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Tai Y, Shang J. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the tumor progression of adrenocortical carcinoma. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1260701. [PMID: 38269250 PMCID: PMC10806569 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1260701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon, aggressive endocrine malignancy with a high rate of recurrence, a poor prognosis, and a propensity for metastasis. Currently, only mitotane has received certification from both the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency for the therapy of advanced ACC. However, treatment in the advanced periods of the disorders is ineffective and has serious adverse consequences. Completely surgical excision is the only cure but has failed to effectively improve the survival of advanced patients. The aberrantly activated Wnt/β-catenin pathway is one of the catalysts for adrenocortical carcinogenesis. Research has concentrated on identifying methods that can prevent the stimulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and are safe and advantageous for patients in view of the absence of effective treatments and the frequent alteration of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in ACC. Comprehending the complex connection between the development of ACC and Wnt/β-catenin signaling is essential for accurate pharmacological targets. In this review, we summarize the potential targets between adrenocortical carcinoma and the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. We analyze the relevant targets of drugs or inhibitors that act on the Wnt pathway. Finally, we provide new insights into how drugs or inhibitors may improve the treatment of ACC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghao Tai
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jiwen Shang
- Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Ambulatory Surgery, Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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2
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Al Shareef Z, Ershaid MNA, Mudhafar R, Soliman SSM, Kypta RM. Dickkopf-3: An Update on a Potential Regulator of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235822. [PMID: 36497305 PMCID: PMC9738550 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dickkopf-3 (Dkk-3) is a member of the Dickkopf family protein of secreted Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) antagonists that appears to modulate regulators of the host microenvironment. In contrast to the clear anti-tumorigenic effects of Dkk-3-based gene therapies, the role of endogenous Dkk-3 in cancer is context-dependent, with elevated expression associated with tumor promotion and suppression in different settings. The receptors and effectors that mediate the diverse effects of Dkk-3 have not been characterized in detail, contributing to an ongoing mystery of its mechanism of action. This review compares the various functions of Dkk-3 in the tumor microenvironment, where Dkk-3 has been found to be expressed by subpopulations of fibroblasts, endothelial, and immune cells, in addition to epithelial cells. We also discuss how the activation or inhibition of Dkk-3, depending on tumor type and context, might be used to treat different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab Al Shareef
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +971-6505-7250
| | - Mai Nidal Asad Ershaid
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rula Mudhafar
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sameh S. M. Soliman
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah P.O. Box 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Robert M. Kypta
- CIC BioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, BRTA, Bizkaia Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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Guo Q, Chu Y, Li H, Shi D, Lin L, Lan W, Wu D. Dickkopf-related protein 3 alters aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 cells, promoting CD4 + T-cell activation and function. Eur J Med Res 2021; 26:93. [PMID: 34391478 PMCID: PMC8364117 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-021-00567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the value of Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) on aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer cells, where DKK3-overexpression is used to determine its effects on CD4+ T cells. Methods The BxPC-3-DKK3 cell line was constructed, and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) was prepared. After isolated the CD4+ T cells, the lactic acid, glucose uptake ability, cellular viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and markers were detected by PCR and western blot, and the concentrations of multiple cytokines were determined using the ELISA method. Results After co-culture with pancreatic cancer cells overexpressing DKK3, the glucose uptake markedly, proliferation enhanced and apoptosis inhibited in CD4+ T cells. The co-culture model also revealed that DKK3-overexpression promotes the activation and regulates the metabolism and function of CD4+ T cells. Conclusions DKK3 alters the metabolic microenvironment of pancreatic cancer cells and further facilitates the function of CD4+ T cells which suggesting that DKK3 may have a therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqu Guo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yiming Chu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dike Shi
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lele Lin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weifeng Lan
- Department of Surgery, Suichang County Hospital, No. 143 North Street, Suichang County, Lishui City, 323300, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, 310009, Zhejiang, China.
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Liu C, Yu F, Ma R, Zhang L, Du G, Niu D, Yin D. Cep63 knockout inhibits the malignant phenotypes of papillary thyroid cancer cell line TPC‑1. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:199. [PMID: 34296302 PMCID: PMC8317149 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to observe the expression of the centrosomal protein 63 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) tissues and cells and to explore the clinical significance of Cep63 expression in PTC. Primary PTC tissues and matched normal thyroid tissues were collected, and the Cep63 expression level was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting. A stable Cep63-knockout cell line was constructed to assess the proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis abilities in vitro. A subcutaneous tumorigenesis model was established in nude mice to evaluate the effect of Cep63 on tumor growth and proliferation in vivo. Western blotting was used to explore the relevant signaling pathways. The results revealed that the expression level of Cep63 in PTC tissues was significantly increased. The proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of TPC-1 cells were decreased after Cep63 knockout, and silencing of Cep63 resulted in TPC-1 cell cycle arrest in the S phase. Mechanistically, Cep63 knockout inhibited the activation of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway. In conclusion, Cep63 knockout significantly inhibited biological functions of TPC-1 cells in vitro and in vivo, indicating that Cep63 may be an important oncogene of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Fangqin Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Runsheng Ma
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Gongbo Du
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Dongpeng Niu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Detao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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Yu F, Ma R, Liu C, Zhang L, Feng K, Wang M, Yin D. SQSTM1/p62 Promotes Cell Growth and Triggers Autophagy in Papillary Thyroid Cancer by Regulating the AKT/AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Oncol 2021; 11:638701. [PMID: 33937040 PMCID: PMC8082099 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.638701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thyroid cancer is one of the most common endocrine malignancies worldwide, and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most common pathologic type of thyroid cancer. SQSTM1/p62 activity mediates different biological functions. This study aimed to investigate the effect of SQSTM1/p62, a multifunctional receptor, on biological function and autophagy characteristics in the human PTC cell line TPC-1. Methods A total of 105 primary PTC samples and matched adjacent normal thyroid tissue samples were obtained to evaluate the expression of p62 in clinical patients. A similar p62 expression pattern was found in PTC cell lines and normal human thyroid follicular epithelial cells. To evaluate the effect of SQSTM1/p62 on TPC-1 cells, we constructed the p62 knockout cell line p62-KO-TPC-1. Cell proliferation, cell cycle, and cell apoptosis were analyzed by colony formation tests, Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assays and flow cytometry in vitro. TPC-1 and p62-KO-TPC-1 human PTC cell lines in the logarithmic growth phase were subcutaneously implanted into BALB/c nude mice to verify their proliferation effect in vivo. Furthermore, western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to detect the expression of AKT/AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins. Results Overall, p62 expression was higher in tumor tissues than in normal tissues in 73 of 105 PTC patients (69.5%). The expression level of p62 in the PTC cell line was higher than that in the normal thyroid cell line. Our data indicated that in vitro, p62 deficiency could decrease the number of colonies, inhibit cell growth and the cell cycle, and induce apoptosis. Tumor xenograft experiments in BALB/c nude mice corroborated these findings. Moreover, the molecular mechanism was explored by western blotting, and we found that the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway was involved. Conclusions The results indicate that p62 might mediate cell autophagy and apoptosis in TPC-1 cells via the AMPK/AKT/mTOR pathway and could be used as a potential therapeutic approach for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangqin Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Runsheng Ma
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenguang Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kaixiang Feng
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meiqi Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Detao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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6
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Hu Y, Liu M, Xu S, Li S, Yang M, Su T, Yuan Z, Peng H. The Clinical Significance of Dickkopf Wnt Signaling Pathway Inhibitor Gene Family in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927368. [PMID: 33281184 PMCID: PMC7706141 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dickkopf Wnt signaling pathway inhibitor (DKK) gene family, which is known to inhibit the Wnt regulation process, is widely found in cancers. However, the roles and functions of specific family members in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are still unclear. MATERIAL AND METHODS Online bioinformatics tools (Oncomine, UALCAN, Kaplan-Meier plotter, GEPIA, Metascape, and STRING) were used to analyze the relationships between distinct DKKs and HNSCC. The transcriptome expression, clinical association, functions, pathways, and protein-protein interaction networks of DKKs in HNSCC were explored. RESULTS The mRNA expression of DKK1, DKK3, and Dickkopf-like acrosomal protein 1 (DKKL1) in HNSCC was significantly higher than in normal tissues, while that of DKK4 was lower. The mRNA expression of DKK1, DKK3, and DKKL1 was elevated in higher-grade HNSCC. The mRNA expression of DKK1 and DKK3 was elevated in human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative HNSCC, while DKKL1 had a higher mRNA expression in HPV-positive HNSCC. In addition, DKK1 was significantly associated with unfavorable overall survival in HNSCC patients. DKK3 was more likely to be a negative factor for the 5-year survival rate, while DKK4 was the opposite. DKK1 function was mainly enriched in GTPase-mediated signal transduction. Porcupine O-acyltransferase, a key regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway, was also associated with DKK1 in the protein-protein interaction network. CONCLUSIONS With regard to improving the therapeutic strategies of HNSCC in the future, DKK1 could be an unfavorable prognostic biomarker. DKK3, DKK4, and DKKL1 might be potential biomarkers for HNSCC.
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Gondkar K, Patel K, Patil Okaly GV, Nair B, Pandey A, Gowda H, Kumar P. Dickkopf Homolog 3 (DKK3) Acts as a Potential Tumor Suppressor in Gallbladder Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1121. [PMID: 31737564 PMCID: PMC6828847 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a common malignancy of biliary tract cancers and its incidence has been rising rapidly worldwide. The prognosis for this disease is dismal as most of the symptoms are non-specific leading to a definitive diagnosis only at a late stage. Loss of DKK3 gene is associated with a possible tumor suppressor role in human cancers. The role and regulation of DKK3 in GBC have not been studied. We found that DKK3 expression levels were low in GBC patients and cell lines. Treatment of GBC cell lines with demethylating agent 5-Aza- 2'-deoxycytidine enhances its expression, establishing impact of methylation on DKK3 expression. We observed low expression of DKK3 in gallbladder adenocarcinoma tumors and highly invasive GBC cell lines. We showed that overexpression of DKK3 can decrease cell invasion, proliferation, and colony forming ability of GBC cells. Our data thus demonstrated the DKK3 gene is a potential tumor suppressor gene in GBC and aberrant promoter methylation could be involved in its downregulation, which may play a role in the tumorigenesis and aggressiveness of GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Gondkar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Krishna Patel
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Geeta V Patil Okaly
- Department of Pathology, Kidwai Memorial Institute of Oncology, Bangalore, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Tech Park, Bangalore, India.,Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
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Pei Y, Tang Z, Cai M, Yao Q, Xie B, Zhang X. The E2F3/miR-125a/DKK3 regulatory axis promotes the development and progression of gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:212. [PMID: 31423109 PMCID: PMC6693087 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumours with high mortality and metastasis rates. E2F3, miR-125a and DKK3 have been reported to be involved in various cancer types, but their detailed roles in GC have not been fully understood. Methods A QRT-PCR assay was used to examine the expression of E2F3, miR-125a and DKK3 in metastatic and nonmetastatic GC tissues. DKK3 plasmids, DKK3 shRNA, miR-125a mimic and miR-125a inhibitor were transfected into BGC823 cells to evaluate the biological functions of DKK3 and miR-125a. A scratch wound healing assay and Transwell assay were utilized to determine the migratory and invasive ability of BGC823 cells transfected with the DKK3 plasmids, DKK3 shRNA, miR-125a mimic and miR-125a inhibitor. Moreover, qRT-PCR and WB analysis were used to analyse the mRNA and protein expression levels of metastasis-related genes after proper transfection. The target relationship between miR-125a and the DKK3 mRNA 3′UTR was determined by a dual luciferase reporter assay, while the interaction between E2F3 and miR-125a was analysed by a ChIP assay. Results The clinical data showed that the DKK3 expression level in metastatic GC samples was significantly less than that in nonmetastatic GC samples, whereas the E2F3 and miR-125a expression levels in metastatic GC samples were notably greater than those in nonmetastatic GC samples. Moreover, knockdown of DKK3 and overexpression of miR-125a markedly promoted the migratory and invasive abilities of GC cells. Additionally, the protein and mRNA expression levels of metastasis-related genes, including N-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP2 and MMP9, were markedly decreased in the DKK3 and miR-125a inhibitor groups compared to their control groups and markedly increased in the DKK3 shRNA and miR-125a groups compared with the control group. Finally, a dual luciferase reporter assay and ChIP assay showed that E2F3 binds to the miR-125a promoter and that the DKK3 mRNA 3′UTR is a direct target of miR-125a. Furthermore, analysis of Kaplan–Meier curves also confirmed the regulatory role of E2F3 on miR-125a. Additionally, BGC823 cells transfected with E2F3 plasmids and shRNA downregulated and upregulated the expression of DKK3, respectively. Conclusion Our results suggested that E2F3 might play a tumour-promoting role in the metastasis and progression of GC by regulating the miR-125a/DKK3 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Pei
- 1Central Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, No. 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Zhiteng Tang
- 2Department of Pathology, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Minjing Cai
- 3Department of Center of Clinical Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Qin Yao
- 1Central Laboratory, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, No. 201 Hubin South Road, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Bozhen Xie
- 4Department of Spine Surgery, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
| | - Xin Zhang
- 5Department of Rehabilitation, ZhongShan Hospital XiaMen University, Xiamen, 361004 Fujian China
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Feng Z, Song Y, Qian J, Chen T, Yang C, Jia L, Liu C, Liu P, Lv J, Deng Z. Differential expression of a set of microRNA genes reveals the potential mechanism of papillary thyroid carcinoma. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2019; 80:77-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Chen GY, Zheng HC. The clinicopathological and prognostic significances of Dkk3 expression in cancers: A bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Biomark 2019; 23:323-331. [PMID: 29843219 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-181245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dkk3 protein attenuates the expression of Wnt3a, Wnt5a and LRP6, and their interaction, and interacts with βTrCP to suppress wnt/β-catenin pathway. METHODS We performed a bioinformatics analysis of Dkk3 mRNA expression through Oncomine, TCGA and Kaplan-Meier plotter databases up to July 10, 2017. RESULTS Up-regulated Dkk3 expression was higher in gastric, breast, and ovarian cancers than normal tissues (p< 0.05). Bitter's database showed a higher Dkk3 expression in ovarian cytoadenocarcinoma than clear cell adenocarcinoma (p< 0.05). Dkk3 was more expressed in ductal breast cancer in situ than invasive ductal breast cancer (p< 0.05), in mixed lobular and ductal cancer, and lobular cancer than ductal breast cancer (p< 0.05). In TCGA data, Dkk3 expression was lower in gastric cancers with than without Barret's esophagus (p< 0.05), in intestinal-type than diffuse-type cancers (p< 0.05), and in the cancers of elder than younger patients (p< 0.05). Dkk3 expression was higher in squamous cell carcinoma than adenocarcinoma (p< 0.05). Dkk3 expression was higher in ductal than lobular breast cancer, or in younger than elder patients with breast cancer (p< 0.05). According to Kaplan-Meier plotter, Dkk3 expression was negatively correlated with overall, progression-free, relapse-free or distant-metastasis-free survival rate of gastric, breast or ovarian cancer patients, but versa for lung cancer patients (p< 0.05). CONCLUSION Dkk3 expression might be employed as a potential marker to indicate carcinogenesis and histogenesis, even prognosis.
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Zarkesh M, Zadeh-Vakili A, Azizi F, Foroughi F, Akhavan MM, Hedayati M. Altered Epigenetic Mechanisms in Thyroid Cancer Subtypes. Mol Diagn Ther 2018; 22:41-56. [PMID: 28986854 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-017-0303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is the most frequent malignant neoplasm of the endocrine system. Molecular methods for diagnosis of invasive thyroid disease can be effectively adopted. Epigenetic factors play an important role in the diversity patterns of gene expression and the phenotypic and biological characteristics of TC subtypes. We aimed to review epigenetic changes in the main subtypes of TC, along with a presentation of the methods that have examined these changes, and active clinical trials for the treatment of advanced TCs targeting epigenetic changes. A literature analysis was performed in MEDLINE using PubMed, Elsevier, and Google Scholar for studies published up to 2016, using the keywords: "Epigenetic alterations" OR "Epigenetic changes", "thyroid cancers", "papillary thyroid cancer", "medullary thyroid cancer", "follicular thyroid cancer", and "anaplastic thyroid cancer", which resulted in 310 articles in English. All related abstracts were reviewed and studies were included that were published in English, had available full text, and determined the details of the methods and materials associated with the epigenetic patterns of TC and its subtypes (100 articles). Analysis of epigenetic alterations in TC subtypes helps to identify pathogenesis and can play an important role in the classification and diagnosis of tumors. Epigenetic mechanisms, especially aberrant methylation of DNA and microRNAs (miRs), are likely to play an important role in thyroid tumorigenesis. Further studies are required to elucidate the role of histone modification mechanisms in TC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zarkesh
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Zadeh-Vakili
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereidoun Azizi
- Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Foroughi
- Department of Pathology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Mohammad Akhavan
- Skin Research Center School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center (CMERC), Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19395-4763, Tehran, Iran.
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12
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Pei Y, Yao Q, Yuan S, Xie B, Liu Y, Ye C, Zhuo H. GATA4 promotes hepatoblastoma cell proliferation by altering expression of miR125b and DKK3. Oncotarget 2018; 7:77890-77901. [PMID: 27788486 PMCID: PMC5363629 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA4 is a zinc finger DNA-binding protein that plays an important role in mammalian liver development. However, the effects of GATA4 in hepatoblastoma (HB), a common liver cancer in pediatric patients, remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that GATA4 promotes growth and survival in the Huh6 human hepatoblastoma cell line. GATA4 expression was high in Huh6 cells, and its knockdown decreased expression of Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3), a gene that may contribute to premature or undifferentiated phenotypes in HB. GATA4 also directly bound to the promoter regions of the miRNA miR125b and inhibited its expression in Huh6 cells. DKK3 was a direct target of miR125b in Huh6 cells. Inhibition of miR125b or overexpression of DKK3 promoted proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion in Huh6 cells. This is the first report to demonstrate that GATA4 promotes oncogenesis by inhibiting miR125b-dependent suppression of DKK3 expression. This GATA4/miR125b/DKK3 axis may be a major regulator of growth, migration, invasion, and survival in hepatoma cells, and is therefore a potential therapeutic target or biomarker for progression in HB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Pei
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Qin Yao
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Sibo Yuan
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Bozhen Xie
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Chunsheng Ye
- Department Otolaryngology, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
| | - Huiqin Zhuo
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361004, China
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13
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Hamzehzadeh L, Caraglia M, Atkin SL, Sahebkar A. Dickkopf homolog 3 (DKK3): A candidate for detection and treatment of cancers? J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4595-4605. [PMID: 29206297 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is an evolutionary highly conserved pathway that is modulated by several inhibitors and activators, and plays a key role in numerous physiological processes. One of the extracellular Wnt inhibitors is the DKK (Dickkopf Homolog) family which has four members (Dkk1-4) and a unique Dkk3-related gene, Dkkl1 (soggy). DKK3 is a divergent member of the DKK protein family. Evidence suggests that DKK3 may serve as a potential therapeutic target in several types of human cancers. We review here the biological role of DKK3 as a tumor suppressor gene (TSG) or oncogene, and its correlation with various miRNAs. In addition, we discuss the role of polymorphisms and promoter methylation of the DKK3 gene, and of its expression in regulating cancer cell proliferation. Finally, we propose that DKK3 may be considered as both a biomarker and a therapeutic target in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Hamzehzadeh
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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14
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Epigenetic silencing of the Wnt antagonist APCDD1 by promoter DNA hyper-methylation contributes to osteosarcoma cell invasion and metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 491:91-97. [PMID: 28698141 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of bone tumor in children and adults. However, the molecular mechanism underlying OS tumorigenesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the expression of APCDD1, a Wnt antagonist, was reduced in OS tissues and cells compared to adjacent normal tissue and osteoblast cells, respectively. Mechanistically, this was due to increased levels of methylation in the promoter region of the APCDD1 gene. Consistently, the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-AZA-dC, reduced DNA methylation in the APCDD1 promoter, and restored APCDD1 expression in OS tissue and cells. Moreover, DNMT3a, but not DNMT1 or DNMT3b, was the major DNA methyltransferase that facilitated hyper-methylation of DNA in the APCDD1 promoter, thus reducing APCDD1 mRNA levels in OS tissues. Importantly, ectopic expression of APCDD1 suppressed activity of the Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway in OS cells and inhibited their invasion and reversed their EMT-like properties, while depletion of APCDD1 promoted invasion and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Thus, we have provided the first evidence that APCDD1 expression is epigenetically silenced in OS, which may facilitate invasion and metastasis of OS cells.
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15
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Yin DT, Lei M, Xu J, Li H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Ma R, Yu K, Li X. The Chinese herb Prunella vulgaris promotes apoptosis in human well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma cells via the B-cell lymphoma-2/Bcl-2-associated X protein/caspase-3 signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:1309-1314. [PMID: 28808482 PMCID: PMC5542033 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prunella vulgaris (PV), a traditional Chinese herb, has been shown to be rich in bioactive chemicals and possess anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on tumor cells. The effect of PV on human well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC), which accounts for the majority of common endocrine malignancies, remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the function of PV on WDTC cell lines and apoptosis-associated signaling pathway activity. Additional studies demonstrated that PV may induce apoptosis in WDTC TPC-1 and FTC-133 cell lines, using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Morphological changes of apoptotic cells were observed by Hoechst 33342 and acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. In addition, ladder pattern of fragmented DNA was observed by DNA gel electrophoresis. It was also observed that PV significantly increased Bcl-2-associated X protein and caspase-3 expression, and downregulated B-cell lymphoma-2 expression in TPC-1 and FTC-133 by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (P<0.05). Thus, the present results indicated that PV has the potential to be a future WDTC therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Tao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Mengyuan Lei
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Runsheng Ma
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
| | - Xianghua Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, Henan 450050, P.R. China
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16
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Cheng JY, Brown TC, Murtha TD, Stenman A, Juhlin CC, Larsson C, Healy JM, Prasad ML, Knoefel WT, Krieg A, Scholl UI, Korah R, Carling T. A novel FOXO1-mediated dedifferentiation blocking role for DKK3 in adrenocortical carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:164. [PMID: 28249601 PMCID: PMC5333434 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3152-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysregulated WNT signaling dominates adrenocortical malignancies. This study investigates whether silencing of the WNT negative regulator DKK3 (Dickkopf-related protein 3), an implicated adrenocortical differentiation marker and an established tumor suppressor in multiple cancers, allows dedifferentiation of the adrenal cortex. Methods We analyzed the expression and regulation of DKK3 in human adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) by qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, promoter methylation assay, and copy number analysis. We also conducted functional studies on ACC cell lines, NCI-H295R and SW-13, using siRNAs and enforced DKK3 expression to test DKK3’s role in blocking dedifferentiation of adrenal cortex. Results While robust expression was observed in normal adrenal cortex, DKK3 was down-regulated in the majority (>75%) of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) tested. Both genetic (gene copy loss) and epigenetic (promoter methylation) events were found to play significant roles in DKK3 down-regulation in ACCs. While NCI-H295R cells harboring β-catenin activating mutations failed to respond to DKK3 silencing, SW-13 cells showed increased motility and reduced clonal growth. Conversely, exogenously added DKK3 also increased motility of SW-13 cells without influencing their growth. Enforced over-expression of DKK3 in SW-13 cells resulted in slower cell growth by an extension of G1 phase, promoted survival of microcolonies, and resulted in significant impairment of migratory and invasive behaviors, largely attributable to modified cell adhesions and adhesion kinetics. DKK3-over-expressing cells also showed increased expression of Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) transcription factor, RNAi silencing of which partially restored the migratory proficiency of cells without interfering with their viability. Conclusions DKK3 suppression observed in ACCs and the effects of manipulation of DKK3 expression in ACC cell lines suggest a FOXO1-mediated differentiation-promoting role for DKK3 in the adrenal cortex, silencing of which may allow adrenocortical dedifferentiation and malignancy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3152-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Y Cheng
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Taylor C Brown
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Timothy D Murtha
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Adam Stenman
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Christofer Juhlin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catharina Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, CCK, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - James M Healy
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Manju L Prasad
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wolfram T Knoefel
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Krieg
- Department of Surgery, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ute I Scholl
- Department of Nephrology, Medical School, Heinrich Heine University, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Reju Korah
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tobias Carling
- Department of Surgery & Yale Endocrine Neoplasia Laboratory, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMB130A, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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17
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Yin DT, Xu J, Lei M, Li H, Wang Y, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Xing M. Characterization of the novel tumor-suppressor gene CCDC67 in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5830-41. [PMID: 26716505 PMCID: PMC4868724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Some studies showed an association of coiled-coil domain-containing (CCDC) genes with cancers. Our previous limited data specifically suggested a possible pathogenic role of CCDC67 in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but this has not been firmly established. The present study was to further investigate and establish this role of CCDC67 in PTC. Results The expression of CCDC67, both at mRNA and protein levels, was sharply down-regulated in PTC compared with normal thyroid tissues. Lower CCDC67 expression was significantly associated with aggressive tumor behaviors, such as advanced tumor stages and lymph node metastasis, as well as BRAF mutation. Introduced expression of CCDC67 in TPC-1 cells robustly inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation and migration, induced G1 phase cell cycle arrest, and increased cell apoptosis. Methods Primary PTC tumors and matched normal thyroid tissues were obtained from 200 unselected patients at the initial surgery for detection of CCDC67 mRNA and protein by RT-PCR and Western blotting analyses, respectively. Genomic DNA sequencing was performed to detect BRAF mutation in PTC tumors. Clinicopathological data were retrospectively reviewed for correlation analyses. PTC cell line TPC-1 with stable transfection of CCDC67 was used to investigate the functions of CCDC67. Conclusions This large study demonstrates down-regulation of CCDC67 in PTC, an inverse relationship between CCDC67 expression and PTC aggressiveness and BRAF mutation, and a robust inhibitory effect of CCDC67 on PTC cellular activities. These results are consistent with CCDC67 being a novel and impaired tumor suppressor gene in PTC, providing important prognostic and therapeutic implications for this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Tao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Mengyuan Lei
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China.,Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou 450052, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, P. R. China
| | - Mingzhao Xing
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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18
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Zhou S, Zhu Y, Mashrah M, Zhang X, He Z, Yao Z, Zhang C, Guo F, Hu Y, Zhang C. Expression pattern of DKK3, dickkopf WNT signaling pathway inhibitor 3, in the malignant progression of oral submucous fibrosis. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:979-985. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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19
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Wong CH, Li YJ, Chen YC. Therapeutic potential of targeting acinar cell reprogramming in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7046-57. [PMID: 27610015 PMCID: PMC4988312 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a common pancreatic cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Treating this life-threatening disease remains challenging due to the lack of effective prognosis, diagnosis and therapy. Apart from pancreatic duct cells, acinar cells may also be the origin of PDAC. During pancreatitis or combined with activating KRas(G12D) mutation, acinar cells lose their cellular identity and undergo a transdifferentiation process called acinar-to-ductal-metaplasia (ADM), forming duct cells which may then transform into pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) and eventually PDAC. During ADM, the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, Wnt, Notch and phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/Akt signaling inhibits the transcription of acinar-specific genes, including Mist and amylase, but promotes the expression of ductal genes, such as cytokeratin-19. Inhibition of this transdifferentiation process hinders the development of PanIN and PDAC. In addition, the transdifferentiated cells regain acinar identity, indicating ADM may be a reversible process. This provides a new therapeutic direction in treating PDAC through cancer reprogramming. Many studies have already demonstrated the success of switching PanIN/PDAC back to normal cells through the use of PD325901, the expression of E47, and the knockdown of Dickkopf-3. In this review, we discuss the signaling pathways involved in ADM and the therapeutic potential of targeting reprogramming in order to treat PDAC.
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20
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Yin DT, Yu K, Lu RQ, Li X, Xu J, Lei M, Li H, Wang Y, Liu Z. Clinicopathological significance of TERT promoter mutation in papillary thyroid carcinomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:299-305. [PMID: 26732020 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic value of the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) promoter mutation, resulting in poor clinical outcomes of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC), has been generally confirmed. To data, there is no high-level evidence approving the association of TERT promoter mutation and aggressive clinical behaviours in PTC. To systematically evaluate it, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the published literatures were carried out. METHODS We conducted a systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE, OVID and Web of Science databases for relevant studies. We selected all the studies that reported clinicopathological features of PTC patients with information available on TERT promoter mutation status. Individual study-specific odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated, as were Mantel-Haenszel pooled odds ratios for the combined studies. RESULTS Eight eligible trials involved 2035 patients were included in the analysis. The average prevalence of the TERT promoter mutation was 10·32%. Compared with the wild-type TERT promoter gene, the TERT promoter mutation was associated with male gender, lymph node metastasis, extrathyroidal extension, distant metastasis, advanced TNM stage III/IV, poor clinical outcome (persistence or recurrence) and mortality. The associations were generally consistent across the different study populations. CONCLUSIONS Thus, our findings from this large meta-analysis definitively demonstrate that TERT promoter mutation-positive PTC is more likely to manifest with aggressive clinicopathological characteristics. In appropriate clinical settings, testing for the TERT promoter mutation is likely to be useful in assisting the risk stratification and management of PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Tao Yin
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Kun Yu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Run-Qing Lu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyuan Lei
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongfei Wang
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Key Discipline Laboratory of Clinical Medicine Henan, Zhengzhou, China
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21
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Xu Y, Li X, Wang H, Xie P, Yan X, Bai Y, Zhang T. Hypermethylation of CDH13, DKK3 and FOXL2 promoters and the expression of EZH2 in ovary granulosa cell tumors. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2739-45. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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22
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Cantariño N, Fernández-Figueras MT, Valero V, Musulén E, Malinverni R, Granada I, Goldie SJ, Martín-Caballero J, Douet J, Forcales SV, Buschbeck M. A cellular model reflecting the phenotypic heterogeneity of mutant HRAS driven squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1106-16. [PMID: 27074337 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas have a range of histopathological manifestations. The parameters that determine this clinically observed heterogeneity are not fully understood. Here, we report the generation of a cell culture model that reflects part of this heterogeneity. We have used the catalytic subunit of human telomerase hTERT and large T to immortalize primary UV-unexposed keratinocytes. Then, mutant HRAS G12V has been introduced to transform these immortal keratinocytes. When injected into immunosuppressed mice, transformed cells grew as xenografts with distinct histopathological characteristics. We observed three major tissue architectures: solid, sarcomatoid and cystic growth types, which were primarily composed of pleomorphic and basaloid cells but in some cases displayed focal apocrine differentiation. We demonstrate that the cells generated represent different stages of skin cancerogenesis and as such can be used to identify novel tumor-promoting alterations such as the overexpression of the PADI2 oncogene in solid-type SCC. Importantly, the cultured cells maintain the characteristics from the xenograft they were derived from while being amenable to manipulation and analysis. The availability of cell lines representing different clinical manifestations opens a new tool to study the stochastic and deterministic factors that cause case-to-case heterogeneity despite departing from the same set of oncogenes and the same genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Cantariño
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Vanesa Valero
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Musulén
- Department Of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Roberto Malinverni
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Isabel Granada
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Department of Hematology, Instituto Catalán De Oncología (ICO) - Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol, Universitat Autònoma De Barcelona, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Stephen J Goldie
- Li KaShing Centre, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Julien Douet
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Sonia-Vanina Forcales
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus ICO - Germans Trias I Pujol, (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, Badalona, Spain
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23
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Utreja A, Dyment NA, Yadav S, Villa MM, Li Y, Jiang X, Nanda R, Rowe DW. Cell and matrix response of temporomandibular cartilage to mechanical loading. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:335-44. [PMID: 26362410 PMCID: PMC4757844 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The generation of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFPs) has greatly aided our understanding of the development of connective tissues such as bone and cartilage. Perturbation of a biological system such as the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) within its adaptive remodeling capacity is particularly useful in analyzing cellular lineage progression. The objectives of this study were to determine: (i) if GFP reporters expressed in the TMJ indicate the different stages of cell maturation in fibrocartilage and (ii) how mechanical loading affects cellular response in different regions of the cartilage. DESIGN/METHODS Four-week-old transgenic mice harboring combinations of fluorescent reporters (Dkk3-eGFP, Col1a1(3.6 kb)-GFPcyan, Col1a1(3.6 kb)-GFPtpz, Col2a1-GFPcyan, and Col10a1-RFPcherry) were used to analyze the expression pattern of transgenes in the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC). To study the effect of TMJ loading, animals were subjected to forced mouth opening with custom springs exerting 50 g force for 1 h/day for 5 days. Dynamic mineralization and cellular proliferation (EdU-labeling) were assessed in loaded vs control mice. RESULTS Dkk3 expression was seen in the superficial zone of the MCC, followed by Col1 in the cartilage zone, Col2 in the prehypertrophic zone, and Col10 in the hypertrophic zone at and below the tidemark. TMJ loading increased expression of the GFP reporters and EdU-labeling of cells in the cartilage, resulting in a thickness increase of all layers of the cartilage. In addition, mineral apposition increased resulting in Col10 expression by unmineralized cells above the tidemark. CONCLUSION The TMJ responded to static loading by forming thicker cartilage through adaptive remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Utreja
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - N A Dyment
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - S Yadav
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - M M Villa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Y Li
- Biology Department, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Hartford, West Hartford, CT 06117, USA
| | - X Jiang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - R Nanda
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - D W Rowe
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, School of Dental Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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Ehrlichia chaffeensis Exploits Canonical and Noncanonical Host Wnt Signaling Pathways To Stimulate Phagocytosis and Promote Intracellular Survival. Infect Immun 2015; 84:686-700. [PMID: 26712203 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01289-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ehrlichia chaffeensis invades and survives in phagocytes by modulating host cell processes and evading innate defenses, but the mechanisms are not fully defined. Recently we have determined that E. chaffeensis tandem repeat proteins (TRPs) are type 1 secreted effectors involved in functionally diverse interactions with host targets, including components of the evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling pathways. In this study, we demonstrated that induction of host canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways by E. chaffeensis TRP effectors stimulates phagocytosis and promotes intracellular survival. After E. chaffeensis infection, canonical and noncanonical Wnt signalings were significantly stimulated during early stages of infection (1 to 3 h) which coincided with dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin, a major canonical Wnt signal transducer, and NFATC1, a noncanonical Wnt transcription factor. In total, the expression of ∼44% of Wnt signaling target genes was altered during infection. Knockdown of TRP120-interacting Wnt pathway components/regulators and other critical components, such as Wnt5a ligand, Frizzled 5 receptor, β-catenin, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), and major signaling molecules, resulted in significant reductions in the ehrlichial load. Moreover, small-molecule inhibitors specific for components of canonical and noncanonical (Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity [PCP]) Wnt pathways, including IWP-2, which blocks Wnt secretion, significantly decreased ehrlichial infection. TRPs directly activated Wnt signaling, as TRP-coated microspheres triggered phagocytosis which was blocked by Wnt pathway inhibitors, demonstrating a key role of TRP activation of Wnt pathways to induce ehrlichial phagocytosis. These novel findings reveal that E. chaffeensis exploits canonical and noncanonical Wnt pathways through TRP effectors to facilitate host cell entry and promote intracellular survival.
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Guo Q, Qin W. DKK3 blocked translocation of β-catenin/EMT induced by hypoxia and improved gemcitabine therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2832-41. [PMID: 26395974 PMCID: PMC4687707 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway is activated in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression. Dickkopf-related protein 3 (DKK3) is a member of the human Dickkopf family and an antagonist of Wnt ligand activity. However, the function of DKK3 in this pathway in pancreatic cancer is rarely known. We examined the expression of DKK3 in six human pancreatic cancer cell lines, 75 pancreatic cancer and 75 adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Dickkopf-related protein 3 was frequently silenced and methylation in pancreatic cancer cell lines (3/6). The expression of DKK3 was significantly lower in pancreatic cancer tissues than in adjacent normal pancreas tissues. Further, ectopic expression of DKK3 inhibits nuclear translocation of β-catenin induced by hypoxia in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell. The forced expression of DKK3 markedly suppressed migration and the stem cell-like phenotype of pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell in hypoxic conditions through reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The stable expression of DKK3 sensitizes pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell to gemcitabine, delays tumour growth and augments gemcitabine therapeutic effect in pancreatic cancer xenotransplantation model. Thus, we conclude from our finding that DKK3 is a tumour suppressor and improved gemcitabine therapeutic effect through inducing apoptosis and regulating β-catenin/EMT signalling in pancreatic cancer Bxpc-3 cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqu Guo
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenjie Qin
- Department of Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Similarities in Gene Expression Profiles during In Vitro Aging of Primary Human Embryonic Lung and Foreskin Fibroblasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:731938. [PMID: 26339636 PMCID: PMC4538583 DOI: 10.1155/2015/731938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Replicative senescence is of fundamental importance for the process of cellular aging, since it is a property of most of our somatic cells. Here, we elucidated this process by comparing gene expression changes, measured by RNA-seq, in fibroblasts originating from two different tissues, embryonic lung (MRC-5) and foreskin (HFF), at five different time points during their transition into senescence. Although the expression patterns of both fibroblast cell lines can be clearly distinguished, the similar differential expression of an ensemble of genes was found to correlate well with their transition into senescence, with only a minority of genes being cell line specific. Clustering-based approaches further revealed common signatures between the cell lines. Investigation of the mRNA expression levels at various time points during the lifespan of either of the fibroblasts resulted in a number of monotonically up- and downregulated genes which clearly showed a novel strong link to aging and senescence related processes which might be functional. In terms of expression profiles of differentially expressed genes with age, common genes identified here have the potential to rule the transition into senescence of embryonic lung and foreskin fibroblasts irrespective of their different cellular origin.
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27
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Liu YY, Ayers S, Milanesi A, Teng X, Rabi S, Akiba Y, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone receptor sumoylation is required for preadipocyte differentiation and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:7402-15. [PMID: 25572392 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.600312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone and thyroid hormone receptor (TR) play an essential role in metabolic regulation. However, the role of TR in adipogenesis has not been established. We reported previously that TR sumoylation is essential for TR-mediated gene regulation and that mutation of either of the two sites in TRα or any of the three sites in TRβ reduces TR sumoylation. Here, we transfected TR sumoylation site mutants into human primary preadiocytes and the mouse 3T3L1 preadipocyte cell line to determine the role of TR sumoylation in adipogenesis. Reduced sumoylation of TRα or TRβ resulted in fewer and smaller lipid droplets and reduced proliferation of preadipocytes. TR sumoylation mutations, compared with wild-type TR, results in reduced C/EBP expression and reduced PPARγ2 mRNA and protein levels. TR sumoylation mutants recruited NCoR and disrupted PPARγ-mediated perilipin1 (Plin1) gene expression, associated with impaired lipid droplet formation. Expression of NCoRΔID, a mutant NCoR lacking the TR interaction domain, partially "rescued" the delayed adipogenesis and restored Plin1 gene expression and adipogenesis. TR sumoylation site mutants impaired Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways and the proliferation of primary human preadipocytes. Expression of the TRβ K146Q sumoylation site mutant down-regulated the essential genes required for canonical Wnt signal-mediated proliferation, including Wnt ligands, Fzds, β-catenin, LEF1, and CCND1. Additionally, the TRβ K146Q mutant enhanced the canonical Wnt signaling inhibitor Dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1). Our data demonstrate that TR sumoylation is required for activation of the Wnt canonical signaling pathway during preadipocyte proliferation and enhances the PPARγ signaling that promotes differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073,
| | - Stephen Ayers
- the Genomic Medicine Program, Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, and
| | - Anna Milanesi
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Xiaochun Teng
- the Institute of Endocrinology, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Sina Rabi
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Ysutada Akiba
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073
| | - Gregory A Brent
- From the Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System and Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90073,
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