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Chooi WH, Winanto, Zeng Y, Lee CYP, Lim ZQ, Gautam P, Chu JJH, Loh YH, Alonso S, Ng SY. Enterovirus-A71 preferentially infects and replicates in human motor neurons, inducing neurodegeneration by ferroptosis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2382235. [PMID: 39017655 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2382235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and has been clinically associated with neurological complications. However, there is a lack of relevant models to elucidate the neuropathology of EV-A71 and its mechanism, as the current models mainly utilize animal models or immortalized cell lines. In this study, we established a human motor neuron model for EV-A71 infection. Single cell transcriptomics of a mixed neuronal population reveal higher viral RNA load in motor neurons, suggesting higher infectivity and replication of EV-A71 in motor neurons. The elevated RNA load in motor neurons correlates with the downregulation of ferritin-encoding genes. Subsequent analysis confirms that neurons infected with EV-A71 undergo ferroptosis, as evidenced by increased levels of labile Fe2+ and peroxidated lipids. Notably, the Fe2+ chelator Deferoxamine improves mitochondrial function and promotes survival of motor neurons by 40% after EV-A71 infection. These findings deepen understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of EV-A71 infection, providing insights which suggest that improving mitochondrial respiration and inhibition of ferroptosis can mitigate the impact of EV-A71 infection in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hon Chooi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Winanto
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- National University of Singapore, Faculty of Science (Department of Biological Science), Singapore
| | - Yingying Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Cheryl Yi-Pin Lee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pradeep Gautam
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuin-Han Loh
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme (IDTRP); Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi-Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore
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2
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Ng QY, Mahendran V, Lim ZQ, Tan JHY, Wong JJF, Chu JJH, Chow VTK, Sze NSK, Alonso S. Enterovirus-A71 exploits RAB11 to recruit chaperones for virus morphogenesis. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:65. [PMID: 38943128 PMCID: PMC11212238 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01053-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) causes Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in children and has been associated with neurological complications. The molecular mechanisms involved in EV-A71 pathogenesis have remained elusive. METHODS A siRNA screen in EV-A71 infected-motor neurons was performed targeting 112 genes involved in intracellular membrane trafficking, followed by validation of the top four hits using deconvoluted siRNA. Downstream approaches including viral entry by-pass, intracellular viral genome quantification by qPCR, Western blot analyses, and Luciferase reporter assays allowed determine the stage of the infection cycle the top candidate, RAB11A was involved in. Proximity ligation assay, co-immunoprecipitation and multiplex confocal imaging were employed to study interactions between viral components and RAB11A. Dominant negative and constitutively active RAB11A constructs were used to determine the importance of the protein's GTPase activity during EV-A71 infection. Mass spectrometry and protein interaction analyses were employed for the identification of RAB11A's host interacting partners during infection. RESULTS Small GTPase RAB11A was identified as a novel pro-viral host factor during EV-A71 infection. RAB11A and RAB11B isoforms were interchangeably exploited by strains from major EV-A71 genogroups and by Coxsackievirus A16, another major causative agent of HFMD. We showed that RAB11A was not involved in viral entry, IRES-mediated protein translation, viral genome replication, and virus exit. RAB11A co-localized with replication organelles where it interacted with structural and non-structural viral components. Over-expression of dominant negative (S25N; GDP-bound) and constitutively active (Q70L; GTP-bound) RAB11A mutants had no effect on EV-A71 infection outcome, ruling out RAB11A's involvement in intracellular trafficking of viral or host components. Instead, decreased ratio of intracellular mature viral particles to viral RNA copies and increased VP0:VP2 ratio in siRAB11-treated cells supported a role in provirion maturation hallmarked by VP0 cleavage into VP2 and VP4. Finally, chaperones, not trafficking and transporter proteins, were found to be RAB11A's top interacting partners during EV-A71 infection. Among which, CCT8 subunit from the chaperone complex TRiC/CCT was further validated and shown to interact with viral structural proteins specifically, representing yet another novel pro-viral host factor during EV-A71 infection. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a novel, unconventional role for RAB11A during viral infection where it participates in the complex process of virus morphogenesis by recruiting essential chaperone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yong Ng
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vikneswari Mahendran
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jasmine Hwee Yee Tan
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joel Jie Feng Wong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Newman Siu Kwan Sze
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Services Core Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, ON, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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3
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Han S, Ji W, Duan G, Chen S, Yang H, Jin Y. Emerging concerns of blood-brain barrier dysfunction caused by neurotropic enteroviral infections. Virology 2024; 591:109989. [PMID: 38219371 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.109989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs), comprise a genus in the Picornaviridae family, which have been shown to be neurotropic and can cause various neurological disorders or long-term neurological condition, placing a huge burden on society and families. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a protective barrier that prevents dangerous substances from entering the central nervous system (CNS). Recently, numerous EVs have been demonstrated to have the ability to disrupt BBB, and further lead to severe neurological damage. However, the precise mechanisms of BBB disruption associated with these EVs remain largely unknown. In this Review, we focus on the molecular mechanisms of BBB dysfunction caused by EVs, emphasizing the invasiveness of enterovirus A71 (EVA71), which will provide a research direction for further treatment and prevention of CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujie Han
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wangquan Ji
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guangcai Duan
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China; Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shuaiyin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yuefei Jin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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4
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Nakatake M, Kurosaki H, Nakamura T. Histone deacetylase inhibitor boosts anticancer potential of fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus by enhancing cell-cell fusion. Cancer Sci 2024; 115:600-610. [PMID: 38037288 PMCID: PMC10859623 DOI: 10.1111/cas.16032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have two anticancer functions: direct oncolysis and elicitation of antitumor immunity. We previously developed a novel fusogenic oncolytic vaccinia virus (FUVAC) from a non-fusogenic vaccinia virus (VV) and, by remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment, we demonstrated that FUVAC induced stronger oncolysis and antitumor immune responses compared with non-fusogenic VV. These functions depend strongly on cell-cell fusion induction. However, FUVAC tends to have decreased fusion activity in cells with low virus replication efficacy. Therefore, another combination strategy was required to increase cell-cell fusion in these cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors suppress the host virus defense response and promote viral replication. Therefore, in this study, we selected an HDAC inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA), as the combination agent for FUVAC to enhance its fusion-based antitumor potential. TSA was added prior to FUVAC treatment of murine tumor B16-F10 and CT26 cells. TSA increased the replication of both FUVAC and parental non-fusogenic VV. Moreover, TSA enhanced cell-cell fusion and FUVAC cytotoxicity in these tumor cells in a dose-dependent manner. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TSA-treated tumors showed altered expression of cellular component-related genes, which may affect fusion tolerance. In a bilateral tumor-bearing mouse model, combination treatment of TSA and FUVAC significantly prolonged mouse survival compared with either treatment alone or in combination with non-fusogenic VV. Our findings demonstrate that TSA is a potent enhancer of cell-cell fusion efficacy of FUVAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motomu Nakatake
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Hajime Kurosaki
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
| | - Takafumi Nakamura
- Division of Genomic Medicine, Faculty of MedicineTottori UniversityYonagoJapan
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5
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Uribe FR, González VPI, Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Bohmwald K. Understanding the Neurotrophic Virus Mechanisms and Their Potential Effect on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development. Brain Sci 2024; 14:59. [PMID: 38248274 PMCID: PMC10813552 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) pathologies are a public health concern, with viral infections one of their principal causes. These viruses are known as neurotropic pathogens, characterized by their ability to infiltrate the CNS and thus interact with various cell populations, inducing several diseases. The immune response elicited by neurotropic viruses in the CNS is commanded mainly by microglia, which, together with other local cells, can secrete inflammatory cytokines to fight the infection. The most relevant neurotropic viruses are adenovirus (AdV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), enterovirus (EV), Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), and the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2. Several studies have associated a viral infection with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and neuropsychiatric lupus (NPSLE) manifestations. This article will review the knowledge about viral infections, CNS pathologies, and the immune response against them. Also, it allows us to understand the relevance of the different viral proteins in developing neuronal pathologies, SLE and NPSLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe R. Uribe
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Valentina P. I. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330025, Chile;
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331150, Chile
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Laboratorio de Inmunología Traslacional, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile; (F.R.U.); (V.P.I.G.)
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma, Santiago 8910060, Chile
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Lai J, Li Z, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Ma C, Guo J, Xu L. Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71. Arch Virol 2023; 168:260. [PMID: 37773227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Lai
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Li
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- The Sixth Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Guo
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China.
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Zhu Y, Wang X, He Z, Zhao P, Ren H, Qi Z. Enterovirus 71 enters human brain microvascular endothelial cells through an ARF6-mediated endocytic pathway. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28915. [PMID: 37417384 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the central nervous system caused by enterovirus 71 (EV71) remains the main cause of death in hand-foot-and-mouth disease. However, the mechanism responsible for how EV71 breaks through the blood-brain barrier to infect brain cells has yet to be elucidated. By performing a high-throughput small interfering RNA (siRNA) screening and validation, we found that the infection of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs) by EV71 was independent of the endocytosis pathways mediated by caveolin, clathrin, and macropinocytosis but dependent on ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6), a small guanosinetriphosphate (GTP)-binding protein of the Ras superfamily. The specific siRNA targeting ARF6 markedly inhibited HBMECs susceptibility to EV71. EV71 infectivity was inhibited by NAV-2729, a specific inhibitor of ARF6, in a dose-dependent manner. The subcellular analysis demonstrated the co-localization of the endocytosed EV71 and ARF6, while knockdown of ARF6 with siRNA remarkably influenced EV71 endocytosis. By immunoprecipitation assays, we found a direct interaction of ARF6 with EV71 viral protein. Furthermore, ARF1, another small GTP-binding protein, was also found to participate in ARF6-mediated EV71 endocytosis. Murine experiments demonstrated that NAV-2729 significantly alleviated mortality caused by EV71 infection. Our study revealed a new pathway by which EV71 enters the HBMECs and provides new targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhe Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongtian Qi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Role of the Intermediate Filament Protein Peripherin in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315416. [PMID: 36499746 PMCID: PMC9740141 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filaments are the most heterogeneous class among cytoskeletal elements. While some of them have been well-characterized, little is known about peripherin. Peripherin is a class III intermediate filament protein with a specific expression in the peripheral nervous system. Epigenetic modifications are involved in this cell-type-specific expression. Peripherin has important roles in neurite outgrowth and stability, axonal transport, and axonal myelination. Moreover, peripherin interacts with proteins involved in vesicular trafficking, signal transduction, DNA/RNA processing, protein folding, and mitochondrial metabolism, suggesting a role in all these processes. This review collects information regarding peripherin gene regulation, post-translational modifications, and functions and its involvement in the onset of a number of diseases.
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9
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Löscher W, Howe CL. Molecular Mechanisms in the Genesis of Seizures and Epilepsy Associated With Viral Infection. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:870868. [PMID: 35615063 PMCID: PMC9125338 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.870868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizures are a common presenting symptom during viral infections of the central nervous system (CNS) and can occur during the initial phase of infection ("early" or acute symptomatic seizures), after recovery ("late" or spontaneous seizures, indicating the development of acquired epilepsy), or both. The development of acute and delayed seizures may have shared as well as unique pathogenic mechanisms and prognostic implications. Based on an extensive review of the literature, we present an overview of viruses that are associated with early and late seizures in humans. We then describe potential pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, including routes of neuroinvasion, viral control and clearance, systemic inflammation, alterations of the blood-brain barrier, neuroinflammation, and inflammation-induced molecular reorganization of synapses and neural circuits. We provide clinical and animal model findings to highlight commonalities and differences in these processes across various neurotropic or neuropathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses, SARS-CoV-2, flaviviruses, and picornaviruses. In addition, we extensively review the literature regarding Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV). This picornavirus, although not pathogenic for humans, is possibly the best-characterized model for understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive seizures, epilepsy, and hippocampal damage during viral infection. An enhanced understanding of these mechanisms derived from the TMEV model may lead to novel therapeutic interventions that interfere with ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, even within non-infectious contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charles L. Howe
- Division of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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Yang F, Zhang N, Chen Y, Yin J, Xu M, Cheng X, Ma R, Meng J, Du Y. Role of Non-Coding RNA in Neurological Complications Associated With Enterovirus 71. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:873304. [PMID: 35548469 PMCID: PMC9081983 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.873304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main pathogenic virus that causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Studies have reported that EV71-induced infections including aseptic meningitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even neurogenic pulmonary edema, can progress to severe neurological complications in infants, young children, and the immunosuppressed population. However, the mechanisms through which EV71 causes neurological diseases have not been fully explored. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are RNAs that do not code for proteins, play a key role in biological processes and disease development associated with EV71. In this review, we summarized recent advances concerning the impacts of ncRNAs on neurological diseases caused by interaction between EV71 and host, revealing the potential role of ncRNAs in pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of EV71-induced neurological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuxin Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jiancai Yin
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Muchen Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ruyi Ma
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jialin Meng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
| | - Yinan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Yinan Du, ; Jialin Meng,
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11
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Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects eye corneal tissues leading to herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), which is one of the leading causes of blindness. Here in our study, we found that 6-thioguanine (6-TG), a once clinically approved medication for child acute myelogenous leukemia, inhibited multiple strains of HSV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. 6-TG is more potent than acyclovir (ACV) and ganciclovir (GCV), with the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 6-TG at 0.104 μM with high stimulation index (SI) (SI = 6,475.48) compared to the IC50 of ACV at 1.253 μM and the IC50 of GCV at 1.257 μM. In addition, 6-TG at 500 μM topically applied to the eyes with HSV-1 infection significantly inhibits HSV-1 replication, alleviates virus-induced HSK pathogenesis, and improves eye conditions. More importantly, 6-TG is effective against ACV-resistant HSV-1 strains, including HSV-1/153 and HSV-1/blue. Knockdown of Rac1 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) negatively affected HSV-1 replication, suggesting that Rac1 facilitated HSV-1 replication. Following HSV-1 infection of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs), endogenous Rac1 activity was upregulated by glutathione S-transferase (GST) pulldown assay. We further found that Rac1 was highly expressed in the corneal tissue of HSK patients compared to normal individuals. Mechanistic study showed that 6-TG inhibited HSV-1 replication by targeting Rac1 activity in HSV-1 infected cells, and the Rac1 is critical in the pathogenesis of HSK. Our results indicated that 6-TG is a promising therapeutic molecule for the treatment of HSK. IMPORTANCE We reported the discovery of 6-TG inhibition of HSV-1 infection and its inhibitory roles in HSK both in vitro and in vivo. 6-TG was shown to possess at least 10× more potent inhibitory activity against HSV-1 than ACV and GCV and, more importantly, inhibit ACV/GCV-resistant mutant viruses. Animal model studies showed that gel-formulated 6-TG topically applied to eyes locally infected with HSV-1 could significantly inhibit HSV-1 replication, alleviate virus-induced HSK pathogenesis, and improve eye conditions. Further study showed that HSV-1 infection upregulated Rac1 expression, and knockdown of Rac1 using siRNA markedly restricted HSV-1 replication, suggesting that Rac1 is required for HSV-1 replication. In addition, we also documented that Rac1 is highly expressed in corneal tissues from HSK patients, indicating that Rac1 is associated with HSK pathogenesis. In view of the high potency of 6-TG, low cytotoxicity, targeting a distinct therapeutic target, we suggest that 6-TG is a potential candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for HSK therapy.
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Lim ZQ, Ng QY, Oo Y, Chu JJH, Ng SY, Sze SK, Alonso S. Enterovirus-A71 exploits peripherin and Rac1 to invade the central nervous system. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51777. [PMID: 33871166 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus-A71 (EV-A71) has been associated with severe neurological forms of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). EV-A71 infects motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) to invade the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigate the role of peripherin (PRPH) during EV-A71 infection, a type III intermediate neurofilament involved in neurodegenerative conditions. In mice infected with EV-A71, PRPH co-localizes with viral particles in the muscles at NMJs and in the spinal cord. In motor neuron-like and neuroblastoma cell lines, surface-expressed PRPH facilitates viral entry, while intracellular PRPH influences viral genome replication through interactions with structural and non-structural viral components. Importantly, PRPH does not play a role during infection with coxsackievirus A16, another causative agent of HFMD rarely associated with neurological complications, suggesting that EV-A71 ability to exploit PRPH represents a unique attribute for successful CNS invasion. Finally, we show that EV-A71 also exploits some of the many PRPH-interacting partners. Of these, small GTP-binding protein Rac1 represents a potential druggable host target to limit neuroinvasion of EV-A71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Qin Lim
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qing Yong Ng
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yukei Oo
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shi Yan Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siu Kwan Sze
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Services Core Facility, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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