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Sarkar S, Saika-Voivod I, Berry MD. Modelling of p-tyramine transport across human intestinal epithelial cells predicts the presence of additional transporters. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1009320. [PMID: 36505075 PMCID: PMC9733674 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1009320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p-Tyramine (TYR) is an endogenous trace amine, which can also be synthesized by intestinal microbiota, and is present in commonly consumed diets. TYR is an agonist for the intracellular trace amine-associated receptor 1, which has been implicated in psychiatric, metabolic, and immune-related disorders. We have previously demonstrated TYR readily diffuses across lipid bilayers, while transport across Caco-2 cell membranes involves Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2) and a Na+-dependent active transporter. Here we developed mathematical models to determine whether known kinetics for these processes are sufficient to explain observed transcellular TYR passage. Ordinary differential equations were developed for known TYR transport processes to predict concentration-time relationships. Michaelis-Menten kinetics were assumed for all transporter-mediated processes and a one phase exponential function used for simple diffusion. Modelled concentration-time plots were compared to published experimental results. Additional transporter functions were sequentially added to models to improve consistency, and a least squares error minimization approach utilized to determine added transporter kinetics. Finally, possible TYR compartmentalization was also modelled. Following apical loading, transport across the apical, but not the basolateral, membrane was modelled without additional transporters, suggesting a basolateral transporter was missing. Consistent with this, models of basolateral compartment loading did not match experimental observations, indicating missing basolateral transporters were bidirectional. Addition of a transporter with the kinetic characteristics of OCT2 did not improve models. Varying the kinetic parameters of the added transporter improved models of basolateral, but worsened apical, loading models, suggesting the need for either a directional preference in transporters, or intracellular TYR compartmentalization. Experimental parameters were recapitulated by introducing asymmetry into the apical OCT2 (Kt_OCT2_apicaltocell = 110.4 nM, Kt_OCT2_celltoapical = 1,227.9 nM), and a symmetric basolateral facilitated diffusion transporter (Vmax = 6.0 nM/s, Kt = 628.3 nM). The apparent directionality of OCT2 may reflect altered TYR ionization due to known pH differences between compartments. Models for asymmetry and compartmentalization were compared by root mean square deviation from experimental data, and it was found that TYR compartmentalization could only partially replace the need for asymmetry of OCT2. In conclusion, modelling indicates that known TYR transport processes are insufficient to explain experimental concentration-time profiles and that asymmetry of the apical membrane OCT2 combined with additional, low affinity, basolateral membrane facilitated diffusion transporters are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada,*Correspondence: Shreyasi Sarkar,
| | - Ivan Saika-Voivod
- Department of Physics and Physical Oceanography, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Mark D. Berry
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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The Investigation of Metabonomic Pathways of Serum of Iranian Women with Recurrent Miscarriage Using 1H NMR. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3422138. [PMID: 34778450 PMCID: PMC8580660 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3422138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Recurrent miscarriage applies to pregnancy loss expulsion of the fetus within the first 24 weeks of pregnancy. This study is aimed at comparatively investigating the sera of women with RM with those who have no record of miscarriages to identify if there were any metabolite and metabolic pathway differences using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Methods Serum samples were collected from women with RM (n = 30) and those who had no records of RM (n = 30) to obtain metabolomics information. 1H NMR spectroscopy was carried out on the samples using Carr Purcell Meiboom Gill spin echo; also, Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis was performed in MATLAB software using the ProMetab program to obtain the classifying chemical shifts; the metabolites were identified by using the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) in both the experimental and control groups. The pathway analysis option of the Metaboanalyst.ca website was used to identify the changed metabolic pathways. Results The results of the study revealed that 14 metabolites were different in the patients with RM. Moreover, the pathway analysis showed that taurine and hypotaurine metabolism along with phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis was significantly different in patients with RM. Conclusion The present study proposes that any alteration in the above metabolic pathways might lead to metabolic dysfunctions which may result in a higher probability of RM.
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Customized 3D-printed occluders enabling the reproduction of consistent and stable heart failure in swine models. Biodes Manuf 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42242-021-00145-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Cripps MJ, Bagnati M, Jones TA, Ogunkolade BW, Sayers SR, Caton PW, Hanna K, Billacura MP, Fair K, Nelson C, Lowe R, Hitman GA, Berry MD, Turner MD. Identification of a subset of trace amine-associated receptors and ligands as potential modulators of insulin secretion. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) are a family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that are evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. The first discovered TAAR1 is mainly expressed in the brain, and is able to detect low abundant trace amines. TAAR1 is also activated by several synthetic compounds and psychostimulant drugs like amphetamine. Activation of TAAR1 by specific agonists can regulate the classical monoaminergic systems in the brain. Further studies have revealed that other TAAR family members are highly expressed in the olfactory system which are termed olfactory TAARs. In vertebrates, olfactory TAARs can specifically recognize volatile or water-soluble amines. Some of these TAAR agonists are produced by decarboxylation of amino acids. In addition, some TAAR agonists are ethological odors that mediate animal innate behaviors. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of TAAR agonists, including their structures, biosynthesis pathways, and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengrong Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline (Laboratory), Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
- Research Institute of Otolaryngology, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Qian Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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Actions of Trace Amines in the Brain-Gut-Microbiome Axis via Trace Amine-Associated Receptor-1 (TAAR1). Cell Mol Neurobiol 2019; 40:191-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-019-00772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Bugda Gwilt K, Olliffe N, Hoffing RA, Miller GM. Trace amine associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) expression and modulation of inflammatory cytokine production in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages: a novel mechanism for inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:577-585. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2019.1672178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Katlynn Bugda Gwilt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neva Olliffe
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Honors Program, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Gregory M. Miller
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Trace amines are endogenous compounds classically regarded as comprising β-phenylethyalmine, p-tyramine, tryptamine, p-octopamine, and some of their metabolites. They are also abundant in common foodstuffs and can be produced and degraded by the constitutive microbiota. The ability to use trace amines has arisen at least twice during evolution, with distinct receptor families present in invertebrates and vertebrates. The term "trace amine" was coined to reflect the low tissue levels in mammals; however, invertebrates have relatively high levels where they function like mammalian adrenergic systems, involved in "fight-or-flight" responses. Vertebrates express a family of receptors termed trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs). Humans possess six functional isoforms (TAAR1, TAAR2, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, and TAAR9), whereas some fish species express over 100. With the exception of TAAR1, TAARs are expressed in olfactory epithelium neurons, where they detect diverse ethological signals including predators, spoiled food, migratory cues, and pheromones. Outside the olfactory system, TAAR1 is the most thoroughly studied and has both central and peripheral roles. In the brain, TAAR1 acts as a rheostat of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission and has been identified as a novel therapeutic target for schizophrenia, depression, and addiction. In the periphery, TAAR1 regulates nutrient-induced hormone secretion, suggesting its potential as a novel therapeutic target for diabetes and obesity. TAAR1 may also regulate immune responses by regulating leukocyte differentiation and activation. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge of the evolution, physiologic functions, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic potential of trace amines and their receptors in vertebrates and invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Marius C Hoener
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
| | - Mark D Berry
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia (R.R.G.); Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech), Moscow, Russia (R.R.G.); Neuroscience, Ophthalmology, and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, pRED, Roche Innovation Centre Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland (M.C.H.); and Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (M.D.B.)
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Christian SL, Berry MD. Trace Amine-Associated Receptors as Novel Therapeutic Targets for Immunomodulatory Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:680. [PMID: 30013475 PMCID: PMC6036138 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace amines and their receptors (trace amine-associated receptors; TAARs) are an emerging pharmacological target for the treatment of human disorders. While most studies have focused on their therapeutic potential for neurologic and psychiatric disorders, TAARs are also expressed throughout the periphery, including prominent expression in human leukocytes. Furthermore, recent independent, unbiased metabolomic studies have consistently identified one or more TAAR ligands as potential etiologic factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The putative role of TAARs in diseases such as IBD that are associated with hyperactive immune responses has not, however, previously been systematically addressed. Here, we review the current state of the knowledge of the effects of TAARs on leukocyte function, in particular in the context of mucosal epithelial cells that interface with the environment; developing a model whereby TAARs may be considered as a novel therapeutic target for disorders associated with dysregulated immune responses to environmental factors. In this model, we hypothesize that altered trace amine homeostasis results in hyperactivity of the immune system. Such loss of homeostasis can occur through many different mechanisms including TAAR polymorphisms and altered trace amine load due to changes in host synthesis and/or degradative enzymes, diet, or microbial dysbiosis. The resulting alterations in TAAR functioning can then lead to a loss of homeostasis of leukocyte chemotaxis, differentiation, and activation, as well as an altered ability of members of the microbiota to adhere to and penetrate the epithelial cell layers. Such changes would generate a pro-inflammatory state at mucosal epithelial barrier layers that can manifest as clinical symptomatology such as that seen in IBD. These alterations may also have the potential to induce systemic effects, which could possibly contribute to immunomodulatory disorders in other systems, including neurological diseases.
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Gratz MJ, Stavrou S, Kuhn C, Hofmann S, Hermelink K, Heidegger H, Hutter S, Mayr D, Mahner S, Jeschke U, Vattai A. Dopamine synthesis and dopamine receptor expression are disturbed in recurrent miscarriages. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:727-738. [PMID: 29686031 PMCID: PMC5958746 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES l-dopa decarboxylase (DDC) is responsible for the synthesis of dopamine. Dopamine, which binds to the D2-dopamine receptor (D2R), plays an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy. Aim of our study was the analysis of DDC and D2R expression in placentas of spontaneous miscarriages (SMs) and recurrent miscarriages (RMs) in comparison to healthy controls. METHODS Patients with SM (n = 15) and RM (n = 15) were compared with patients from healthy pregnancies (n = 15) (pregnancy weeks 7-13 each). Placental tissue has been collected from SMs and RMs from the first trimester (Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, LMU Munich) and from abruptions (private practice, Munich). Placental cell lines, BeWo- and JEG-3 cells, were stimulated with the trace amines T0AM and T1AM in vitro. RESULTS Levels of DDC and D2R in trophoblasts and the decidua were lower in RMs in comparison to healthy controls. Stimulation of BeWo cells with T1AM significantly reduced DDC mRNA and protein levels. Via double-immunofluorescence, a DDC-positive cell type beneath decidual stromal cells and foetal EVT in the decidua could be detected. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of DDC and D2R in trophoblasts of RMs reflects a reduced signal cascade of catecholamines on the foetal side.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Gratz
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stavroula Stavrou
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Kuhn
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Hofmann
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Hermelink
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helene Heidegger
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hutter
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Department of PathologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Mahner
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Udo Jeschke
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Aurelia Vattai
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyUniversity Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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