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Chib S, Jamwal VL, Kumar V, Gandhi SG, Saran S. Fungal production of kojic acid and its industrial applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2111-2130. [PMID: 36912905 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Kojic acid has gained its importance after it was known worldwide that the substance functions primarily as skin-lightening agent. Kojic acid plays a vital role in skin care products, as it enhances the ability to prevent exposure to UV radiation. It inhibits the tyrosinase formation which suppresses hyperpigmentation in human skin. Besides cosmetics, kojic acid is also greatly used in food, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals industries. Conversely, according to Global Industry Analysts, the Middle East, Asia, and in Africa especially, the demand of whitening cream is very high, and probably the market will reach to $31.2 billion by 2024 from $17.9 billion of 2017. The important kojic acid-producing strains were mainly belongs to the genus Aspergillus and Penicillium. Due to its commercial potential, it continues to attract the attention for its green synthesis, and the studies are still widely conducted to improve kojic acid production. Thus, the present review is focused on the current production processes, gene regulation, and limitation of its commercial production, probable reasons, and possible solutions. For the first time, detailed information on the metabolic pathway and the genes involved in kojic acid production, along with illustrations of genes, are highlighted in the present review. Demand and market applications of kojic acid and its regulatory approvals for its safer use are also discussed. KEY POINTS: • Kojic acid is an organic acid that is primarily produced by Aspergillus species. • It is mainly used in the field of health care and cosmetic industries. • Kojic acid and its derivatives seem to be safe molecules for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Chib
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sumit G Gandhi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
- Infectious Disease Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Chib S, Jamwal VL, Kumar V, Gandhi SG, Saran S. Morphologically dissimilar spores of Aspergillus sojae exhibit genomic homogeneity but the differential in Kojic acid accumulation. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:197. [PMID: 35928501 PMCID: PMC9343528 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We reported that Aspergillus sojae (SSC-3), an indigenous isolate from rice husk, is a potent kojic acid producer. During optimization, it was observed that under static fermentation conditions, this fungal strain produces two dissimilar morphological green and yellow spores, i.e., SSC-3(Y) and SSC-3(G). Furthermore, these different spore types differ in color, morphology, and in kojic acid metabolite accumulation, with green spores producing 12.87 g/l and yellow spores producing 8.63 g/l of kojic acid on the 12th day of fermentation. To understand if there is a genetic basis for the difference in morphology and metabolite accumulation characteristics, sequencing of internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) and RAPD analysis from both the spore were carried out. Our study revealed that though the spores are dissimilar with respect to morphology and metabolite accumulation profile, they are genetically homogenous. This suggests that there could be epigenetic differences in these spore types, which may be explored in detail in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifali Chib
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Vijay Lakshmi Jamwal
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Sumit G. Gandhi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
| | - Saurabh Saran
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Human Resource Development Centre, Ghaziabad, 201002 India
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Kudo H, Arakawa GY, Shirai S, Ogawa M, Shindo H, Hosaka M, Tokuoka M. New role of a histone chaperone, HirA: Involvement in kojic acid production associated with culture conditions in Aspergillusoryzae. J Biosci Bioeng 2021; 133:235-242. [PMID: 34952787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2021.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid (KA) is a representative secondary metabolite of Aspergillus oryzae, but the underlying molecular mechanisms that regulate KA production are unknown. This study tried to find a genetic factor of KA production in A. oryzae, with a special focus on liquid cultures. We screened a gene predicted to encode HirA, a subunit of the histone chaperon, the HIR complex. A gene disruption strain of hirA showed decreased KA production in liquid culture, whereas it showed increased KA production in plate culture. We confirmed that a decrease/increase of KA production observed by hirA disruption was caused by altered expression of kojA and kojR. These observations suggested the regulatory role of histone chaperon in secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi. So far as we know, this report is the first showing that disruption of a gene resulted in the opposite effect on KA production in liquid and plate cultures in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Kudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Gen-Ya Arakawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Saya Shirai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ogawa
- Noda Institute for Scientific Research, 338 Noda, Noda, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shindo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masaru Hosaka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan
| | - Masafumi Tokuoka
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Department of Fermentation Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan; Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan.
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Ochiai B, Yamakawa H, Matsumura Y. Kojic Acid as Green Modifier for Oxidation Inhibition of Copper. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Ochiai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamakawa
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Matsumura
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Mohajer F. An Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches on the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Kojic Acid Scaffolds through the Multi-Component Reactions. HETEROCYCLES 2021. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-20-936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Uka V, Cary JW, Lebar MD, Puel O, De Saeger S, Diana Di Mavungu J. Chemical repertoire and biosynthetic machinery of the Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolome: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2797-2842. [PMID: 33337039 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi represent a rich source of extrolites, including secondary metabolites (SMs) comprising a great variety of astonishing structures and interesting bioactivities. State-of-the-art techniques in genome mining, genetic manipulation, and secondary metabolomics have enabled the scientific community to better elucidate and more deeply appreciate the genetic and biosynthetic chemical arsenal of these microorganisms. Aspergillus flavus is best known as a contaminant of food and feed commodities and a producer of the carcinogenic family of SMs, aflatoxins. This fungus produces many SMs including polyketides, ribosomal and nonribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and other hybrid molecules. This review will discuss the chemical diversity, biosynthetic pathways, and biological/ecological role of A. flavus SMs, as well as their significance concerning food safety and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdet Uka
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Division of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pristina, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Jeffrey W Cary
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Matthew D Lebar
- Southern Regional Research Center, USDA-ARS, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Olivier Puel
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - José Diana Di Mavungu
- Center of Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Abstract
Kojic acid, one of the most widespread 3-hydroxypyran-4-one derivatives, displays
a wide range of biological activities and found application in food as well as cosmetics
industry. The synthesis of kojic acid derivatives has provoked great interest as an easily
available and biologically active precursor among organic and medicinal researchers. Multicomponent
reactions, involving three or more reactants in one-pot thereby resulting in a
structure with functional diversity are efficient methods for the promotion of green chemistry
in the context of modern drug discovery. They offer several advantages over conventional
stepwise protocols like simplicity, efficiency, selectivity, convergence and atom economy.
This review aims to highlight the versatility of kojic acid as an important synthon in multicomponent
reactions for the construction of various biologically relevant compounds such as pyrano[3,2‐
b]chromenediones, pyrano[3,2-b]pyrans, pyrano[2′,3′:5,6]pyrano[2,3‑b]pyridines, spiro[indoline-3,4’-pyrano[3,
2-b]pyrans, 2-substituted kojic acid conjugates, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
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LAMA-1: A Cerebroside Isolated from the Deep-Sea-Derived Fungus Penicillium chrysogenum. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10020075. [PMID: 32093136 PMCID: PMC7074484 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetate extract of Penicillium chrysogenum strain S003, a fungus isolated from Red Sea deep sediment, led to the isolation of a cerebroside molecular species LAMA (1) along with three other known compounds, ergosterol (2), epidioxyergosterol (3), and kojic acid (4). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by interpretation of spectral data, including detailed 1D and 2D NMR (One and two dimensional Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and mass spectrometry. The cytotoxic activities of isolated compounds 1–4 against five human carcinoma cells were evaluated using sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Compounds 2 and 3 displayed promising cytotoxic profiles against lung cancer (A-549), prostate (DU-145), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), and hepatocellular (HepG2) cell lines, with IC50 values of 21.26, 19.3; 1.50, 6.10; 16.95, 13.6; and 2.89, 3.07 µM, respectively, while they were inactive against HeLa cells. Compounds 1 and 4 showed weak cytotoxic profiles against all cell lines under investigation.
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Frisvad JC, Møller LLH, Larsen TO, Kumar R, Arnau J. Safety of the fungal workhorses of industrial biotechnology: update on the mycotoxin and secondary metabolite potential of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:9481-9515. [PMID: 30293194 PMCID: PMC6208954 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an update on the current knowledge of the secondary metabolite potential of the major fungal species used in industrial biotechnology, i.e., Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae, and Trichoderma reesei. These species have a long history of safe use for enzyme production. Like most microorganisms that exist in a challenging environment in nature, these fungi can produce a large variety and number of secondary metabolites. Many of these compounds present several properties that make them attractive for different industrial and medical applications. A description of all known secondary metabolites produced by these species is presented here. Mycotoxins are a very limited group of secondary metabolites that can be produced by fungi and that pose health hazards in humans and other vertebrates when ingested in small amounts. Some mycotoxins are species-specific. Here, we present scientific basis for (1) the definition of mycotoxins including an update on their toxicity and (2) the clarity on misclassification of species and their mycotoxin potential reported in literature, e.g., A. oryzae has been wrongly reported as an aflatoxin producer, due to misclassification of Aspergillus flavus strains. It is therefore of paramount importance to accurately describe the mycotoxins that can potentially be produced by a fungal species that is to be used as a production organism and to ensure that production strains are not capable of producing mycotoxins during enzyme production. This review is intended as a reference paper for authorities, companies, and researchers dealing with secondary metabolite assessment, risk evaluation for food or feed enzyme production, or considerations on the use of these species as production hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Lars L H Møller
- Department of Product Safety, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Thomas O Larsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering), Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, B. 221, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ravi Kumar
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Novozymes Inc., 1445 Drew Ave., Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - José Arnau
- Department of Fungal Strain Technology and Strain Approval Support, Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880, Bagsvaerd, Denmark
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Park HS, Jun SC, Han KH, Hong SB, Yu JH. Diversity, Application, and Synthetic Biology of Industrially Important Aspergillus Fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2017; 100:161-202. [PMID: 28732553 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aambs.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The filamentous fungal genus Aspergillus consists of over 340 officially recognized species. A handful of these Aspergillus fungi are predominantly used for food fermentation and large-scale production of enzymes, organic acids, and bioactive compounds. These industrially important Aspergilli primarily belong to the two major Aspergillus sections, Nigri and Flavi. Aspergillus oryzae (section Flavi) is the most commonly used mold for the fermentation of soybeans, rice, grains, and potatoes. Aspergillus niger (section Nigri) is used in the industrial production of various enzymes and organic acids, including 99% (1.4 million tons per year) of citric acid produced worldwide. Better understanding of the genomes and the signaling mechanisms of key Aspergillus species can help identify novel approaches to enhance these commercially significant strains. This review summarizes the diversity, current applications, key products, and synthetic biology of Aspergillus fungi commonly used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Soo Park
- Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
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Terabayashi Y, Sano M, Yamane N, Marui J, Tamano K, Sagara J, Dohmoto M, Oda K, Ohshima E, Tachibana K, Higa Y, Ohashi S, Koike H, Machida M. Identification and characterization of genes responsible for biosynthesis of kojic acid, an industrially important compound from Aspergillus oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2010; 47:953-61. [PMID: 20849972 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2010.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2009] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Kojic acid is produced in large amounts by Aspergillus oryzae as a secondary metabolite and is widely used in the cosmetic industry. Glucose can be converted to kojic acid, perhaps by only a few steps, but no genes for the conversion have thus far been revealed. Using a DNA microarray, gene expression profiles under three pairs of conditions significantly affecting kojic acid production were compared. All genes were ranked using an index parameter reflecting both high amounts of transcription and a high induction ratio under producing conditions. After disruption of nine candidate genes selected from the top of the list, two genes of unknown function were found to be responsible for kojic acid biosynthesis, one having an oxidoreductase motif and the other a transporter motif. These two genes are closely associated in the genome, showing typical characteristics of genes involved in secondary metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Terabayashi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
This article reviews the curious history of kojic acid, discovered as a fungal natural product in 1907. It was one of the first secondary metabolites to have its biosynthetic pathway studied by the isotope tracer technique, and, more recently, has been of interest as a skin lightening agent. There are 112 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Bentley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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NAKAYAMA H, EBIHARA T, JINNAI H. Review of Liver Function, Tumor Markers and Tumors after Long-term Topical Use of 1% Kojic Acid Cream. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.2336/nishinihonhifu.67.412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Sahasrabudhe NA, Sankpal NV. Production of organic acids and metabolites of fungi for food industry. AGRICULTURE AND FOOD PRODUCTION 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(01)80016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Futamura T, Okabe M, Tamura T, Toda K, Matsunobu T, Park YS. Improvement of production of Kojic acid by a mutant strain Aspergillus oryzae, MK107-39. J Biosci Bioeng 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Tanigaki H, Obata H, Tokuyama T. The Determination of Kojic Acid Using the Stopped-flow Method. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 1980. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.53.3195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Halogenated Kojic Acid Derivatives, Related Compounds, and their Physiological Effects on Plant Growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1963. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb1961.27.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Toxicity and Antibiotic Activity of Kojic Acid Produced by
Aspergillus luteo-virescens. J Bacteriol 1945; 50:579-84. [DOI: 10.1128/jb.50.5.579-584.1945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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