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Gupta MK, Gouda G, Vadde R. Relation Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Evolutionary Insights, Perspectives and Controversies. Curr Obes Rep 2024:10.1007/s13679-024-00572-1. [PMID: 38850502 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-024-00572-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Since the mid-twentieth century, obesity and its related comorbidities, notably insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), have surged. Nevertheless, their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Evolutionary medicine (EM) sheds light on these issues by examining how evolutionary processes shape traits and diseases, offering insights for medical practice. This review summarizes the pathogenesis and genetics of obesity-related IR and T2D. Subsequently, delving into their evolutionary connections. Addressing limitations and proposing future research directions aims to enhance our understanding of these conditions, paving the way for improved treatments and prevention strategies. RECENT FINDINGS Several evolutionary hypotheses have been proposed to unmask the origin of obesity-related IR and T2D, e.g., the "thrifty genotype" hypothesis suggests that certain "thrifty genes" that helped hunter-gatherer populations efficiently store energy as fat during feast-famine cycles are now maladaptive in our modern obesogenic environment. The "drifty genotype" theory suggests that if thrifty genes were advantageous, they would have spread widely, but proposes genetic drift instead. The "behavioral switch" and "carnivore connection" hypotheses propose insulin resistance as an adaptation for a brain-dependent, low-carbohydrate lifestyle. The thrifty phenotype theory suggests various metabolic outcomes shaped by genes and environment during development. However, the majority of these hypotheses lack experimental validation. Understanding why ancestral advantages now predispose us to diseases may aid in drug development and prevention of disease. EM helps us to understand the evolutionary relation between obesity-related IR and T2D. But still gaps and contradictions persist. Further interdisciplinary research is required to elucidate complete mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - Gayatri Gouda
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006, Odisha, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vadde
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, 516005, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Asadi M, Nickhah Klashami Z, Panahi N, Oheb Y, Khorasani S, Amoli MM. ACE I/D gene polymorphisms and polycystic ovary syndrome manifestations. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:681-688. [PMID: 38932810 PMCID: PMC11196500 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-023-01335-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Objective Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common multifactorial endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. ACE enzyme is involved in the physiopathology of the ovarian system, and there are inconsistencies between studies regarding the association between ACE gene variants and PCOS. The objective of this study is to evaluate the association between ACE I/D gene polymorphisms and PCOS, as well as its clinical manifestations, in Iranian women with PCOS. Design This study included 140 patients with PCOS and 153 controls without the disease. Samples were collected from Yas Hospital Complex in Tehran-Iran during 2018 to 2022. Genomic DNA was obtained from whole blood samples using salt extraction, and genotyping was carried out using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results Variants of DD, ID, and II were observed in 31.4, 44.3, and 24.3% of PCOS, and 38.6, 44.1, and 17.2% of control group, respectively. The frequency of ACE gene variants did not differ between PCOS patients and control group. A significant difference was observed between the frequency of elevated LH to FSH ratio > 2 and ACE gene polymorphisms in patients with PCOS (OR: 0.32 (0.12-0.88), P value 0.024) with lower frequency observed in D allele carriers. Conclusion This study indicate that although ACE I/D variants frequency in PCOS women is similar to non-PCOS women, it may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease through mechanisms regulating steroidogenesis in the ovary and suggests that ACE might be related to exacerbated clinical manifestations of PCOS which requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Asadi
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Metabolomics and Genomics Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular- Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeynab Nickhah Klashami
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nekoo Panahi
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yodit Oheb
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Khorasani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa M. Amoli
- Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Molecular-Cellular Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ran C, Xiaoyan L, Wenjie Z, Xiaoyang Z, Ying N, Xiaoyong Q, Zhilan Y, Liangzhi X. Chromosomal polymorphisms and susceptibility to menstrual disorders: a retrospective analysis of 24,578 women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023; 308:1577-1585. [PMID: 37542663 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-023-07124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the association between the polymorphic variants of chromosomes and menstrual disorders. METHODS The data from our previous retrospective, single-center cohort study were re-analyzed. Women with regular menstruation were included as controls. Women with menstrual cycle abnormalities were subgrouped according to reproductive causes. The frequency of chromosomal polymorphisms was compared between groups. Regression analysis was used to adjust for potential confounding variables. RESULT A total of 24,578 women composed of 8062 women with regular cycles as the control group and 16,516 women as the menstrual cycle irregularity group were included. When compared with the control group, the incidence of chromosomal polymorphisms in the total menstrual cycle irregularity group, Polycystic ovary syndrome group, and Primary ovarian insufficiency group were significantly higher (4.49% versus 5.34%, P = 0.004, 4.49% versus 5.35%, P = 0.018 and 4.49% versus 5.94%, P = 0.002, respectively). The incidences of inv(9) in the Primary ovarian insufficiency group were significantly higher than that in the control individuals (1.0% versus 1.6%, P = 0.024). Logistic regression analysis showed an effect of chromosomal polymorphisms on menstrual cycle irregularity (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.234-2.187, P = 0.007; adjusted OR: 1.46, 95% CI: 1.153-1.819, P < 0.001). The result demonstrated an effect of chromosomal polymorphisms on the Primary ovarian insufficiency group (OR: 2.52, 95% CI: 1.307-5.177, P < 0.001; adjusted OR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.371-4.605, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The study suggests chromosomal polymorphisms adversely affect female menstrual cycle irregularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Ran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Luo Xiaoyan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Wenjie
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Xiaoyang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Nie Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Xiaoyong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhilan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Liangzhi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 20 Renmin South Road, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- The Joint Laboratory for Reproductive Medicine of Sichuan University-The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Reproductive Endocrinology and Regulation Laboratory, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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Rajput N, Gahlay GK. Identification and in silico Characterization of Deleterious Single Nucleotide Variations in Human ZP2 Gene. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:763166. [PMID: 34869353 PMCID: PMC8635754 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.763166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
ZP2, an important component of the zona matrix, surrounds mammalian oocytes and facilitates fertilization. Recently, some studies have documented the association of mutations in genes encoding the zona matrix with the infertile status of human females. Single nucleotide polymorphisms are the most common type of genetic variations observed in a population and as per the dbSNP database, around 5,152 SNPs are reported to exist in the human ZP2 (hZP2) gene. Although a wide range of computational tools are publicly available, yet no computational studies have been done to date to identify and analyze structural and functional effects of deleterious SNPs on hZP2. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive in silico analysis of all the SNPs found in hZP2. Six different computational tools including SIFT and PolyPhen-2 predicted 18 common nsSNPs as deleterious of which 12 were predicted to most likely affect the structure/functional properties. These were either present in the N-term region crucial for sperm-zona interaction or in the zona domain. 31 additional SNPs in both coding and non-coding regions were also identified. Interestingly, some of these SNPs have been found to be present in infertile females in some recent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rajput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, INDIA
| | - Gagandeep Kaur Gahlay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, INDIA
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Huang L, Wang L. Association between VEGF gene polymorphisms (11 sites) and polycystic ovary syndrome risk. Biosci Rep 2020; 40:BSR20191691. [PMID: 32003435 PMCID: PMC7070149 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20191691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in ovarian folliculogenesis and normal reproductive function. So far, several studies focusing on association between VEGF gene polymorphisms and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, above association between the VEGF gene polymorphisms and PCOS susceptibility is uncertain. Hence, we performed a timely meta-analysis containing all current publications to make clear this relationship. We searched articles from the PubMed, Embase and Chinese language (WanFang and CNKI) databases that were published up until May 10, 2019. Finally, we obtained 9 studies, containing 29 case-control studies and 11 different polymorphisms. The odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were revealed association strengths. There were significantly decreased associations between rs2010963 (-634), +9812, +405 polymorphisms and PCOS risk. Nevertheless, there existed increased associations between rs699947 (-2578), rs833061, rs1570360 (-1154), rs3025020, rs3025039 polymorphisms and PCOS susceptibility. Our current analysis suggested VEGF gene polymorphisms may be associated with PCOS risk, which is possible to be expected to become biomarkers of early detection for women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xishui Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Institute of Science and Technology, China
| | - Lunwen Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Xishui Hospital, Affiliated to Hubei Institute of Science and Technology, China
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Genotype-independent association between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovarian syndrome in Lahore, Pakistan. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2290. [PMID: 32042037 PMCID: PMC7010676 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Both vitamin D deficiency and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the gene encoding the vitamin D receptor (VDR) have been widely reported to associate with susceptibility to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A case-control study was conducted to study the influence of vitamin D status and genotpye for 24 SNPs in four genes in the vitamin D pathway (VDR, DBP, CYP27B1, CYP24A1) on PCOS. Statistical analyses were conducted to identify phenotypic and genotypic factors associated with risk of PCOS and to test for interactions between genotype and vitamin D status. PCOS was independently associated with lower age, higher body mass index, lower waist-hip ratio, vitamin D deficiency (serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration <10 ng/mL), lack of outdoor exercise, increased fasting glucose and a family history of PCOS in at least one first degree relative. No statistically significant association was observed between the genotype of any SNP investigated and risk of PCOS, either as a main effect or in interaction with vitamin D status. We report a strong and independent association between vitamin D deficiency and risk of PCOS in Pakistan, that was not modified by genetic variation in the vitamin D pathway.
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The effect of prednisolone on endometrial VGEF concentrations, Gene polymorphisms and pregnancy outcome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A retrospective cohort study. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 137:103081. [PMID: 31978749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome) occurs due to hyperandrogenism, excessive androgen, abnormal growth, steroidogenesis and seems to be associated with abnormal Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) level in serum. The treatment is provided on the basis of body symptoms to mute the excess production of hormone. The study assessed the effect of prednisolone treatment on the concentration of VEGF, pregnancy outcomes and variants of VEGF SNPs. In the current retrospective study, the samples were collected from PCOS female patients who received prednisolone and those who did not received it, were compared along with control, in terms of pregnancy results and the association complications. The results inferred that the prednisolone made the concentration of VEGF significantly to normal levels along with other pregnancy-related and growth-related hormones. But the reduced normal limits were achieved only among few patients whereas no significant improvement found in the women who received prednisolone and control, in terms of pregnancy outcomes or complications. Further, there were no relations between the impact of treatment and the variants of VEGF SNPs. To conclude, there is no solid evidence found in the current study with regards to notable beneficial effect when the patients were treated with prednisolone, either in pregnancy outcomes or VEGF SNPs. The current study results should be considered only as a preliminary one since the genetic polymorphisms tend to exhibit different results based on population, ethnic groups etc. The results yielded may not be generalized due to differences in genetic background.
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Bao L, Syed R, Aloahd MS. Analysis of VEGF gene polymorphisms and serum VEGF protein levels contribution in polycystic ovary syndrome of patients. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:5821-5829. [PMID: 31385237 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05015-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a well-known factor in reproductive function and contributes to the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Genetic variations in VEGFA gene were suggested to contribute alterations in VEGF secretion and PCOS. This study evaluated the association of VEGFA SNPs with altered VEGF secretion level and PCOS among ethnically-matched control women. This prospective case-control study was conducted from 2016 to 2018 and comprised of 55 women with PCOS and 52 control subjects. ELISA was used to measure VEGF levels; and various other related bio chemicals whereas the genotyping of VEGFA variants was performed through the analysis of nine SNPs of VEGF. PRL, E2, PRGE testosterone and glucose level were found to be insignificantly different. The levels of FSH, LH, LH/FSH, TT, insulin, SHBG and HOMA-IR were significantly higher in the study group. Among the nine tested variants of VEGF SNPs, two SNPs rs3025020 and rs833061, consisted of TT (Recessive and Dominant homozygous, respectively) which were marginally higher in test. The SNP rs1570360 had significantly higher GG allele (32.73%) which was recessive homozygous. There was no significant difference observed in genotype frequencies related to higher value of VEGF. The genotype frequencies for the studied SNPs were in alignment with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). The mean serum VEGF levels got significantly increased in PCOS group. No significant association was found between VEGF genotypes and its serum levels. VEGF levels in rs699947 (AA-major homozygous), rs3025039 (CC-major homozygous) and rs833061 (TT & CC-major & minor homozygous) genotypes were significantly higher in PCOS. The study results evidently proved that the allelic variants in genes may be a factor for PCOS and VEGF serum levels with respect to few SNP variants only. These findings indicated that VEGF may be involved in PCOS status and confirmed the previous association between genetic variants in VEGF, serum level of VEGF protein and PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Bao
- The International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Municipal Key Clinical Specialty, Shanghai, China
| | - Rabbani Syed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, PO Box 2457, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa Sawsan Aloahd
- College of Life Science, Maulana Azad College of Arts and Science, Aurangabad, India.
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Ajmal N, Khan SZ, Shaikh R. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and genetic predisposition: A review article. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol X 2019; 3:100060. [PMID: 31403134 PMCID: PMC6687436 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurox.2019.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous condition which is related to an endocrine reproductive disorder of females. It affects females of 18-44 age. The persistent hormonal disbalance leads to the complexities such as numerous cysts, an irregular menstrual cycle that ultimately leads to infertility among females. Many candidate genes have been identified to be one of the causes of PCOS. Different studies have been carried out to find the genetic correlation of PCOS. It is essential to carry out such studies that identify the clear cause of PCOS and its genetic association and hormonal disbalance. This review has highlighted different genes and their correlation with PCOS that leads to hormonal disbalance. Yet not in-depth but an attempt to study the genetic predisposition of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rozeena Shaikh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Informatics, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences (BUITEMS), Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan
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Smith SM, Zwart SR. Spaceflight-related ocular changes: the potential role of genetics, and the potential of B vitamins as a countermeasure. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2018; 21:481-488. [PMID: 30169456 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Within the last decade, it was realized that during and after long-duration spaceflight, some astronauts experience ophthalmic abnormalities including refractive changes, optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal folds, and cotton wool spots. Much research has been initiated and conducted, but little evidence is available to differentiate affected crewmembers. RECENT FINDINGS The first published data to distinguish between affected and nonaffected crewmembers identified biochemical differences in affected astronauts: one-carbon pathway metabolite concentrations were higher in these individuals than in nonaffected astronauts, even before flight. These data led to findings that genetics and B-vitamin status were predictors of the incidence of the ophthalmic abnormalities. A multihit hypothesis was developed, with genetics and B-vitamin status as two of several important elements that all contribute to endothelial dysfunction and ultimately to ophthalmic changes after flight. One of these contributing factors - response to carbon dioxide exposure - was recently documented to be affected by the same one-carbon pathway genetics. SUMMARY This line of research may help identify which astronauts are at risk of these ophthalmic changes, and allow targeted treatment. This research may have implications for clinical populations, including patients with polycystic ovary syndrome, that have similar biochemical, endocrine, and genetic characteristics, and it may shed light on why links between cardiovascular disease and the metabolites homocysteine and folate have been elusive and confounded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Smith
- NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Cetkovic N, Pellicano R, Bjelica A, Abenavoli L. Polycystic ovary syndrome and vitamin D serum levels. MINERVA ENDOCRINOL 2018; 44:82-84. [PMID: 29991213 DOI: 10.23736/s0391-1977.18.02887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Cetkovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Artur Bjelica
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Center of Vojvodina, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, "Magna Graecia" University, Catanzaro, Italy -
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