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Zhang L, Liu J, Gao D, Li D. Role of ghrelin in promoting catch-up growth and maintaining metabolic homeostasis in small-for-gestational-age infants. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1395571. [PMID: 38903769 PMCID: PMC11187245 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1395571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Small-for-gestational age (SGA) has been a great concern in the perinatal period as it leads to adverse perinatal outcomes and increased neonatal morbidity and mortality, has an impact on long-term health outcomes, and increases the risk of metabolic disorders, cardiovascular, and endocrine diseases in adulthood. As an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagotor (GHS-R), ghrelin may play an important role in regulating growth and energy metabolic homeostasis from fetal to adult life. We reviewed the role of ghrelin in catch-up growth and energy metabolism of SGA in recent years. In addition to promoting SGA catch-up growth, ghrelin may also participate in SGA energy metabolism and maintain metabolic homeostasis. The causes of small gestational age infants are very complex and may be related to a variety of metabolic pathway disorders. The related signaling pathways regulated by ghrelin may help to identify high-risk groups of SGA metabolic disorders and formulate targeted interventions to prevent the occurrence of adult dwarfism, insulin resistance-related metabolic syndrome and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Jingfei Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Dalian Women and Children’s Medical Group, Dalian, China
| | - Dianyong Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, Lushunkou District People’s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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Page L, Younge N, Freemark M. Hormonal Determinants of Growth and Weight Gain in the Human Fetus and Preterm Infant. Nutrients 2023; 15:4041. [PMID: 37764824 PMCID: PMC10537367 DOI: 10.3390/nu15184041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling linear growth and weight gain in the human fetus and newborn infant are poorly understood. We review here the changes in linear growth, weight gain, lean body mass, and fat mass during mid- and late gestation and the early postnatal period in the context of changes in the secretion and action of maternal, placental, fetal, and neonatal hormones, growth factors, and adipocytokines. We assess the effects of hormonal determinants on placental nutrient delivery and the impact of preterm delivery on hormone expression and postnatal growth and metabolic function. We then discuss the effects of various maternal disorders and nutritional and pharmacologic interventions on fetal and perinatal hormone and growth factor production, growth, and fat deposition and consider important unresolved questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Page
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Noelle Younge
- Neonatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Michael Freemark
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
- The Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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3
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Boudry G, Cahu A, Romé V, Janvier R, Louvois M, Catheline D, Rioux V, Le Huërou-Luron I, Blat S. The ghrelin system follows a precise post-natal development in mini-pigs that is not impacted by dietary medium chain fatty-acids. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1010586. [PMID: 36225304 PMCID: PMC9549131 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1010586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ghrelin-ghrelin receptor (GHSR1) system is one of the most important mechanisms regulating food intake and energy balance. To be fully active, ghrelin is acylated with medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) through the ghrelin-O-acetyl transferase (GOAT). Several studies reported an impact of dietary MCFA on ghrelin acylation in adults. Our study aimed at describing early post-natal development of the ghrelin system in mini-pigs as a model of human neonates and evaluating the impact of dietary MCFA. Suckled mini-pigs were sacrificed at post-natal day (PND) 0, 2, 5, and 10 or at adult stage. In parallel, other mini-pigs were fed from birth to PND10 a standard or a dairy lipid-enriched formula with increased MCFA concentration (DL-IF). Plasma ghrelin transiently peaked at PND2, with no variation of the acylated fraction except in adults where it was greater than during the neonatal period. Levels of mRNA coding pre-proghrelin (GHRL) and GOAT in the antrum did not vary during the post-natal period but dropped in adults. Levels of antral pcsk1/3 (cleaving GHRL into ghrelin) mRNA decreased significantly with age and was negatively correlated with plasma acylated, but not total, ghrelin. Hypothalamic ghsr1 mRNA did not vary in neonates but increased in adults. The DL-IF formula enriched antral tissue with MCFA but did not impact the ghrelin system. In conclusion, the ghrelin maturation enzyme PCSK1/3 gene expression exhibited post-natal modifications parallel to transient variations in circulating plasma ghrelin level in suckling piglets but dietary MCFA did not impact this post-natal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Boudry
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- *Correspondence: Gaëlle Boudry,
| | - Armelle Cahu
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Véronique Romé
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Régis Janvier
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Margaux Louvois
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
| | - Daniel Catheline
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- Institut Agro, Rennes, France
| | - Vincent Rioux
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
- Institut Agro, Rennes, France
| | | | - Sophie Blat
- Institut Numecan, INRAE, INSERM, Univ Rennes, Saint-Gilles-Rennes, France
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Blood Acylated Ghrelin Concentrations in Healthy Term Newborns: A Prospective Cohort Study. Int J Pediatr 2022; 2022:9317425. [PMID: 35251188 PMCID: PMC8894044 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9317425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The effect of ghrelin, a growth hormone (GH) secretagogue on growth of neonates, has been studied in the past, but not fully clarified. We aimed to investigate the relationship between ghrelin and growth parameters at birth and at the age of three months in healthy term infants. Methodology. This was a prospective observational study carried out in a tertiary care hospital. Eighty-four infants born at gestational ages between 37 and 42 weeks and classified as term small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA) were included in the study. Estimation of acylated ghrelin (AG) concentrations was done in the cord blood at birth and in venous blood at the age of 3 months in all the infants. The correlation between AG concentrations and growth parameters at birth and at 3 months was studied. Results AG concentrations were significantly higher in SGA (236.16 ± 152.4 pg/ml) than AGA neonates (59.45 ± 20.95 pg/ml) at birth. Concentrations were observed to be negatively correlated with birth weight (r = −0.34, p value 0.03), birth length, and head circumference (r = −0.509 and -0.376, respectively) in SGA neonates. However, at 3 months, AG concentrations did not correlate with changes in anthropometric parameters in both the groups. Conclusion Cord acylated ghrelin concentrations are higher in SGA neonates, and the concentrations are inversely proportional to the birth weight. Hence, its role as a surrogate marker for intrauterine nutrition can be suggested. However, its concentrations do not correlate with anthropometric parameters in early postnatal growth, suggesting it may not have a direct role in postnatal growth.
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He H, Zhu WT, Nuyt AM, Marc I, Julien P, Huang R, Dubois L, Wei SQ, Zhang J, Levy E, Fraser WD, Luo ZC. Cord Blood IGF-I, Proinsulin, Leptin, HMW Adiponectin, and Ghrelin in Short or Skinny Small-for-Gestational-Age Infants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:e3049-e3057. [PMID: 33738477 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Small-for-gestational-age (SGA) is an indicator of poor fetal growth "programming" an elevated risk of type 2 diabetes in adulthood. Little is known about early-life endocrine characteristics in SGA subtypes. Stunting (short) and wasting (skinny) are considered distinct SGA phenotypes in neonatal prognosis. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to assess whether SGA infants with stunting or wasting have similar alterations in neonatal endocrine metabolic health biomarkers. METHODS This was a nested case-control study based on the 3D (Design, Develop, and Discover) birth cohort in Canada. The study subjects were 146 SGA (birth weight < 10th percentile) and 155 optimal-for-gestational age (OGA, 25th-75th percentiles) infants. Stunting was defined as birth length less than the 10th percentile, and wasting as body mass index less than the 10th percentile for sex and gestational age, respectively. Main outcome measures included cord plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), proinsulin, leptin, high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin, and ghrelin. RESULTS Comparing to OGA infants adjusted for maternal and neonatal characteristics, SGA infants with either stunting only or wasting only had lower cord plasma IGF-I and leptin concentrations. HMW adiponectin concentrations were lower in SGA infants with wasting only (P = .004), but similar in SGA infants with stunting only (P = .816). Only SGA infants with both stunting and wasting had substantially lower proinsulin (P < .001) and higher ghrelin concentrations (P < .001) than OGA infants. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that SGA infants with wasting only are characterized by low HMW adiponectin concentrations, whereas those with stunting only are not. SGA with both stunting and wasting are characterized by low proinsulin and high ghrelin concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Behavioral Pediatrics and Child Primary Care, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Wen-Ting Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada
- Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Isabelle Marc
- CHU-Quebec Laval University Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Pierre Julien
- CHU-Quebec Laval University Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Rong Huang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Lise Dubois
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa K1G 5Z3, Canada
| | - Shu-Qin Wei
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Jun Zhang
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Behavioral Pediatrics and Child Primary Care, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Emile Levy
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Department of Behavioral Pediatrics and Child Primary Care, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Prosserman Centre for Population Health Research, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto M5G 1X5, Canada
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González-Domínguez MI, Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy ML, Zaina S, Sabanero M, Daza-Benítez L, Malacara JM, Barbosa-Sabanero G. Association of cord blood des-acyl ghrelin with birth weight, and placental GHS-R1 receptor expression in SGA, AGA, and LGA newborns. Endocrine 2016; 53:182-91. [PMID: 26754660 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-015-0833-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although ghrelin in cord blood has been associated to birth weight, its role in fetal and postnatal growth has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to analyze total ghrelin, acyl ghrelin (AG), and des-acyl ghrelin (DAG) in cord blood of newborns with idiopathic birth weight alterations, and to evaluate protein expression of placental GHS-R1, in order to investigate their correlation with birth weight and placental weight. We performed a cross-sectional comparative study in umbilical cord blood and placentas from healthy mothers of SGA, AGA, and LGA (small, adequate and large for gestational age) term newborns (n = 20 per group). Cord blood total ghrelin, AG, and DAG were measured by ELISA, and placental GHS-R1 expression was evaluated by Western blot. Cord blood DAG was higher in SGA compared to AGA newborns (902.1 ± 109.1 and 597.4 ± 58.2 pg/ml, respectively, p = 0.01) while LGA and AGA showed similar values (627.2 ± 76.4 pg/ml for LGA, p = 0.80). DAG negatively correlated with birthweight (r = -0.31, p = 0.02) and placental weight (r = -0.33, p = 0.02). No differences in AG or total ghrelin were found. GHS-R1 protein in placenta was not differentially expressed among SGA, AGA, and LGA. Our results suggest a role of DAG in intrauterine growth. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the mechanisms by which DAG participates in fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha I González-Domínguez
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Maria-Luisa Lazo-de-la-Vega-Monroy
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Silvio Zaina
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Myrna Sabanero
- Biology Department, Natural and Exact Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Guanajuato Campus, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Juan Manuel Malacara
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Gloria Barbosa-Sabanero
- Medical Sciences Department, Health Sciences Division, University of Guanajuato, Leon Campus. 20 de Enero No. 929 Col. Obregon, 37320, Leon, Guanajuato, Mexico.
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Beauloye V, Diene G, Kuppens R, Zech F, Winandy C, Molinas C, Faye S, Kieffer I, Beckers D, Nergårdh R, Hauffa B, Derycke C, Delhanty P, Hokken-Koelega A, Tauber M. High unacylated ghrelin levels support the concept of anorexia in infants with prader-willi syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016; 11:56. [PMID: 27146407 PMCID: PMC4855494 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with different nutritional phases from suckling deficit with failure to thrive to early onset of obesity. Hyperghrelinemia has been described in PWS long before the development of obesity. Ghrelin is found in both acylated (AG) and unacylated (UAG) forms in the circulation. In contrast to AG, UAG has been shown to inhibit food intake and to be elevated in anorexia nervosa. The present project is aiming to determine the underlying mechanisms driving the different nutritional phases in PWS. Methods Measurement of at least 4 h-fasting plasma acylated and unacylated ghrelin in 37 infants with a genetic diagnosis of PWS aged from 1 month to 4 years and in 100 age-matched controls without endocrine disorder recruited prior to minor surgery. One blood sampling was analysed for each patient/control and clinical data were recorded. Eleven PWS infants underwent repetitive blood samples at 3 or 6-month intervals during routine visits. Results In infants with PWS, AG is not elevated (p = 0.45), UAG is significantly higher (p = 0.0044; confidence interval 1.06;1.33) resulting in a low AG/UAG ratio (p = 0.0056; confidence interval 0.76;0.95) compared to controls. Conclusion Unlike children and adults with PWS that have high AG and AG/UAG ratio, infants with PWS have elevated UAG that supports the concept of anorexia in the early phases of the disease. The change in AG/UAG ratio possibly drives the switch from failure to thrive to obesity. Clinical trial registration NCT02529085. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0440-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Beauloye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Gwenaelle Diene
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Renske Kuppens
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francis Zech
- IREC, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Coralie Winandy
- Unité d'Endocrinologie pédiatrique, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1300, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Catherine Molinas
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandy Faye
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Kieffer
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France
| | - Dominique Beckers
- Unité d'Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, CHU Dinant Godinne, Yvoir, Belgium
| | - Ricard Nergårdh
- Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Berthold Hauffa
- Department of Endocrinology, University Children's Hospital, Essen, Germany
| | - Christine Derycke
- BESPEED (Belgian Society for Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Delhanty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Hokken-Koelega
- Dutch Growth Research Foundation, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maithé Tauber
- Unité d'Endocrinologie, Obésité, Maladies Osseuses, Génétique et Gynécologie Médicale. Centre de Référence du Syndrome de Prader-Willi, Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,Axe Pédiatrique du CIC 9302/INSERM. Hôpital des Enfants, Toulouse, France.,INSERM U1043, Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Unité d'Endocrinologie, Hôpital des Enfants, 330, Avenue de Grande Bretagne, TSA 70034, 31059, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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Luo ZC, Bilodeau JF, Nuyt AM, Fraser WD, Julien P, Audibert F, Xiao L, Garofalo C, Levy E. Perinatal Oxidative Stress May Affect Fetal Ghrelin Levels in Humans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17881. [PMID: 26643495 PMCID: PMC4672324 DOI: 10.1038/srep17881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro cell model studies have shown that oxidative stress may affect beta-cell function. It is unknown whether oxidative stress may affect metabolic health in human fetuses/newborns. In a singleton pregnancy cohort (n = 248), we studied maternal (24–28 weeks gestation) and cord plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA), F2-isoprostanes] in relation to fetal metabolic health biomarkers including cord plasma glucose-to-insulin ratio (an indicator of insulin sensitivity), proinsulin-to-insulin ratio (an indicator of beta-cell function), insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations. Strong positive correlations were observed between maternal and cord plasma biomarkers of oxidative stress (r = 0.33 for MDA, r = 0.74 for total F2-isoprostanes, all p < 0.0001). Adjusting for gestational age at blood sampling, cord plasma ghrelin concentrations were consistently negatively correlated to oxidative stress biomarkers in maternal (r = −0.32, p < 0.0001 for MDA; r = −0.31, p < 0.0001 for F2-isoprostanes) or cord plasma (r = −0.13, p = 0.04 for MDA; r = −0.32, p < 0.0001 for F2-isoprostanes). Other fetal metabolic health biomarkers were not correlated to oxidative stress. Adjusting for maternal and pregnancy characteristics, similar associations were observed. Our study provides the first preliminary evidence suggesting that oxidative stress may affect fetal ghrelin levels in humans. The implications in developmental “programming” the vulnerability to metabolic syndrome related disorders remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Cheng Luo
- Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China 200092.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Jean-François Bilodeau
- Departments of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Medicine University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Anne Monique Nuyt
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nutrition University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - William D Fraser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada J1H 5N4
| | - Pierre Julien
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Molecular and Oncologic Endocrinology and Human Genomics Research Center, Quebec City, Canada G1V 4G2.,Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Research Center, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada G1V 4G2
| | - Francois Audibert
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Lin Xiao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatrics University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Carole Garofalo
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
| | - Emile Levy
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada H3T 1C5
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