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Blonigen DM, Macia KS. Personality change during substance use disorder treatment is associated with improvements in abstinence self-efficacy post-treatment among U.S. military veterans. J Subst Abuse Treat 2020; 120:108187. [PMID: 33298306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prior research suggests that personality traits change during substance use disorder (SUD) treatment. However, the extent to which changes in traits during SUD treatment are associated with subsequent improvements in treatment outcomes remains untested. Among U.S. military veterans (n = 200) enrolled in SUD residential treatment, we examined whether changes in the personality factors of positive emotionality (PEM), negative emotionality (NEM), and constraint (CON) during treatment were associated with subsequent changes in abstinence self-efficacy and SUD symptoms. We analyzed data at treatment entry, discharge, and 12-months post-discharge via univariate and bivariate latent change score models. During treatment, PEM, CON, and abstinence self-efficacy increased, while NEM decreased, on average. Changes in NEM and CON were largely sustained, whereas PEM and abstinence self-efficacy significantly decreased post-treatment. SUD symptoms decreased from pre- to post-treatment. In bivariate models, higher levels of NEM at baseline were associated with less improvement in both abstinence self-efficacy during treatment and SUD symptoms pre- to post-treatment. Higher levels of CON at baseline were associated with greater improvement in SUD symptoms pre- to post-treatment, and increases in CON during treatment were associated with greater retention of treatment gains in abstinence self-efficacy post-treatment. Greater improvements in CON during treatment were also associated with greater improvements in SUD symptoms pre- to post-treatment in unadjusted (p = 0.041) but not adjusted models (p = 0.089). Our findings suggest that personality changes marked by improvements in impulse control over the course of SUD treatment may be linked to subsequent improvements in treatment outcomes and may have value as a proximal treatment target among SUD patients during residential care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blonigen
- HSR&D Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA; Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Palo Alto University, 1791 Arastradero Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Kathryn S Macia
- Stanford University School of Medicine, 291 Campus Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; National Center for PTSD, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, 795 Willow Road (334-NCPTSD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Um M, Hershberger AR, Whitt ZT, Cyders MA. Recommendations for applying a multi-dimensional model of impulsive personality to diagnosis and treatment. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2018; 5:6. [PMID: 29619225 PMCID: PMC5879935 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-018-0084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The UPPS-P Model of Impulsive Personality, a prominent model of impulsive personality derived from the Five Factor Model of Personality, is a multi-dimensional model of impulsive personality that consists of negative urgency, lack of premeditation, lack of perseveration, sensation seeking, and positive urgency. The UPPS-P model has highlighted the importance of separating multidimensional traits due to the specificity of these traits corresponding to different risk behaviors. The goal of the current review paper is to make recommendations on how to apply the UPPS-P Model of Impulsive Personality, to diagnosis of and treatment for psychopathology. However, despite impulsivity being one of the most frequently used criteria for a number of clinical disorders, our review of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders-5 found that the UPPS-P traits are not well represented in the diagnostic criteria, which we propose limits inferences about etiology and treatment targets. Additionally, research has largely focused on the importance of these traits for risk models; our review of the literature applying the UPPS-P traits to treatment processes and outcomes concluded that this area is not yet well studied. Here, we propose the specific application of the UPPS-P model to improve diagnosis and increase treatment effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Um
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Alexandra R Hershberger
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Zachary T Whitt
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Melissa A Cyders
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, 402 N Blackford St, LD 124, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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Nalpas B, Perney P. Use of Psychoactive Medication in Short- and Long-term Abstainers from Alcohol. Alcohol Alcohol 2017; 52:447-452. [DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agx018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yaghubi M, Zargar F, Akbari H. Comparing Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention with Treatment as Usual on Impulsivity and Relapse for Methadone-Treated Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2017; 9:156-165. [PMID: 29657696 PMCID: PMC5894795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsivity is one of the causes of relapse that can affect treatment outcomes. Studies have shown that addiction treatments can reduce impulsivity in drug-dependent individuals. Studies also have suggested that mindfulness is associated with impulsivity. However, no study has investigated the effectiveness of the mindfulness-based intervention on impulsivity in opioid-dependent individuals. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention (MBRP) with treatment as usual (TAU) in terms of impulsivity and relapse for methadone-treated patients. METHODS The present randomized controlled clinical trial was performed in Kashan, Iran, in 2015. The study population was opioid-dependent patients referred to Maintenance Treatment Centers. Seventy patients were selected by random sampling and were assigned in two groups (MBRP and TAU) randomly. The participants of two groups filled out Barratt impulsivity scale (BIS-11) as a pre-test and 8 weeks later as post-test and 2 months later as a follow-up. Both groups received methadone-therapy. The MBRP group received 8 sessions of group therapy, while the control group did not receive any group psychotherapy session. Finally, data from 60 patients were analyzed statistically. FINDINGS The MBRP group had decreased impulsivity significantly (P < 0.001). The mean impulsivity score was 74.76 ± 4.72 before intervention that was significantly decreased to 57.66 ± 3.73 and 58.86 ± 3.57 after the intervention and follow-up (P < 0.001), respectively. In addition, significant differences were observed between MBRP and TAU groups for relapse frequency (P < 0.050). CONCLUSION This study showed that MBRP compared to TAU can decrease the mean impulsivity score in opioid-dependent and reduce relapse probability. These findings suggest that MBRP is useful for opioid-dependent individuals with high-level impulsivity, and relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Yaghubi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Zargar
- Assistant Professor, Behavioral Sciences Research Center AND Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran,Correspondence to: Fatemeh Zargar PhD,
| | - Hossein Akbari
- Assistant Professor, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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5
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Carroll JFX. What Constitutes “Success” in Addiction Treatment and How Do We Determine What Works Best? ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2016.1148516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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McCutcheon VV, Luke DA, Lessov-Schlaggar CN. Reduced Social Network Drinking is Associated with Improved Response Inhibition in Women During Early Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorders: A Pilot Study. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2015; 40:170-7. [PMID: 26727533 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social support for recovery from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is associated with improvements in self-reported impulsive behavior in individuals treated for AUDs. We build on these findings using a behavioral task-based measure of response inhibition, a well-defined component of impulsivity, to examine the association of disinhibition with alcohol-specific social network characteristics during early recovery. METHODS Women (n = 28) were recruited from treatment for AUD within 3 to 4 weeks of their last drink and were assessed at baseline and again 3 months later. Outcome measures were level of disinhibition at baseline and change in disinhibition from baseline to follow-up, measured using a computer-based continuous performance test. The primary independent variables were level of drinking in the social network at baseline and change in network drinking from baseline to follow-up. RESULTS The sample [50% black, age M (SD) = 42.3 (9.5)] reported high rates of physical and sexual abuse before age 13 (43%), psychiatric disorder (71%), drug use disorder (78%), and previous treatment (71%). More drinking in participants' social networks was associated with greater disinhibition at baseline (β = 12.5, 95% CI = 6.3, 18.7). A reduction in network drinking from baseline to follow-up was associated with reduced disinhibition (β = -6.0, 95% CI = -11.3, -0.78) independent of IQ, recent alcohol consumption, and self-reported negative urgency. CONCLUSIONS This study extends previous findings of an association between social networks and self-reported impulsivity to a neurobehavioral phenotype, response inhibition, suggesting that abstinence-supporting social networks may play a role in cognitive change during early recovery from AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivia V McCutcheon
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Douglas A Luke
- Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri
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Littlefield AK, Stevens AK, Cunningham S, Jones RE, King KM, Schumacher JA, Coffey SF. Stability and change in multi-method measures of impulsivity across residential addictions treatment. Addict Behav 2015; 42:126-9. [PMID: 25437269 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the relations between constructs related to impulsivity and substance use disorders (SUDs) are well established, recent research suggests that changes in impulsivity may be an important mechanism in the recovery process. However, this evidence is primarily based on studies that have examined the relation between changes in impulsivity and substance involvement across the span of several years using self-report measures; thus, it is unclear if these changes are linked across shorter time intervals or extend to behavioral methods of assessment. METHODS Using prospective data from 43 participants (mean age=35.06; 60% female) enrolled in residential substance abuse treatment, the extent to which seven facets of impulsivity (i.e., questionnaire-assessed delay discounting, lack of perseverance, lack of planning, negative urgency, positive urgency, sensation seeking, and behaviorally-assessed inhibitory control) changed across approximately 4 weeks of treatment was examined. RESULTS Dependent group t-tests suggested significant reductions in negative urgency and lack of planning, and significant improvements in inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that specific impulsivity facets show change across relatively short time frames and suggest nonspecific effects of residential treatment on levels of impulsivity. These results inform the functional relation between facets of impulsivity and substance involvement and have implications for assessment and treatment approaches for SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Littlefield
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Angela K Stevens
- Texas Tech University, Department of Psychological Sciences, Box 42051, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA.
| | - Sarah Cunningham
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; Jesse Brown (Chicago) VA Medical Center, 820 S Damen Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Rachel E Jones
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA; G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, 1500 E. Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA 98195-1525, USA.
| | - Julie A Schumacher
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
| | - Scott F Coffey
- The University of Mississippi Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 2500 N. State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
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Kelly JF, Greene MC. Toward an Enhanced Understanding of the Psychological Mechanisms by which Spirituality Aids Recovery in Alcoholics Anonymous. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2014.907015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Pagano ME, White WL, Kelly JF, Stout RL, Tonigan JS. The 10-year course of Alcoholics Anonymous participation and long-term outcomes: a follow-up study of outpatient subjects in Project MATCH. Subst Abus 2014; 34:51-9. [PMID: 23327504 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2012.691450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the 10-year course and impact of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)-related helping (AAH), step-work, and meeting attendance on long-term outcomes. Data were derived from 226 treatment-seeking alcoholics recruited from an outpatient site in Project MATCH and followed for 10 years post treatment. Alcohol consumption, AA participation, and other-oriented behavior were assessed at baseline, end of the 3-month treatment period, and 1, 3, and 10 years post treatment. Controlling for explanatory baseline and time-varying variables, results showed significant direct effects of AAH and meeting attendance on reduced alcohol outcomes and a direct effect of AAH on improved other-oriented interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Pagano
- Division of Child Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve UniversitySchool of Medicine, 10524 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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Blonigen DM, Timko C, Moos RH. Alcoholics Anonymous and reduced impulsivity: a novel mechanism of change. Subst Abus 2014; 34:4-12. [PMID: 23327499 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2012.691448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reduced impulsivity is a novel, yet plausible, mechanism of change associated with the salutary effects of Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). Here, the authors review their work on links between AA attendance and reduced impulsivity using a 16-year prospective study of men and women with alcohol use disorders (AUDs) who were initially untreated for their drinking problems. Across the study period, there were significant mean-level decreases in impulsivity, and longer AA duration was associated with reductions in impulsivity. In turn, decreases in impulsivity from baseline to Year 1 were associated with fewer legal problems and better drinking and psychosocial outcomes at Year 1, and better psychosocial functioning at Year 8. Decreases in impulsivity mediated associations between longer AA duration and improvements on several Year 1 outcomes, with the indirect effects conditional on participants' age. Findings are discussed in terms of their potential implications for research on AA and, more broadly, interventions for individuals with AUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blonigen
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Timko C, Bonn-Miller MO, McKellar J, Ilgen M. Detoxification History and 2-Year Outcomes of Substance Use Disorder Treatment and Mutual-Help Group Participation. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042613491102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about detoxification (detox) history as a risk factor for poor treatment outcomes among dually diagnosed (substance use and other mental health disorders) patients. We compared patients with a detox history with those who had never received detox on baseline characteristics, subsequent treatment and mutual-help group participation, and substance use and related outcomes at 6-month, 1-year, and 2-year follow-ups. Having a detox history was associated with poorer status at treatment intake, but detoxed patients were functioning as well as never-detoxed patients on alcohol and drug use severity 2 years later. However, having a detox history at baseline was associated with poorer psychological and legal functioning at follow-ups. Assessing detox history in mental health programs would be feasible to implement routinely. Targeting more comprehensive mental health, case management, and 12-step facilitation services to dually diagnosed patients with a history of detox may improve mental health and criminal involvement status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Marcel O. Bonn-Miller
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Center of Excellence in Substance Abuse Treatment and Education, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John McKellar
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Stanford University Medical Center, Palo Alto, CA
- Department of Veterans Affairs Central Office, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mark Ilgen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Ullman SE, Najdowski CJ, Adams EB. Women, Alcoholics Anonymous, and Related Mutual Aid Groups: Review and Recommendations for Research. ALCOHOLISM TREATMENT QUARTERLY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07347324.2012.718969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Birkley EL, Smith GT. Recent advances in understanding the personality underpinnings of impulsive behavior and their role in risk for addictive behaviors. CURRENT DRUG ABUSE REVIEWS 2011; 4:215-27. [PMID: 22126707 PMCID: PMC3954823 DOI: 10.2174/1874473711104040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Impulsivity has been a widely explored construct, particularly as a personality-based risk factor for addictive behaviors. The authors review evidence that (a) there is no single impulsivity trait; rather, there are at least five different personality traits that dispose individuals to rash or impulsive action; (b) the five traits predict different behaviors longitudinally; for example, the emotion-based urgency traits predict problematic involvement in several risky behaviors and sensation seeking instead predicts the frequency of engaging in such behaviors; (c) the traits can be measured in preadolescent children; (d) individual differences in the traits among preadolescent children predict the subsequent onset of, and increases in, risky behaviors including alcohol use; (e) the traits may operate by biasing the learning process, such that high-risk traits make high-risk learning more likely, thus leading to maladaptive behavior; (f) the emotion-based urgency traits may contribute to compulsive engagement in addictive behaviors; and (g) there is evidence that different interventions are appropriate for the different trait structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Birkley
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506 0044, UK
| | - Gregory T. Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40506 0044, UK
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Blonigen DM, Timko C, Finney JW, Moos BS, Moos RH. Alcoholics Anonymous attendance, decreases in impulsivity and drinking and psychosocial outcomes over 16 years: moderated-mediation from a developmental perspective. Addiction 2011; 106:2167-77. [PMID: 21631626 PMCID: PMC3208772 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether decreases in impulsivity account for links between Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) attendance and better drinking and psychosocial outcomes, and whether these mediational 'effects' are conditional on age. DESIGN A naturalistic study in which individuals were assessed at baseline, and 1, 8 and 16 years later. SETTING Participants initiated help-seeking through the alcohol intervention system (detoxification programs, information and referral centers). PARTICIPANTS Individuals with alcohol use disorders and no prior history of substance abuse treatment at baseline [n=628; 47% women; mean age=34.7 years (standard deviation=9.4)]. MEASUREMENTS Self-reports of impulsivity and drinking pattern at baseline and year 1, duration of AA (number of weeks) in year 1 and drinking (alcohol use problems, self-efficacy to resist drinking) and psychosocial outcomes (emotional discharge coping, social support) at baseline and follow-ups. FINDINGS Controlling for changes in drinking pattern, decreases in impulsivity were associated with fewer alcohol use problems, better coping and greater social support and self-efficacy at year 1, and better coping and greater social support at year 8. Decreases in impulsivity statistically mediated associations between longer AA duration and improvements on all year 1 outcomes and indirect effects were moderated by participant age (significant only for individuals 25 years of age or younger). CONCLUSIONS Decreased impulsivity appears to mediate reductions in alcohol-related problems over 8 years in people attending Alcoholics Anonymous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M. Blonigen
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Christine Timko
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - John W. Finney
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Bernice S. Moos
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine
| | - Rudolf H. Moos
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System and Stanford University School of Medicine
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Timko C, Desai A, Blonigen DM, Moos BS, Moos RH. Driving while intoxicated among individuals initially untreated for alcohol use disorders: one- and sixteen-year follow-ups. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2011; 72:173-84. [PMID: 21388590 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2011.72.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined associations between frequency of driving while intoxicated (DWI) at baseline and obtaining alcohol-related help at follow-up, and between obtaining help and subsequent reductions in DWI. It also examined improvements on personal functioning and life context indices as mediators between obtaining help and reduced occurrences of DWI. METHOD A total of 628 individuals who were initially untreated for alcohol use problems completed a baseline inventory; follow-ups were 1, 3, and 16 years later. RESULTS More extended participation in outpatient treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) during Year 1 was associated with a lower likelihood of DWI at the 1-year follow-up. More extended participation in AA through Year 3 was associated with a lower likelihood of DWI at the 16-year follow-up. Improvement on personal functioning and life context indices was associated with reduced risk of subsequent occurrences of DWI. Decreases in drinking-related problems, impulsivity, and drinking to reduce tension mediated associations between more AA participation and reductions in DWI at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS Among initially untreated individuals, sustained mutual help may be associated with a reduced number of occurrences of DWI via fewer drinking consequences and improved psychological functioning and coping. Treatment providers should attend to these concomitants of DWI and consider actively referring individuals to AA to ensure ongoing AA affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Timko
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, and Stanford University School of Medicine, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA.
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Blonigen DM, Timko C, Moos BS, Moos RH. Impulsivity is an independent predictor of 15-year mortality risk among individuals seeking help for alcohol-related problems. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2011; 35:2082-92. [PMID: 21631544 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although past research has found impulsivity to be a significant predictor of mortality, no studies have tested this association in samples of individuals with alcohol-related problems or examined moderation of this effect via socio-contextual processes. The current study addressed these issues in a mixed-gender sample of individuals seeking help for alcohol-related problems. METHODS Using Cox proportional hazard models, variables measured at baseline and Year 1 of a 16-year prospective study were used to predict the probability of death from Years 1 to 16 (i.e., 15-year mortality risk). There were 628 participants at baseline (47.1% women); 515 and 405 participated in the follow-up assessments at Years 1 and 16, respectively. Among Year 1 participants, 93 individuals were known to have died between Years 1 and 16. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, and marital status, higher impulsivity at baseline was associated with an increased risk of mortality from Years 1 to 16; however, this association was accounted for by the severity of alcohol use at baseline. In contrast, higher impulsivity at Year 1 was associated with an increased risk of mortality from Years 1 to 16, and remained significant when accounting for the severity of alcohol use, as well as physical health problems, emotional discharge coping, and interpersonal stress and support at Year 1. In addition, the association between Year 1 impulsivity and 15-year mortality risk was moderated by interpersonal support at Year 1, such that individuals high on impulsivity had a lower mortality risk when peer/friend support was high than when it was low. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight impulsivity as a robust and independent predictor of mortality and suggest the need to consider interactions between personality traits and socio-contextual processes in the prediction of health-related outcomes for individuals with alcohol use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Blonigen
- Center for Health Care Evaluation, Department of Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California 94025, USA.
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Zucker NL, Herzog D, Moskovich A, Merwin R, Lin T. Incorporating dispositional traits into the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2011; 6:289-314. [PMID: 21243482 PMCID: PMC4461211 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2010_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We provide a general framework to guide the development of interventions that aim to address persistent features in eating disorders that may preclude effective treatment. Using perfectionism as an exemplar, we draw from research in cognitive neuroscience regarding attention and reinforcement learning, from learning theory and social psychology regarding vicarious learning and implications for the role modeling of significant others, and from clinical psychology on the importance of verbal narratives as barriers that may influence expectations and shape reinforcement schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L. Zucker
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David Herzog
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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White WL. Commentary on Kelly et al. (2010): Alcoholics Anonymous, alcoholism recovery, global health and quality of life. Addiction 2010; 105:637-8. [PMID: 20403015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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