1
|
Li M, Ding Y, Tuersong T, Chen L, Zhang ML, Li T, Feng SM, Guo Q. Let-7 family regulates HaCaT cell proliferation and apoptosis via the ΔNp63/PI3K/AKT pathway. Open Med (Wars) 2024; 19:20240925. [PMID: 38584846 PMCID: PMC10997002 DOI: 10.1515/med-2024-0925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the expression profiles of differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) involved in human fetal skin development via high-throughput sequencing to explore the expression difference and the regulatory role of miRNA in different stages of fetal skin development. Analysis of expression profiles of miRNAs involved collecting embryo samples via high-throughput sequencing, then bioinformatics analyses were performed to validate DEmiRNAs. A total of 363 miRNAs were differentially expressed during the early and mid-pregnancy of development, and upregulated DEmiRNAs were mainly concentrated in the let-7 family. The transfection of let-7b-5p slowed down HaCaT cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis, as evidenced by the cell counting kit-8 assay, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and flow cytometry. The double luciferin reporter assay also confirmed let-7b-5p and ΔNp63 downregulation through the combination with the 3'-untranslated region of ΔNp63. Moreover, treatment with a let-7b-5p inhibitor upregulated ΔNp63 and activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway. The let-7b-5p caused a converse effect on HaCaT cells because of Np63 upregulation. Let-7b-5p regulates skin development by targeting ΔNp63 via PI3K-AKT signaling, contributing to future studies on skin development and clinical scar-free healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Second Medical College, Karamay, 834000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tayier Tuersong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Long Chen
- Functional Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Mei-Lin Zhang
- Xinjiang Urumqi City Center Blood Station, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tian Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shu-Mei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Endemic Diseases, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 Suntech North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qiong Guo
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinjiang Medical University, No. 567 Suntech North Road, Shuimogou District, Urumqi, 830000, Xinjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang P, Zhou R, Zhou R, Feng S, Zhao L, Li W, Lin J, Rajapakse A, Lee CH, Furnari FB, Burgess AW, Gunter JH, Liu G, Ostrikov KK, Richard DJ, Simpson F, Dai X, Thompson EW. Epidermal growth factor potentiates EGFR(Y992/1173)-mediated therapeutic response of triple negative breast cancer cells to cold atmospheric plasma-activated medium. Redox Biol 2024; 69:102976. [PMID: 38052106 PMCID: PMC10746566 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) holds promise as a cancer-specific treatment that selectively kills various types of malignant cells. We used CAP-activated media (PAM) to utilize a range of the generated short- and long-lived reactive species. Specific antibodies, small molecule inhibitors and CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing approaches showed an essential role for receptor tyrosine kinases, especially epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, in mediating triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell responses to PAM. EGF also dramatically enhanced the sensitivity and specificity of PAM against TNBC cells. Site-specific phospho-EGFR analysis, signal transduction inhibitors and reconstitution of EGFR-depleted cells with EGFR-mutants confirmed the role of phospho-tyrosines 992/1173 and phospholipase C gamma signaling in up-regulating levels of reactive oxygen species above the apoptotic threshold. EGF-triggered EGFR activation enhanced the sensitivity and selectivity of PAM effects on TNBC cells. The proposed approach based on the synergy of CAP and EGFR-targeted therapy may provide new opportunities to improve the clinical management of TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peiyu Wang
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Renwu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Centre for Plasma Biomedicine, School of Electrical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Rusen Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Shuo Feng
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Liqian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Institute of Brain Disease, Nanfang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Wenshao Li
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jinyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Aleksandra Rajapakse
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Chia-Hwa Lee
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Frank B Furnari
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Walter and Elisa Hall Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer H Gunter
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Kostya Ken Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Derek J Richard
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia; Cancer and Ageing Research Program, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Fiona Simpson
- Frazer Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Xiaofeng Dai
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Precision Surgery & Regenerative Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial Center for Regenerative Medicine and Surgical Engineering, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China; Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, School of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhao Q, Zhang Y, Wu D, Hainan L. The effect of heat stress on the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-mediated intracellular signaling, and changes cell behavior on swine testicular cell. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:2990-2998. [PMID: 36183269 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2126370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
At present, high environmental temperature is the main factor endangering animal production, growth and development. Therefore, the harmful effects of heat stress led by hot environment on livestock have attracted much attention. In this work, the cellar property and signaling property of epidermal growth factor (EGF) below heat stress remains unclear in swine testicular cells. Here, the effect of heat stress on EGF-induced intracellular signaling and cell behavior was explored in the ST (a porcine testis cell line). A series of experiments were done to study the cellular behavior and signaling properties of EGF under heat stress. It can be discovered which high ambient temperature changed the cellular characteristics of EGF/EGFR. The eventuates displayed when cells were exposed to thermal environment, EGF/EGFR basically did not internalize, mainly gathered on the cell membrane. Our group also researched the effect of EGF's signaling properties, and the results showed that the ability of EGF to activate EGFR-mediated intracellular signaling decreased significantly under heat stress. Finally, this study illustrated that EGF's cell behavior and signaling profile are obviously altered, indicating that heat stress seriously affected the biological activity of EGF/EGFR, which establish a solid foundation for studying the effect of the EGF on testicular tissue under heat environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingrong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Deyi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lan Hainan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lee JH, Chellasamy G, Yun K, Nam MJ. EGF-expressed human mesenchymal stem cells inhibit collagenase1 expression in keratinocytes. Cell Signal 2023; 110:110827. [PMID: 37506859 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) repair tissue injury by upregulating the paracrine secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Human MSC has been recognized as a promising therapeutic material for treatment of various human diseases. Even though the effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been well investigated, the synergetic effect of EGF and MSC has not been studied. Therefore, we expect our basic study to contribute to developing new therapeutic reagents for skin diseases or innovative cosmetics. In this study, we examined the effect of human epidermal growth factor-transfected MSCs (hEGF MSCs) on human keratinocyte HaCaT cell proliferation and the mechanisms that regulate matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression in HaCaT cells. To identify the hEGF plasmid and its transfection into MSCs, we performed gel electrophoresis and quantitative PCR. Proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells were examined using water Soluble Tetrazolium (WST-1) and wound-healing assays, respectively. Zymography was performed to investigate the correlation between hEGF MSC-conditioned medium (CM)-treated HaCaT cells and MMP-1 expression. We found that cell proliferation and wound-healing rates were increased in hEGF MSC-CM-treated HaCaT cells compared to those in MSC-CM-treated cells, and conversely collagenase activity was decreased. The mRNA and protein levels of MMP-1 were also decreased in hEGF MSC-CM-treated HaCaT cells. 2-DE analysis showed that the expression of carboxypeptidase, which promotes growth factors and wound healing, was increased in hEGF MSC-CM-treated HaCaT cells. Finally, western blot was used to determine whether MMP-1 expression was reduced via the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway; the results showed that the levels of MAPK pathway-related proteins (pErk, pJNK, and p-p38) and the levels of transcription factors (pCREB, NFκB, and p-c-Fos) were decreased. In addition, pAkt expression was found to be elevated. The results of our study suggest that hEGF MSCs promote cell proliferation and reduce MMP-1 expression via the MAPK pathway in human keratinocyte HaCaT cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Gayathri Chellasamy
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Yun
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jin Nam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Gachon University, Seongnam, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Qi K, Dou Y, Zhang Z, Wei Y, Song C, Qiao R, Li X, Yang F, Wang K, Li X, Han X. Expression Profile and Regulatory Properties of m6A-Modified circRNAs in the Longissimus Dorsi of Queshan Black and Large White Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2190. [PMID: 37443988 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant modification in linear RNA molecules, but many circRNA molecules have now been found to have a wide range of m6A modification sites as well. However, there are few relevant studies and information on the expression profile and functional regulatory properties of m6A-modified circRNAs (m6A-circRNAs) in longissimus dorsi. In this study, a total of 12 putative m6A-circRNAs were identified and characterized in the longissimus dorsi of Queshan Black and Large White pigs-8 of them were significantly more expressed in the longissimus dorsi of Queshan Black than in Large White pigs, while the other 4 were the opposite. These 12 putative m6A-circRNAs were also found to act as miRNA sponge molecules to regulate fat deposition by constructing the ceRNA regulatory network. Enrichment analysis also revealed that the 12 m6A-circRNAs parent genes and their adsorbed miRNA target genes were widely involved in fat deposition and cell proliferation and differentiation-related pathways, such as the HIF-1 signaling pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, the MAPK signaling pathway, the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-lacto and neolacto series, and the TNF signaling pathway, suggesting that the analyzed m6A-circRNAs may be largely involved in the formation of pork quality. These results provide new information to study the regulatory properties of m6A-circRNAs in the formation of pork quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yaqing Dou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yilin Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Chenglei Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Kejun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xinjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuelei Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yi K, Li H, Xu C, Zhong G, Ding Z, Zhang G, Guan X, Zhong M, Li G, Jiang N, Zhang Y. Morphological feature recognition of different differentiation stages of induced ADSCs based on deep learning. Comput Biol Med 2023; 159:106906. [PMID: 37084638 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
In order to accurately identify the morphological features of different differentiation stages of induced Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ADSCs) and judge the differentiation types of induced ADSCs, a morphological feature recognition method of different differentiation stages of induced ADSCs based on deep learning is proposed. Using the super-resolution image acquisition method of ADSCs differentiation based on stimulated emission depletion imaging, after obtaining the super-resolution images at different stages of inducing ADSCs differentiation, the noise of the obtained image is removed and the image quality is optimized through the ADSCs differentiation image denoising model based on low rank nonlocal sparse representation; The denoised image is taken as the recognition target of the morphological feature recognition method for ADSCs differentiation image based on the improved Visual Geometry Group (VGG-19) convolutional neural network. Through the improved VGG-19 convolutional neural network and class activation mapping method, the morphological feature recognition and visual display of the recognition results at different stages of inducing ADSCs differentiation are realized. After testing, this method can accurately identify the morphological features of different differentiation stages of induced ADSCs, and is available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Yi
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Han Li
- Meta Platforms, Inc., Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Cheng Xu
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guoqing Zhong
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiquan Ding
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaohui Guan
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Meiling Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guanghui Li
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, 330013 Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
miRNome and Proteome Profiling of Human Keratinocytes and Adipose Derived Stem Cells Proposed miRNA-Mediated Regulations of Epidermal Growth Factor and Interleukin 1-Alpha. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054956. [PMID: 36902387 PMCID: PMC10002856 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is regulated by complex crosstalk between keratinocytes and other cell types, including stem cells. In this study, a 7-day direct co-culture model of human keratinocytes and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) was proposed to study the interaction between the two cell types, in order to identify regulators of ADSCs differentiation toward the epidermal lineage. As major mediators of cell communication, miRNome and proteome profiles in cell lysates of cultured human keratinocytes and ADSCs were explored through experimental and computational analyses. GeneChip® miRNA microarray, identified 378 differentially expressed miRNAs; of these, 114 miRNAs were upregulated and 264 miRNAs were downregulated in keratinocytes. According to miRNA target prediction databases and the Expression Atlas database, 109 skin-related genes were obtained. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed 14 pathways including vesicle-mediated transport, signaling by interleukin, and others. Proteome profiling showed a significant upregulation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and Interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1α) compared to ADSCs. Integrated analysis through cross-matching the differentially expressed miRNA and proteins suggested two potential pathways for regulations of epidermal differentiation; the first is EGF-based through the downregulation of miR-485-5p and miR-6765-5p and/or the upregulation of miR-4459. The second is mediated by IL-1α overexpression through four isomers of miR-30-5p and miR-181a-5p.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ran Y, Yan Z, Huang M, Zhou S, Wu F, Wang M, Yang S, Zhang P, Huang X, Jiang B, Liang P. Severe Burn Injury Significantly Alters the Gene Expression and m6A Methylation Tagging of mRNAs and lncRNAs in Human Skin. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13010150. [PMID: 36675811 PMCID: PMC9864918 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13010150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modulates RNA metabolism and functions in cell differentiation, tissue development, and immune response. After acute burns, skin wounds are highly susceptible to infection and poor healing. However, our understanding of the effect of burn injuries on m6A methylation and their potential mechanism is still limited. Human m6A-mRNA&lncRNA Epitranscriptomic microarray was used to obtain comprehensive mRNA and lncRNA transcriptome m6A profiling and gene expression patterns after burn injuries in human skin tissue. Bioinformatic and functional analyses were conducted to find molecular functions. Microarray profiling showed that 65 mRNAs and 39 lncRNAs were significantly hypermethylated; 5492 mRNAs and 754 lncRNAs were significantly hypomethylated. Notably, 3989 hypomethylated mRNAs were down-expressed and inhibited many wound healing biological processes and pathways including in the protein catabolic process and supramolecular fiber organization pathway; 39 hypermethylated mRNAs were up-expressed and influenced the cell surface receptor signaling pathway and inflammatory response. Moreover, we validated that m6A regulators (METTL14, METTL16, ALKBH5, FMR1, and HNRNPC) were significantly downregulated after burn injury which may be responsible for the alteration of m6A modification and gene expression. In summary, we found that homeostasis in the skin was disrupted and m6A modification may be a potential mechanism affecting trauma infection and wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Ran
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zhuoxian Yan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Mitao Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Situo Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Fangqin Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Mengna Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Sifan Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Pihong Zhang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Bimei Jiang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-0731-82355022 (B.J.); +86-13875858144 (P.L.)
| | - Pengfei Liang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence: (B.J.); (P.L.); Tel.: +86-0731-82355022 (B.J.); +86-13875858144 (P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Desquamated Epithelial Cells of Unstimulated Human Whole Saliva Express Both EGF Transcript and Protein. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:3194703. [PMID: 36573202 PMCID: PMC9789903 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3194703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to investigate if desquamated oral epithelial cells (DOECs) express the epidermal growth factor (EGF) and if these cells thereby may contribute to salivary EGF contents. Background DOECs have recently been shown to harbor the antimicrobial peptide LL-37, proposing that they may also store other biologically important salivary peptides/proteins. The EGF peptide is a growth factor which plays a critical role to maintain epithelial integrity and promote epithelial healing. The EGF is produced by salivary glands, but it is not known whether DOECs contain the EGF and thereby contribute to salivary EGF levels. Materials and Methods DOECs were isolated from unstimulated whole saliva collected from four healthy volunteers. EGF protein expression was determined in cell lysates by dot blot and ELISA. Cellular distribution of cytokeratin, the proliferation marker Ki67, and EGF immunoreactivity were assessed by immunocytochemistry. EGF gene expression was investigated by qPCR. Expression of EGF transcript and protein in DOECs was compared to that in the human cultured keratinocyte cell line (HaCaT) cells. Results EGF protein expression was detected in DOEC cell lysates by both dot blot and ELISA. Strong cytoplasmic EGF immunoreactivity was observed in DOECs, although some cells showed only a weak immunoreactive signal for EGF. Moreover, DOECs, besides containing EGF protein, also expressed transcript for EGF. Interestingly, ELISA analysis revealed that EGF protein contents were higher in DOECs than in HaCaT cells. ELISA analysis also disclosed that EGF concentration was about 10 times higher in whole saliva compared to DOECs. EGF transcript expression was about 50% lower in HaCaT cells stimulated with high (10%) compared to low (0.1%) concentration of fetal bovine serum, representing growth-stimulated and growth-restricted conditions, respectively, implying that growth-stimulus exerts negative feedback on EGF gene activity in HaCaT cells. Conclusion Here, we show for the first time that DOECs express the EGF, arguing that these cells contribute to salivary EGF contents and hence may play a role in gingival epithelial repair and wound healing.
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang G, Yang Y, Zhang S, Lan H, Zheng X. The biological activity and signaling profile of EGF/EGFR were affected under heat stress conditions in IEC6 cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2022; 325:114050. [PMID: 35561788 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2022.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is an effective cytoprotective peptide. It is the main nutritional factor involved in the development of the intestinal tract. It has many important biological effects on the intestinal mucosa. After binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), it initiates a signal transduction cascade to jointly promote the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of various cell types. Heat stress severely affects the intestinal health of livestock and is becoming increasingly prevalent due to the yearly increase in ambient temperature and intestinal diseases. However, the effect of heat stress on the activity and signaling of EGF/EGFR in intestinal cells is still unclear. Therefore, rat intestinal crypt epithelial cell line (IEC6) was used as a model to explore this issue, and the results showed that EGF/EGFR is internalized into IEC6 cells in a time-dependent manner under physiological conditions. However, the activity of EGF/EGFR was altered under heat stress. Furthermore, we explored the effect of heat stress on EGF/EGFR-activated signaling transduction in IEC6 cells, and the results showed that levels of factors involved in EGFR-mediated intracellular signaling (such as EGFR, signal transducers and activators of transcription 3/protein kinase B, and extracellular regulatory kinase 1/2) were downregulated under heat stress. In summary, this study shows that heat stress could damage the biological activity and intracellular signaling of EGF/EGFR. These findings have scientific importance in the field of animal husbandry; and lay the foundation for the further study of the biological activities of EGF/EGFR in the intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences 100193, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hainan Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang Y, Yang N, Teng D, Mao R, Hao Y, Ma X, Wei L, Wang J. Antibacterial peptide NZ2114-loaded hydrogel accelerates Staphylococcus aureus-infected wound healing. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3639-3656. [PMID: 35524777 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wound infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is a great challenge which has caused significant burden and economic loss to the medical system. NZ2114, a plectasin-derived peptide, is an antibacterial agent for preventing and treating S. aureus infection, especially for methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) infection. Here, three-dimensional reticulated antimicrobial peptide (AMP) NZ2114 hydrogels were developed based on hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and sodium alginate (SA); they displayed sustained and stable release properties (97.88 ± 1.79% and 91.1 ± 10.52% release rate in 72 h, respectively) and good short-term cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. But the HPC-NZ2114 hydrogel had a smaller pore size (diameter 0.832 ± 0.420 μm vs. 3.912 ± 2.881 μm) and better mechanical properties than that of the SA-NZ2114 hydrogel. HPC/SA-NZ2114 hydrogels possess efficient antimicrobial activity in vitro and in vivo. In a full-thickness skin defect model, the wound closure of the 1.024 mg/g HPC-NZ2114 hydrogel group was superior to those of the SA-NZ2114 hydrogel and antibiotic groups on day 7. The HPC-NZ2114 hydrogel accelerated wound healing by reducing inflammation and promoting the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), endothelial growth factor (EGF) and angiogenesis (CD31) through histological and immunohistochemistry evaluation. These data indicated that the HPC-NZ2114 hydrogel is an excellent candidate for S. aureus infection wound dressing. KEY POINTS: •NZ2114 hydrogels showed potential in vitro bactericidal activity against S. aureus •NZ2114 hydrogels could release continuously for 72 h and had good biocompatibility •NZ2114 hydrogels could effectively promote S. aureus-infected wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology - WIT, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Yang
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| | - Da Teng
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya Hao
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyun Wei
- School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology - WIT, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Innovative Team of Antimicrobial Peptides and Alternatives to Antibiotics, and Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haidian District, 12 Zhongguancun Nandajie St, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China. .,Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Guoxia W, Yu Y, Shuai Z, Hainan L, Zheng X. Beta-carotene regulates the biological activity of EGF in IEC6 cells by alleviating the inflammatory process. Cell Cycle 2022; 21:1726-1739. [PMID: 35499499 PMCID: PMC9302509 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2022.2067676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) has many important biological functions. It plays an important role in regulating the growth, survival, migration, apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation of intestinal tissues and cells. However, until now, the effect of inflammation on the biological activity of EGF in intestinal cells or tissues is still unclear. For this reason, in the current research, we have conducted a detailed study on this issue. Using the rat small intestinal crypt epithelial cell line (IEC6) was used as an in vitro model, and Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM), Flow cytometry (FCM), Indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), Western-blotting (WB), and Quantitative real-time RT-PCR (QRT-PCR) methods were used to explore the effects of inflammation on EGF/EGFR biological activity and signal transduction profiles. We found that the EGF/EGFR nuclear signal almost disappeared in the inflammatory state, and the phosphorylation levels of EGFR, AKT, and STAT3 were all significantly down-regulated. In addition, we also studied the effect of β-carotene on the biological activity of EGF, and found that when cells were pretreated with β-carotene, the cellular behavior, biological activity, and nuclear signal of EGF/EGFR under inflammation stimulation were partially restored. In summary, the current study shows that inflammation can disrupt EGF/EGFR-mediated signaling in IEC6 cells, suggesting that inflammation negatively regulates the biological activity of EGF/EGFR. Furthermore, we found that β-carotene not only attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation but also partially restored the biological activity of EGF in IEC6 cells, laying a solid foundation for studying the biological functions of EGF and β-carotene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Guoxia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Beijing Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Shuai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Lan Hainan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jung N, Kong T, Yu Y, Park H, Lee E, Yoo S, Baek S, Lee S, Kang KS. Immunomodulatory Effect of Epidermal Growth Factor Secreted by Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 15:311-323. [PMID: 35220283 PMCID: PMC9396020 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc21173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are emerging as a treatment for atopic dermatitis (AD), a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects a large number of people across the world. Treatment of AD using human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) has recently been studied. However, the mechanism underlying their effect needs to be studied continuously. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) secreted by hUCB-MSCs on AD. Methods and Results To explore the mechanism involved in the therapeutic effect of MSCs for AD, a secretome array was performed using culture medium of hUCB-MSCs. Among the list of genes common for epithelium development and skin diseases, we focused on the function of EGF. To elucidate the effect of EGF secreted by hUCB-MSCs, EGF was downregulated in hUCB-MSCs using EGF-targeting small interfering RNA. These cells were then co-cultured with keratinocytes, Th2 cells, and mast cells. Depletion of EGF disrupted immunomodulatory effects of hUCB-MSCs on these AD-related inflammatory cells. In a Dermatophagoides farinae-induced AD mouse model, subcutaneous injection of hUCB-MSCs ameliorated gross scoring, histopathologic damage, and mast cell infiltration. It also significantly reduced levels of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-4, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and IL-22, as well as IgE levels. These therapeutic effects were significantly attenuated at all evaluation points in mice injected with EGF-depleted hUCB-MSCs. Conclusions EGF secreted by hUCB-MSCs can improve AD by regulating inflammatory responses of keratinocytes, Th2 cells, and mast cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namhee Jung
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - TaeHo Kong
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonsil Yu
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwanhee Park
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunjoo Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - SaeMi Yoo
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - SongYi Baek
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sun Kang
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Bioengineering Institute, Global R&D Center, Kangstem Biotech Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea
- Adult Stem Cell Research Center, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Meng Z, Qiu J, Zhang H. MiR-221-3p as a Potential Biomarker for Patients with Psoriasis and Its Role in Inflammatory Responses in Keratinocytes. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:300-306. [PMID: 34091460 DOI: 10.1159/000515114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study investigated serum miR-221-3p levels in psoriatic patients and the characterization of serum miR-221-3p in keratinocyte inflammatory responses was further assessed. METHODS qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-221-3p in the serum of 46 patients with psoriasis and 42 healthy controls. The receiver operating characteristic curve evaluated the diagnostic ability of miR-221-3p in psoriasis. The effect of miR-221-3p on HaCaT cell proliferation was detected by using a cell counting Kit-8 and Transwell. ELISA was used to detect serum and keratinocyte pro-inflammatory factors. RESULTS miR-221-3p was significantly increased in the serum of patients with psoriasis. The area under the curve was 0.861, the sensitivity was 80.4%, and the specificity was 85.7%. Serum miR-221-3p was positively correlated with the expression levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-17A, and IL-22. Cell experiments showed that reducing the expression of miR-221-3p could significantly inhibit cell proliferation. Additionally, miR-221-3p downregulation also inhibited the release of some inflammatory factors in the HaCaT cells. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION MiR-221-3p is a latent biomarker of psoriasis patients. Lower expression of miR-221-3p inhibits the cell proliferation and inflammatory responses of HaCaT cells, which offers a possible target for the therapeutic interventions of psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangrao People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Jianwei Qiu
- Department of Emergency, Guangrao People's Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Linyi City Lanshan District People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
EGFR-conjugated hydrogel accelerates wound healing on ulcer-induced burn wounds by targeting collagen and inflammatory cells using photoimmunomodulatory inhibition. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111541. [PMID: 33255093 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we fabricated an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-conjugated hydrogel to promote wound healing in cold restraint-induced gastric ulceration on burn wounds targeting collagen and inflammatory cells for the treatment of burns and gastric ulcers. Cytotoxicity and cell proliferation assays demonstrated good biocompatibility of hydrogel as a suitable extracellular matrix for targeted cells and support for regenerative cell growth. These findings were confirmed by staining methods. In vitro wound healing was confirmed cell migration in the targeted cells. The effect of the EGFR-H was investigated in cold restraint-induced gastric ulcers in rats, where the treatment was started immediately after ulcer induction. In the in vivo experiment, the EGFR-H demonstrated enhanced ulcer healing ability and less scarring compared to the hydrogel alone and controls. Thus, EGFR-H promotes healing of cold restraint-induced gastric ulcer via EGFR conjugated with a hydrogel. The present study demonstrates a novel pathway to fabricate hydrogels as suitable wound dressing biomaterials to improve deep partial thickness burn wound healing and prevent scar formation when aided by laser therapy.
Collapse
|