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Toniolo A, Maccari G, Camussi G. mRNA Technology and Mucosal Immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:670. [PMID: 38932399 PMCID: PMC11209623 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Current mRNA vaccines are mainly administered via intramuscular injection, which induces good systemic immunity but limited mucosal immunity. Achieving mucosal immunity through mRNA vaccination could diminish pathogen replication at the entry site and reduce interhuman transmission. However, delivering mRNA vaccines to mucosae faces challenges like mRNA degradation, poor entry into cells, and reactogenicity. Encapsulating mRNA in extracellular vesicles may protect the mRNA and reduce reactogenicity, making mucosal mRNA vaccines possible. Plant-derived extracellular vesicles from edible fruits have been investigated as mRNA carriers. Studies in animals show that mRNA vehiculated in orange-derived extracellular vesicles can elicit both systemic and mucosal immune responses when administered by the oral, nasal, or intramuscular routes. Once lyophilized, these products show remarkable stability. The optimization of mRNA to improve translation efficiency, immunogenicity, reactogenicity, and stability can be obtained through adjustments of the 5'cap region, poly-A tail, codons selection, and the use of nucleoside analogues. Recent studies have also proposed self-amplifying RNA vaccines containing an RNA polymerase as well as circular mRNA constructs. Data from parenterally primed animals demonstrate the efficacy of nasal immunization with non-adjuvanted protein, and studies in humans indicate that the combination of a parenteral vaccine with the natural exposure of mucosae to the same antigen provides protection and reduces transmission. Hence, mucosal mRNA vaccination would be beneficial at least in organisms pre-treated with parenteral vaccines. This practice could have wide applications for the treatment of infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Toniolo
- Global Virus Network, University of Insubria Medical School, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Maccari
- Data Science for Health (DaScH) Lab, Fondazione Toscana Life Sciences, 53100 Siena, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Science, University of Turin, A.O.U. Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy;
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Gonzalez Suarez N, Fernandez-Marrero Y, Hébert MPA, Roy ME, Boudreau LH, Annabi B. EGCG inhibits the inflammation and senescence inducing properties of MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells-derived extracellular vesicles in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:240. [PMID: 37833751 PMCID: PMC10576371 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells' secretome can induce a pro-inflammatory phenotype in human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSC). This can be prevented by the green tea polyphenol epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). The impact of EGCG on the paracrine regulation that the extracellular vesicles (EVs) specifically exert within the TNBC secretome remains unknown. METHODS EVs were obtained from a TNBC-derived serum-starved MDA-MB-231 cell model treated or not with EGCG under normoxic or hypoxic (< 1% O2) culture conditions. RNA-Seq analysis was used to assess the EVs' genetic content. The modulation of inflammatory and senescence markers in hADMSC was evaluated by RT-qPCR using cDNA arrays and validated by immunoblotting. A protein profiler phospho-kinase array was used to explore signaling pathways. RESULTS While hypoxic culture conditions did not significantly alter the genetic content of MDA-MB-231-secreted EVs, the addition of EGCG significantly modified EVs genetic material at low oxygen tension. Gene expression of cancer-associated adipocyte pro-inflammatory markers CXCL8, CCL2 and IL-1β was increased in hADMSC treated with EVs. Concomitantly, EVs isolated from MDA-MB-231 treated with EGCG (EGCG-EVs) downregulated CCL2 and IL-1β, while inducing higher expression of CXCL8 and IL-6 levels. EVs activated CHK-2, c-Jun, AKT and GSK-3β signaling pathways in hADMSC, whereas EGCG-EVs specifically reduced the latter two as well as the serum starvation-induced senescence markers p21 and β-galactosidase. Finally, the mitochondrial content within the TNBC cells-derived EVs was found reduced upon EGCG treatment. CONCLUSION This proof of concept study demonstrates that the chemopreventive properties of diet-derived polyphenols may efficiently target the paracrine regulation that TNBC cells could exert upon their surrounding adipose tissue microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjara Gonzalez Suarez
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec À Montréal and CERMO-FC, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | | | - Mathieu P A Hébert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton and New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Roy
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec À Montréal and CERMO-FC, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Luc H Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton and New Brunswick Center for Precision Medicine, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Borhane Annabi
- Laboratoire d'Oncologie Moléculaire, Département de Chimie, Université du Québec À Montréal and CERMO-FC, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montreal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada.
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Ma Y, Jiang Q, Yang B, Hu X, Shen G, Shen W, Xu J. Platelet mitochondria, a potent immune mediator in neurological diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1210509. [PMID: 37719457 PMCID: PMC10502307 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1210509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the immune response is regarded as a prominent feature of neurological diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, malignant tumors, acute neurotraumatic insult, and cerebral ischemic/hemorrhagic diseases. Platelets play a fundamental role in normal hemostasis and thrombosis. Beyond those normal functions, platelets are hyperactivated and contribute crucially to inflammation and immune responses in the central nervous system (CNS). Mitochondria are pivotal organelles in platelets and are responsible for generating most of the ATP that is used for platelet activation and aggregation (clumping). Notably, platelet mitochondria show marked morphological and functional alterations under heightened inflammatory/oxidative stimulation. Mitochondrial dysfunction not only leads to platelet damage and apoptosis but also further aggravates immune responses. Improving mitochondrial function is hopefully an effective strategy for treating neurological diseases. In this review, the authors discuss the immunomodulatory roles of platelet-derived mitochondria (PLT-mitos) in neurological diseases and summarize the neuroprotective effects of platelet mitochondria transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ma
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bingxin Yang
- Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Shen
- Transfusion Research Department, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Institute of Blood Transfusion of Hubei Province, Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Wuhan Puai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Wuhan Blood Center, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Al Amir Dache Z, Thierry AR. Mitochondria-derived cell-to-cell communication. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112728. [PMID: 37440408 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their intracellular mobility, mitochondria and their components can exist outside the cells from which they originate. As a result, they are capable of acting on non-parental distant cells and mediate intercellular communication in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies. It has recently been demonstrated that this horizontal transfer governs a wide range of biological processes, such as tissue homeostasis, the rescue of injured recipient cells, and tumorigenesis. In addition, due to mitochondria's bacterial ancestry, they and their components can be recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) by the immune cells, leading to inflammation. Here, we provide an overview of the most current and significant findings concerning the different structures of extracellular mitochondria and their by-products and their functions in the physiological and pathological context. This account illustrates the ongoing expansion of our understanding of mitochondria's biological role and functions in mammalian organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Al Amir Dache
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; INSERM U1316, CNRS UMR7057, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain R Thierry
- IRCM, Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, INSERM U1194, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; ICM, Institut Régional du Cancer de Montpellier, 34298 Montpellier, France.
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Yan C, Wu H, Fang X, He J, Zhu F. Platelet, a key regulator of innate and adaptive immunity. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1074878. [PMID: 36968817 PMCID: PMC10038213 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1074878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelets, anucleate blood components, represent the major cell type involved in the regulation of hemostasis and thrombosis. In addition to performing haemostatic roles, platelets can influence both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the development of platelets and their functions in hemostasis. We also discuss the interactions between platelet products and innate or adaptive immune cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, T cells, B cells and dendritic cells. Activated platelets and released molecules regulate the differentiation and function of these cells via platelet-derived receptors or secreting molecules. Platelets have dual effects on nearly all immune cells. Understanding the exact mechanisms underlying these effects will enable further application of platelet transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haojie Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xianchun Fang
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junji He
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, Nanjing Jiangning Hospital, The Affiliated Jiangning Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Feng Zhu,
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