ap-1 and K63-linked ubiquitination of NF-κB essential modulator/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling pathways in B cells via Toll-like receptor 2. IL-10 production by ManLAM-treated B cells further inhibited CD4+ Th1 polarization, leading to increased susceptibility to mycobacterial infection compared with ManLAM-treated IL-10−/− B group. Thus, we report a new immunoregulation mechanism in which Mtb ManLAM-induced B10 cells negatively regulate host anti-TB cellular immunity. Mtb mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) induces IL-10 production in B cells ManLAM-induced B10 cells enrich in CD5+ B1a B cells ManLAM binding with TLR2 triggers MyD88 signaling pathways of B cells ManLAM-induced B10 cells hinder CD4+Th1 immunity during Mtb infection in mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Jiangan, Wuhan 430015, China
| | - Zi-Lu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qin Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Xiao-Lian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Medical Research Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology and Department of Immunology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuchang, Wuhan 430071, China.
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15
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Leventhal JS. Lose appetite, lose control: integrins and noncanonical autophagy regulate germinal center reactions. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:3752-3753. [PMID: 30124470 DOI: 10.1172/jci122766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-dependent germinal center (GC) reactions are the pinnacle of adaptive immune responses, with profound effects on human health and disease. It has long been known that ligands of an innate immune pattern recognition receptor subgroup, TLRs, amplify antibody responses; however, the mechanisms regulating this phenomenon are poorly understood. In this issue of the JCI, Raso et al. demonstrate that αvβ3 integrins regulate the magnitude and speed of TLR-augmented GC reactions, limiting both short- and long-term humoral immunity. This phenomenon is dependent on a noncanonical form of the autophagy pathway and Rubicon, a noncanonical autophagy-associated protein. B cell-specific deletion of the gene encoding αvβ3 integrin enhanced GC responses in mice and conferred a dramatic survival advantage compared with controls after influenza infection, confirming that B cell integrin manipulation represents a potential and exciting target for augmenting or inhibiting GC reactions.
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16
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Souroullas GP, Fedoriw Y, Staudt LM, Sharpless NE. Lkb1 deletion in murine B lymphocytes promotes cell death and cancer. Exp Hematol 2017; 51:63-70.e1. [PMID: 28435024 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
LKB1 (also known as STK11) is a potent tumor suppressor in solid tumors, such as melanoma and lung adenocarcinoma, but inactivation in hematopoietic cells causes cell death without signs of tumorigenesis. We noted somatic LKB1 deletion or mutation at low frequency in human B-cell lymphoma. To determine if LKB1 inactivation is a passenger or driver event in lymphoid cancers, we examined the effects of conditional inactivation of Lkb1 in murine lymphocytes. Consistent with prior reports, Lkb1 deletion in either T or B cells resulted in massive, lineage-specific apoptosis. Surprisingly, despite an 80% reduction of peripheral B-cell number, animals harboring somatic B-lineage Lkb1 deletion developed aggressive B-cell lymphoma with high penetrance and moderate latency. Malignant B cells exhibited somatic Lkb1 recombination. In contrast, Lkb1 deletion in T cells did not promote tumorigenesis. Concomitant Ras activation with Lkb1 deletion reduced T-cell apoptosis, but did not enhance tumor formation in T or B cells. These results suggest that although physiologic LKB1 expression exerts a potent pro-survival effect in lymphocytes, LKB1 inactivation nonetheless facilitates transformation of B, but not T, lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Souroullas
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Louis M Staudt
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Norman E Sharpless
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC.
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17
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McDaniel DK, Eden K, Ringel VM, Allen IC. Emerging Roles for Noncanonical NF-κB Signaling in the Modulation of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Pathobiology. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016; 22:2265-79. [PMID: 27508514 PMCID: PMC4992436 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are common and debilitating manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is characterized by a radical imbalance in the activation of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways in the gut. These pathways are controlled by NF-κB, which is a master regulator of gene transcription. In IBD patients, NF-κB signaling is often dysregulated resulting in overzealous inflammation. NF-κB activation occurs through 2 distinct pathways, defined as either canonical or noncanonical. Canonical NF-κB pathway activation is well studied in IBD and is associated with the rapid, acute production of diverse proinflammatory mediators, such as COX-2, IL-1β, and IL-6. In contrast to the canonical pathway, the noncanonical or "alternative" NF-κB signaling cascade is tightly regulated and is responsible for the production of highly specific chemokines that tend to be associated with less acute, chronic inflammation. There is a relative paucity of literature regarding all aspects of noncanonical NF-ĸB signaling. However, it is clear that this alternative signaling pathway plays a considerable role in maintaining immune system homeostasis and likely contributes significantly to the chronic inflammation underlying IBD. Noncanonical NF-κB signaling may represent a promising new direction in the search for therapeutic targets and biomarkers associated with IBD. However, significant mechanistic insight is still required to translate the current basic science findings into effective therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan K. McDaniel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Kristin Eden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Veronica M. Ringel
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Irving C. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061
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18
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Regulatory Effect of Iguratimod on the Balance of Th Subsets and Inhibition of Inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:356040. [PMID: 26713003 PMCID: PMC4680115 DOI: 10.1155/2015/356040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To expand upon the role of iguratimod (T-614) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we investigated whether the Th1, Th17, follicular helper T cells (Tfh), and regulatory T cells (Treg) imbalance could be reversed by iguratimod and the clinical implications of this reversal. METHODS In this trial, 74 patients were randomized into iguratimod-treated (group A) and control (broup B) group for a 24-week treatment period. In the subsequent 28 weeks, both groups were given iguratimod. Frequencies of Th1, Th17, Tfh, and Treg were quantified using flow cytometry, and serum cytokines were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. mRNA expression of cytokines and transcriptional factor were quantified by RT-PCR. The composite Disease Activity Score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein were assessed at each visit. RESULT The clinical scores demonstrated effective suppression of disease after treatment with iguratimod. In addition, iguratimod downregulated Th1, Th17-type response and upregulated Treg. Furthermore, the levels of Th1, Th17, and Tfh associated inflammatory cytokines and transcription factors were reduced after treatment with iguratimod, while the levels of Treg associated cytokines and transcription factors were increased.
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19
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Yang SH, Kim J, Lee MJ, Kim Y. Abnormalities of plasma cytokines and spleen in senile APP/PS1/Tau transgenic mouse model. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15703. [PMID: 26503550 PMCID: PMC4621607 DOI: 10.1038/srep15703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-based diagnosis has a potential to provide an alternative approach for easy diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with less invasiveness and low-cost. However, present blood-based AD diagnosis mainly focuses on measuring the plasma Aβ level because no other biomarkers are found to possess evident transport mechanisms to pass the blood-brain barrier. In order to avoid diagnosing non-demented individuals with Aβ abnormality, finding additional biomarkers to supplement plasma Aβ is essential. In this study, we introduce potential neurodegenerative biomarkers for blood-based diagnosis. We observed severe splenomegaly and structural destruction in the spleen with significantly decreased B lymphocytes in senile APPswe, PS1M146V and TauP301L transgenic mice. We also found that inflammatory cytokines associated with splenic dysfunction were altered in the plasma of these mice. These findings suggest potential involvement of the splenic dysfunction in AD and the importance of biomarker level alterations in the plasma as putative diagnostic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hoon Yang
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biological Chemistry Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael Jisoo Lee
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Education, California Northstate University College of Medicine, 9700 W Taron Drive, Elk Grove, CA 95757, USA
| | - YoungSoo Kim
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biological Chemistry Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajungro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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20
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Waters LR, Walsh NC, Teitell MA. LKB1 regulates germinal center formation and termination. Cell Cycle 2015; 14:2183-4. [PMID: 26030811 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1056610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lynnea R Waters
- a Molecular Biology Institute; University of California at Los Angeles ; Los Angeles , CA USA
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