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Moody P, Burlina F, Martin SR, Morgan RE, Offer J, Smith ME, Molloy JE, Caddick S. Evaluating the use of Apo-neocarzinostatin as a cell penetrating protein. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:277-81. [PMID: 23322746 PMCID: PMC3601848 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzs104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-ligand complex neocarzinostatin (NCS) is a small, thermostable protein-ligand complex that is able to deliver its ligand cargo into live mammalian cells where it induces DNA damage. Apo-NCS is able to functionally display complementarity determining regions loops, and has been hypothesised to act as a cell-penetrating protein, which would make it an ideal scaffold for cell targeting, and subsequent intracellular delivery of small-molecule drugs. In order to evaluate apo-NCS as a cell penetrating protein, we have evaluated the efficiency of its internalisation into live HeLa cells using matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry and fluorescence microscopy. Following incubation of cells with apo-NCS, we observed no evidence of internalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Moody
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Fabienne Burlina
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, ENS, UMR 7203, Laboratoire des Biomolécules, 4 place Jussieu, 75 005 Paris, France
| | - Stephen R. Martin
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Rachel E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - John Offer
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark E.B. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Justin E. Molloy
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Stephen Caddick
- Division of Physical Biochemistry, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
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Chi HW, Huang CC, Chin DH. Thiols Screened by the Neocarzinostatin Protein for Preserving or Detoxifying its Bound Enediyne Antibiotic. Chemistry 2012; 18:6238-49. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Hang VTT, Kim TS, Oh TJ, Sohng JK. Influence of apoproteins for enediyne production. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Chi HW, Chien YC, Liu CY, Tseng CJ, Lee YJ, Chan JL, Chu YR, Chin DH. Role of Steric Effects in Protein-Directed Enediyne Cycloaromatization of Neocarzinostatin. Chemistry 2010; 17:1493-506. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201002330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Hariharan P, Sudhahar CG, Chou SH, Chin DH. Lipid Bilayer-Assisted Release of an Enediyne Antibiotic from Neocarzinostatin Chromoprotein. Biochemistry 2010; 49:7722-32. [DOI: 10.1021/bi100735v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Parameswaran Hariharan
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Shan-Ho Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Hang Chin
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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Insight into the strong inhibitory action of salt on activity of neocarzinostatin. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1980-7. [PMID: 20137955 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Enediyne anticancer drugs belong to one of the most potent category in inducing DNA damage. We report 85+/-5% inhibition on activity of neocarzinostatin by salt. As high sodium ion concentration is a known tumor cell feature, we explored the dynamic mechanism of inhibition. Using various analytical tools, we examined parameters involved in the four consecutive steps of the drug action, namely, drug releasing from carrier protein, drug-DNA binding, drug activating, and DNA damaging. Neither protein stability, nor drug release rate, was altered by salt. The salt inhibition level was similar in between the protein-bound and unbound enediyne chromophore. Salt did not quench the thiol-induced drug activation. The inhibition was independent of DNA lesion types and irrelevant with thiol structures. Collectively, no salt interaction was found in the releasing, activating, and DNA damaging step of the drug action. However, binding with DNA decreased linearly with salt and corresponded well with the salt-induced inhibition on the drug activity. Salt interference on the affinity of DNA binding was the main and sole cause of the severe salt inhibition. The inhibition factor should be carefully considered for all agents with similar DNA binding mode.
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Shanmuganathan A, Kumar TKS, Huang CM, Yu C, Chin DH. A superior drug carrier--aponeocarzinostatin in partially unfolded state fully protects the labile antitumor enediyne. J Biomed Sci 2009; 16:48. [PMID: 19463188 PMCID: PMC2694159 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-16-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neocarzinostatin is a potent antitumor drug consisting of an enediyne chromophore and a protein carrier. Methods We characterized an intermediate in the equilibrium unfolding pathway of aponeocarzinostatin, using a variety of biophysical techniques including 1-anilino-8-napthalene sulfonate binding studies, size-exclusion fast protein liquid chromatography, intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, circular dichroism, and 1H-15N heteronuclear single quantum coherence spectroscopy. Results The partially unfolded protein is in molten globule-like state, in which ~60% and ~20% tertiary and secondary structure is disrupted respectively. Despite lacking a fully coordinated tertiary structure for assembling a functional binding cleft, the protein in molten globule-like state is still able to fully protect the labile chromophore. Titration of chromophore leads the partially denatured apoprotein to fold into its native state. Conclusion These findings bring insight into conserving mechanism of neocarzinostatin under harsh environment, where even the partially denatured apoprotein exhibits protective effect, confirming the superiority of the drug carrier.
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Kandaswamy J, Hariharan P, Kumar TKS, Yu C, Lu TJ, Chin DH. Is association of labile enediyne chromophore a mutually assured protection for carrier protein? Anal Biochem 2008; 381:18-26. [PMID: 18601891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most conjugate proteins undergo both conformational and stability changes on ligand removal. When architecture remains unchanged in the protein holo and apo forms, it is uncertain whether the protein stability also remains unaltered in both of the forms. Neocarzinostatin (NCS), a chromoprotein possessing a potent enediyne chromophore stands for such an instance. Protein-chromophore interaction has not been thoroughly explored previously due to a lack of strategies to independently and simultaneously monitor changes in the NCS conjugates. Here we report a method by which one can detect the signal exclusively from only one of the NCS conjugates without the spectral interference from the other. Stability of the NCS protein is significantly correlated to the protein-bound chromophore, irrespective of denaturation by heat, pH, urea, or ethanol. Despite the similarity in protein backbone conformation, protein stability of the NCS holo form diminishes and equalizes to that of the apo form when the chromophore is released and degraded. Although the enediyne chromophore is highly unstable, it intriguingly protects the protein by which it is protected. Significant mutual reliance between the carrier protein and its naturally associated ligand unveils important information on the NCS drug stability.
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Baker JR, Woolfson DN, Muskett FW, Stoneman RG, Urbaniak MD, Caddick S. Protein–Small Molecule Interactions in Neocarzinostatin, the Prototypical Enediyne Chromoprotein Antibiotic. Chembiochem 2007; 8:704-17. [PMID: 17451164 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200600534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The enediyne chromoproteins are a class of potent antitumour antibiotics comprising a 1:1 complex of a protein and a noncovalently bound chromophore. The protein is required to protect and transport the highly labile chromophore, which acts as the cytotoxic component by reacting with DNA leading to strand cleavage. A derivative of the best-studied member of this class, neocarzinostatin (NCS), is currently in use as a chemotherapeutic in Japan. The application of the chromoproteins as therapeutics along with their unique mode of action has prompted widespread interest in this area. Notable developments include the discovery of non-natural ligands for the apoproteins and the observation that multiple binding modes are available for these ligands in the binding site. Mutation studies on the apoproteins have revealed much about their stability and variability, and the application of an in vitro evolution method has conferred new binding specificity for unrelated ligands. These investigations hold great promise for the application of the apoproteins for drug-delivery, transport and stabilisation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Baker
- University College London, Department of Chemistry, Christopher Ingold Laboratories, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK
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Abstract
Antitumor antibiotic chromoproteins such as neocarzinostatin involve a labile toxin that is tightly bound by a protective protein with very high affinity but must also be freed to exert its function. Contrary to the prevalent concept of ligand release, we established that toxin release from neocarzinostatin requires no major backbone conformational changes. We report, herein, that subtle changes in the side chains of specific amino acid residues are adequate to gate the release of chromophore. A recombinant wild type aponeocarzinostatin and its variants mutated around the opening of the chromophore binding cleft are employed to identify specific side chains likely to affect chromophore release. Preliminary, biophysical characterization of mutant apoproteins by circular dichroism and thermal denaturation indicate that the fundamental structural characteristics of wild type protein are conserved in these mutants. The chromophore reconstitution studies further show that all mutants are able to bind chromophore efficiently with similar complex structures. NMR studies on 15N-labeled mutants also suggest the intactness of binding pocket structure. Kinetic studies of chromophore release monitored by time course fluorescence and quantitative high pressure liquid chromatography analyses show that the ligand release rate is significantly enhanced only in Phe78 mutants. The extent of DNA cleavage in vitro corresponds well to the rate of chromophore release. The results provide the first clear-cut indication of how toxin release can be controlled by a specific side chain of a carrier protein.
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Sudhahar CG, Chin DH. Aponeocarzinostatin—A superior drug carrier exhibiting unusually high endurance against denaturants. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:3543-52. [PMID: 16458518 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The enediyne antitumor antibiotic chromoproteins are very potent in causing DNA damages. During the drug delivery time course, the stability of the carrier protein becomes an important concern. To simulate conceivably offensive environment in biological contexts, such as cell membrane, we studied structural endurance of aponeocarzinostatin against several denaturants by circular dichroism and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. For comparison, we also examined proteins known to be stable and similar in size to aponeocarzinostatin. The results highlight the unusual structural stability of aponeocarzinostatin against chemical denaturants, suggesting the potential of aponeocarzinostatin as an inherently superior carrier in drug delivery systems.
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