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Li Z, Li X, Xu D, Chen X, Li S, Zhang L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. An update on the roles of circular RNAs in osteosarcoma. Cell Prolif 2020; 54:e12936. [PMID: 33103338 PMCID: PMC7791175 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone malignancy and is a neoplasm thought to be derived from the bone‐forming mesenchymal stem cells. Aberrant activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumour suppressor genes by somatic mutations and epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal pathogenic role in osteosarcoma. Aside from alterations in these protein‐coding genes, it has now been realized that dysregulation of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and the recently discovered circular RNAs (circRNAs), is crucial to the initiation and progression of osteosarcoma. CircRNAs are single‐stranded RNAs that form covalently closed loops and function as an important regulatory element of the genome through multiple machineries. Recently, an increasing number of studies suggested that circRNAs also played critical roles in osteosarcoma. This review summarizes recent development and progression in circRNA transcriptome analysis and their functions in the modulation of osteosarcoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xingye Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Fourth Clinical College of Peking University, Jishuitan Orthopaedic College of Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Derong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shugang Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Centre for Gut Microbiota Research, Institute of Digestive Diseases and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong City, Hong Kong
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2
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Green D, Eyre H, Singh A, Taylor JT, Chu J, Jeys L, Sumathi V, Coonar A, Rassl D, Babur M, Forster D, Alzabin S, Ponthan F, McMahon A, Bigger B, Reekie T, Kassiou M, Williams K, Dalmay T, Fraser WD, Finegan KG. Targeting the MAPK7/MMP9 axis for metastasis in primary bone cancer. Oncogene 2020; 39:5553-5569. [PMID: 32655131 PMCID: PMC7426263 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-related death. This multistage process involves contribution from both tumour cells and the tumour stroma to release metastatic cells into the circulation. Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) survive circulatory cytotoxicity, extravasate and colonise secondary sites effecting metastatic outcome. Reprogramming the transcriptomic landscape is a metastatic hallmark, but detecting underlying master regulators that drive pathological gene expression is a key challenge, especially in childhood cancer. Here we used whole tumour plus single-cell RNA-sequencing in primary bone cancer and CTCs to perform weighted gene co-expression network analysis to systematically detect coordinated changes in metastatic transcript expression. This approach with comparisons applied to data collected from cell line models, clinical samples and xenograft mouse models revealed mitogen-activated protein kinase 7/matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MAPK7/MMP9) signalling as a driver for primary bone cancer metastasis. RNA interference knockdown of MAPK7 reduces proliferation, colony formation, migration, tumour growth, macrophage residency/polarisation and lung metastasis. Parallel to these observations were reduction of activated interleukins IL1B, IL6, IL8 plus mesenchymal markers VIM and VEGF in response to MAPK7 loss. Our results implicate a newly discovered, multidimensional MAPK7/MMP9 signalling hub in primary bone cancer metastasis that is clinically actionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Heather Eyre
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Jessica T Taylor
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jason Chu
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Jeys
- Orthopaedic Oncology, The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Vaiyapuri Sumathi
- Musculoskeletal Pathology, The Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Aman Coonar
- Thoracic Surgery, The Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Doris Rassl
- Pathology, The Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muhammad Babur
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Duncan Forster
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | - Adam McMahon
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Brian Bigger
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tristan Reekie
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael Kassiou
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kaye Williams
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - William D Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.
- Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich, UK.
| | - Katherine G Finegan
- Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Abstract
We identify an ancient and atypical form of Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) in a collection of medieval skeletons exhibiting unusually extensive pathological changes, high disease prevalence, and low age-at-death estimations. Proteomic analysis of ancient bone-preserved proteins combined with analysis of small RNAs supports a retrospective diagnosis of PDB. Remains affected by other skeletal disorders may therefore hold a chemical memory amenable to similar molecular interrogation. Abnormalities in a contemporary PDB-linked protein detected in ancient tooth samples indicate that dentition may represent an unexplored storehouse for the study of skeletal disorders. Our work provides insights into the natural history of PDB and prompts a similar revaluation of other archaeological collections. Paget’s disease of bone (PDB) is a chronic skeletal disorder that can affect one or several bones in individuals older than 55 y of age. PDB-like changes have been reported in archaeological remains as old as Roman, although accurate diagnosis and natural history of the disease is lacking. Six skeletons from a collection of 130 excavated at Norton Priory in the North West of England, which dates to medieval times, show atypical and extensive pathological changes resembling contemporary PDB affecting as many as 75% of individual skeletons. Disease prevalence in the remaining collection is high, at least 16% of adults, with age at death estimations as low as 35 y. Despite these atypical features, paleoproteomic analysis identified sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) or p62, a protein central to the pathological milieu of PDB, as one of the few noncollagenous human sequences preserved in skeletal samples. Targeted proteomic analysis detected >60% of the ancient p62 primary sequence, with Western blotting indicating p62 abnormalities, including in dentition. Direct sequencing of ancient DNA excluded contemporary PDB-associated SQSTM1 mutations. Our observations indicate that the ancient p62 protein is likely modified within its C-terminal ubiquitin-associated domain. Ancient miRNAs were remarkably preserved in an osteosarcoma from a skeleton with extensive disease, with miR-16 expression consistent with that reported in contemporary PDB-associated bone tumors. Our work displays the use of proteomics to inform diagnosis of ancient diseases such as atypical PDB, which has unusual features presumably potentiated by yet-unidentified environmental or genetic factors.
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4
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Understanding the Progression of Bone Metastases to Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010148. [PMID: 29300334 PMCID: PMC5796097 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is one of the most preferential target site for cancer metastases, particularly for prostate, breast, kidney, lung and thyroid primary tumours. Indeed, numerous chemical signals and growth factors produced by the bone microenvironment constitute factors promoting cancer cell invasion and aggression. After reviewing the different theories proposed to provide mechanism for metastatic progression, we report on the gene expression profile of bone-seeking cancer cells. We also discuss the cross-talk between the bone microenvironment and invading cells, which impacts on the tumour actions on surrounding bone tissue. Lastly, we detail therapies for bone metastases. Due to poor prognosis for patients, the strategies mainly aim at reducing the impact of skeletal-related events on patients' quality of life. However, recent advances have led to a better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying bone metastases progression, and therefore of novel therapeutic targets.
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Abstract
Histone deacetylation, DNA methylation, and micro-RNAs (miRNAs) are the three main epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene expression. All the physiological processes involved in bone remodeling are tightly regulated by epigenetic factors. This review discusses the main epigenetic modifications seen in tumoral and non-tumoral bone diseases, with emphasis on miRNAs. The role for epigenetic modifications of gene expression in the most common bone diseases is illustrated by drawing on the latest publications in the field. In multifactorial bone diseases such as osteoporosis, many epigenetic biomarkers, either alone or in combination, have been associated with bone mineral density or suggested to predict osteoporotic fractures. In addition, treatments designed to modulate bone remodeling by selectively targeting the function of specific miRNAs are being evaluated. Advances in the understanding of epigenetic regulation shed new light on the pathophysiology of other non-tumoral bone diseases, including genetic conditions inherited on a Mendelian basis. Finally, in the area of primary and metastatic bone tumors, the last few years have witnessed considerable progress in elucidating the epigenetic regulation of oncogenesis and its local interactions with bone tissue. These new data may allow the development of epigenetic outcome predictors, which are in very high demand, and of innovative therapeutic agents acting via miRNA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Michou
- Division de rhumatologie, département de médecine,centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, R-4774 Québec, Canada; Service de rhumatologie,CHU de Québec-Université Laval, 2705, boulevard Laurier, R-4774 Québec, Canada.
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Green D, Mohorianu I, Piec I, Turner J, Beadsmoore C, Toms A, Ball R, Nolan J, McNamara I, Dalmay T, Fraser WD. MicroRNA expression in a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumour. Bone Rep 2017; 7:63-69. [PMID: 28932769 PMCID: PMC5596358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumours are a heterogeneous set of bone and soft tissue neoplasms that can cause a number of paraneoplastic syndromes such as tumour induced osteomalacia. The term phosphaturic comes from the common finding that these tumours secrete high levels of fibroblast growth factor 23 which causes renal phosphate wasting leading to hypophosphatemia. Phosphaturic mesenchymal tumours are rare and diagnosis is difficult. A very active 68 year old male presented with bone pain and muscle weakness. He was hypophosphataemic and total alkaline phosphatase was markedly elevated. The patient was placed on vitamin D supplementation but his condition progressed. In the fifth year of presentation the patient required the use of a wheelchair and described “explosive” bone pain on physical contact. Serum 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D was low and serum fibroblast growth factor 23 was significantly elevated, raising suspicion of a phosphaturic mesenchymal tumour. A lesion was detected in his left femoral head and the patient underwent a total hip replacement. The patient displayed a rapid improvement to his condition and during a three year follow up period he returned to an active lifestyle. As molecular testing may help provide a robust diagnosis and is particularly useful in rare diseases we took a next generation sequencing approach to identify a differential expression of small RNAs in the resected tumour. Small RNAs are non-coding RNA molecules that play a key role in regulation of gene expression and can be used as specific biomarkers. We found an upregulation of miR-197. We also found a downregulation of miR-20b, miR-144 and miR-335 which is a small RNA profile typical of osteosarcoma. MiR-21, the most frequently upregulated microRNA in cancer, was downregulated. We conclude that the specific small RNA profile is typical of osteosarcoma except for the downregulation of oncogenic miR-21. Transcriptional plasticity of miR-197, which is computationally predicted to target fibroblast growth factor 23 messenger RNA, may be upregulated in a cellular effort to correct the ectopic expression of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Irina Mohorianu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Piec
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Turner
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UY, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Beadsmoore
- Norwich Radiology Academy, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UB, United Kingdom
| | - Andoni Toms
- Norwich Radiology Academy, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UB, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Ball
- Norfolk and Waveney Cellular Pathology Service, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UB, United Kingdom
| | - John Nolan
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UY, United Kingdom
| | - Iain McNamara
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UY, United Kingdom
| | - Tamas Dalmay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - William D Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom.,Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UY, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7UY, United Kingdom
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