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Yun HJ, Lim JH, Kim SY, Kim SM, Park KC. Discovery of Pharmaceutical Composition for Prevention and Treatment in Patient-Derived Metastatic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Model. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10081901. [PMID: 36009450 PMCID: PMC9405678 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10081901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a well-known neuroendocrine carcinoma, derived from C cells of the thyroid gland. Additionally, MTC is an uncommon aggressive carcinoma that metastasizes to lymph nodes, bones, lungs and liver. For MTC, the 10-year general survival ratio of patients with localized disease is about 95%, whereas that of patients with local phase disorder is around 75%. Only 20% of patients with distant metastasis to lung at diagnosis survive 10 years, which is notably lower than survival for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma (WDTC). The management of MTC with distant metastasis to lung could be re-surgery or chemotherapy. In this research, we planned to assess the in vitro and in vivo combinational anticancer effect of a novel combination of low-dose cisplatin and sorafenib in patient-derived MTC. The patient-derived MTC cell lines YUMC-M1, M2, and M3 were isolated and treated with a combination of cisplatin and sorafenib or either agent alone. Cisplatin and sorafenib acted in combination to forward tumor restraint compared with each agent administered alone at a low dose. Therefore, a combination of cisplatin and sorafenib could be a new therapeutic approach for MTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeok-Jun Yun
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135720, Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Lim
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135720, Korea
| | - Sang-Yong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea
| | - Seok-Mo Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 135720, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-M.K.); (K.-C.P.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3370 (S.-M.K.); +82-2-2228-2861 (K.-C.P.); Fax: +82-2-3462-5994 (S.-M.K.); +82-2-362-8647 (K.-C.P.)
| | - Ki-Cheong Park
- Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120752, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-M.K.); (K.-C.P.); Tel.: +82-2-2019-3370 (S.-M.K.); +82-2-2228-2861 (K.-C.P.); Fax: +82-2-3462-5994 (S.-M.K.); +82-2-362-8647 (K.-C.P.)
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2
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Patients deriving long-term benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors demonstrate conserved patterns of site-specific mutations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11490. [PMID: 35798829 PMCID: PMC9263148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15714-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy and are now the preferred treatment for several tumor types. Though ICIs have shown remarkable efficacy in several cancer histologies, in many cases providing long-term disease control, not all patients will derive clinical benefit from such approaches. Given the lack of a reliable predictive biomarker for therapeutic responses to ICIs, we conducted a retrospective analysis of publicly available genomic data from a large pan-cancer cohort of patients receiving ICI-based immunotherapy. Consistent with previous results, patients in the combined cohort deriving a long-term survival benefit from ICIs were more likely to have a higher tumor mutational burden (TMB). However, this was not uniform across tumor-types, failing to predict for long-term survivorship in most non-melanoma cancers. Interestingly, long-term survivors in most cancers had conserved patterns of mutations affecting several genes. In melanoma, this included mutations affecting TET1 or PTPRD. In patients with colorectal cancer, mutations affecting TET1, RNF43, NCOA3, LATS1, NOTCH3, or CREBBP were also associated with improved prognosis, as were mutations affecting PTPRD, EPHA7, NTRK3, or ZFHX3 in non-small cell lung cancer, RNF43, LATS1, or CREBBP mutations in bladder cancer, and VHL mutations in renal cell carcinoma patients. Thus, this study identified several genes that may have utility as predictive biomarkers for therapeutic responses in patients receiving ICIs. As many have no known relationship to immunotherapy or ICIs, these genes warrant continued exploration, particularly for cancers in which established biomarkers such as PD-L1 expression or TMB have little predictive value.
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3
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Román-Gil MS, Pozas J, Rosero-Rodríguez D, Chamorro-Pérez J, Ruiz-Granados Á, Caracuel IR, Grande E, Molina-Cerrillo J, Alonso-Gordoa T. Resistance to RET targeted therapy in Thyroid Cancer: Molecular basis and overcoming strategies. Cancer Treat Rev 2022; 105:102372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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4
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Gorostiola González M, Janssen APA, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH, van Westen GJP. Oncological drug discovery: AI meets structure-based computational research. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:1661-1670. [PMID: 35301149 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The integration of machine learning and structure-based methods has proven valuable in the past as a way to prioritize targets and compounds in early drug discovery. In oncological research, these methods can be highly beneficial in addressing the diversity of neoplastic diseases portrayed by the different hallmarks of cancer. Here, we review six use case scenarios for integrated computational methods, namely driver prediction, computational mutagenesis, (off)-target prediction, binding site prediction, virtual screening, and allosteric modulation analysis. We address the heterogeneity of integration approaches and individual methods, while acknowledging their current limitations and highlighting their potential to bring drugs for personalized oncological therapies to the market faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gorostiola González
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonius P A Janssen
- Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Oncode Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J P van Westen
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, The Netherlands.
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5
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Adashek JJ, Desai AP, Andreev-Drakhlin AY, Roszik J, Cote GJ, Subbiah V. Hallmarks of RET and Co-occuring Genomic Alterations in RET-aberrant Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1769-1776. [PMID: 34493590 PMCID: PMC8492504 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activating receptor-tyrosine kinase rearranged during transfection (RET) mutations and fusions are potent drivers of oncogenesis. The recent FDA approvals of highly potent and selective RET inhibitors, selpercatinib and pralsetinib, has altered the therapeutic management of RET aberrant tumors. There is ample evidence of the role of RET signaling in certain cancers. RET aberrations as fusions or mutations occur in multiple cancers, however, there is considerable phenotypic diversity. There is emerging data on the lack of responsiveness of immunotherapy in RET-altered cancers. Herein, we review the registrational data from the selective RET-inhibitor trials, and comprehensively explore RET alterations in pan-cancer adult malignancies and their co-alterations. These co-occuring alterations may define the future of RET inhibition from specific selective targeting to customized combination therapies as data are rapidly emerging on both on-target and off-target acquired resistance mechanisms. Fascinatingly, oncogenic RET fusions have been reported to mediate resistance to EGFR inhibition and KRASG12C inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J. Adashek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, USA.,H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - Aakash P. Desai
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Jason Roszik
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Gilbert J. Cote
- Department of Endocrine Neoplasia and Hormonal Disorders, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Vivek Subbiah
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,MD Anderson Cancer Network, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas.,Corresponding Author: Vivek Subbiah, Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 455, Faculty Center 8th floor, Houston, TX 77030. Phone: 713-563-1930; Fax: 713-792-0334; E-mail:
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6
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Immune Profiling of Medullary Thyroid Cancer-An Opportunity for Immunotherapy. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101534. [PMID: 34680929 PMCID: PMC8536131 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare malignancy that arises from calcitonin-producing C-cells. Curative treatment for patients with metastatic MTC is challenging. Identifying the mechanisms by which cancer cells inhibit the activity of immune cells provides an opportunity to develop new therapies that restore anticancer activity. Little is known about the immunological phenomena underlying MTC. Here, we examined the expression profile of 395 genes associated with MTC. The study included 51 patients diagnosed with MTC at a single center. Bioinformatical analysis revealed that CD276 expression in MTC cells was at least three-fold higher than that in normal tissue. The expression of CD276 showed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation with tumor diameter, but we did not find a significant association between CD276 expression and other histopathological clinical factors, or the response to initial therapy. A search of published data identified the monoclonal antibody (inhibitor) enoblituzumab as a potential drug for patients diagnosed with MTC overexpressing CD276.
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7
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Selective Antitumor Activity of Datelliptium toward Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma by Downregulating RET Transcriptional Activity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133288. [PMID: 34209165 PMCID: PMC8267783 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare aggressive type of thyroid cancer with a propensity for metastasizing to the lymph nodes, liver, bones, and lungs. Previous studies have demonstrated that activated REarranged during Transfection (RET) mutants are key regulators of invasive and metastatic behaviors in MTC. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiinvasive and antimetastatic potential of a novel RET transcription inhibitor, datelliptium, which stabilizes the RET G-quadruplex structures and suppresses RET oncogene transcription by examining its effects on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), and MTC cell migration. Interestingly, the ablation of RET with datelliptium resulted in decreased EMT, spheroid formation, and MTC cell migration. In this study, we also demonstrated the in vivo antitumor activity in TT tumor-bearing mice with about 75% tumor growth inhibition. Abstract Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare aggressive form of thyroid cancer with high rates of metastasis. Sporadic and hereditary MTC are strongly driven by somatic and germline mutations, respectively, in the transmembrane REarranged during Transfection (RET) proto-oncogene, which encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase. Our previous study identified datelliptium as a novel RET transcription inhibitor, which stabilizes the RET G-quadruplex structures and suppresses RET oncogene transcription. The present study aimed to elucidate the effect of datelliptium on the suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis-related behaviors of MTC cells, including cell migration and formation of cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our results demonstrated that datelliptium downregulated the expression of the mesenchymal markers, including N-cadherin, vimentin, slug, snail, and claudin-1. Compared to untreated cells, datelliptium significantly decreased the migration of TT cells in a dose-dependent manner in a wound healing assay. Additionally, datelliptium significantly reduced the size of preformed spheroids from TT cells over the time course. Finally, datelliptium inhibited approximately 75% of MTC xenograft growth with minimal systemic toxicity. In conclusion, datelliptium exerts its antitumor activity against MTC cells by reducing the EMT program, migratory ability, and self-renewal capacity of TT cells, thus preventing invasive and metastatic behavior of MTC.
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Barletta JA, Nosé V, Sadow PM. Genomics and Epigenomics of Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: From Sporadic Disease to Familial Manifestations. Endocr Pathol 2021; 32:35-43. [PMID: 33492588 PMCID: PMC9353617 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-021-09664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of the genomics and epigenomics of medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) has advanced since the initial recognition of RET as a driver of MTC tumorigenesis in familial MTC. We now have insight into the frequency and prognostic significance of specific RET mutations in sporadic MTC. For example, the most common RET mutation in sporadic MTC is the RET Met918Thr mutation, the same mutation that underlies MEN2B and a poor prognosticator. This mutation is relatively infrequent in medullary thyroid microcarcinomas but is over-represented in advanced-stage disease. RAS mutations are detected in 70% of sporadic, RET wild-type MTC. Although next-generation and whole-exome sequencing studies have shown that tumors that are wild-type for RET and RAS mutations essentially lack other recurrent mutations, additional pathways and epigenetic alterations have been implicated in MTC tumorigenesis. Increased insight into the clinical course of patients with familial MTC with specific RET mutations has guided treatment recommendations for these patients. Finally, an understanding of the genomics has informed treatment for patients with advanced MTC. In this review, we will examine the genomics and epigenomics of sporadic and familial MTC, along with the prognostic significance of molecular alterations, management of patients with germline RET mutations, and treatment strategies for MTC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine A Barletta
- Departments of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Vânia Nosé
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Sadow
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Leone G, Passiglia F, Bironzo P, Bertaglia V, Novello S. Is there any place for immune-checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment algorithm of fusion-driven non-small cell lung cancer?-a literature review. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2020; 9:2674-2685. [PMID: 33489826 PMCID: PMC7815346 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The advent of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis, produced a paradigm change of the treatment algorithm for metastatic, non-oncogene addicted, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the majority of patients with oncogene-addicted disease have been excluded from the “immunotherapy revolution”, thus the clinical efficacy of these agents in this subset of patients remains largely unknown. Although pre-clinical evidence provided a good rationale to pursue the investigation of ICI treatment in specific subgroups of oncogene-addicted NSCLC, current available evidence suggested that tumors harboring molecular alterations likely do not represent the best candidate to single agent ICI therapy. Furthermore, the prospect of further improving overall survival (OS) with the combination of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and ICIs led to unexpected poor results and safety issues in recent phase I trials exploring different therapeutic associations. Conversely, the combination of immunotherapy and chemotherapy is emerging as a potential effective strategy in specific subsets of NSCLC patients harboring oncogenic drivers. In this review we particularly focus on the subgroup of patients whose disease harbor oncogenic rearrangements, summarizing current evidence from preclinical and clinical studies and discussing their practical implications, in order to define the potential role of ICIs in the clinical management of fusion-driven NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianmarco Leone
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Francesco Passiglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Paolo Bironzo
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Valentina Bertaglia
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Silvia Novello
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, S. Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Italy
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Bai Y, Niu D, Yao Q, Lin D, Kakudo K. Updates in the advances of sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: from the molecules to the clinic. Gland Surg 2020; 9:1847-1856. [PMID: 33224860 DOI: 10.21037/gs-2019-catp-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignancy that originates in parafollicular cells. It is well-known that a quarter of MTC are involved in hereditary multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 syndromes, whereas most MTC are sporadic. Unlike the commonly encountered gastrointestinal or pulmonary neuroendocrine tumors, most sporadic MTCs have distinct genetic alterations featured by somatic changes of either Rearranged during Transfection (RET) or RAS point mutation. The increasing application of next-generation sequencing, whole-exome sequencing, and other molecular detection techniques enables us to understand MTC comprehensively concerning its detailed molecular changes and their clinical correlations. This article reviews the advances in genetic alterations and their prognostic impact in sporadic MTC among different populations and discusses the associated tumor immune microenvironments and the potential role of immunotherapy targeting PD-L1/PD-1 in treating MTC. Furthermore, the current multikinase inhibitor targeting therapy for sporadic MTC has been summarized here and its efficacy and drug toxicity are discussed. Updates in advance of the role of calcitonin/procalcitonin/calcitonin-related polypeptide alpha (CALCA) gene transcripts in diagnosing and handling MTC are also mentioned. The treatment of advanced MTC is still challenging and might require a combination of several modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Bai
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Kennichi Kakudo
- Department of Pathology and Thyroid Disease Center, Izumi City General Hospital, Izumi, Japan
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Qi XP, Jin BY, Li PF, Wang S, Zhao YH, Cao ZL, Yu XH, Cheng J, Fang XD, Zhao JQ. RET S409Y Germline Mutation and Associated Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma. Thyroid 2019; 29:1447-1456. [PMID: 31364476 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2018.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Inherited medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is primarily caused by RET mutations that are commonly localized in exons 5, 8, 10, 11, and 13-16. In this study, we report pedigrees for individuals with MTC that harbor a germline S409Y variant within exon 6 of the RET proto-oncogene. Methods: Targeted sequencing was used to diagnose four apparently sporadic MTC index cases carrying the germline RET S409Y (c.1226 C>A) variant. Subsequently, 27 relatives of these individuals underwent clinical and genetic assessments and/or thyroid surgery. Furthermore, in silico analyses and in vitro assays were performed to predict or verify the potential oncogenic activity of the S409Y variant. Results: Overall, 15 of 31 participants were found to carry the RET S409Y variant. Of these, 6 presented with isolated MTC (mean age 50.2 years; range 41-75 years), of which 3 presented with neck lymph node metastases and 2 presented with distant liver or lung metastases. Among the remaining 9 carriers, 3 (mean age 56 years; range 41-76 years) had elevated serum calcium-stimulated calcitonin (sCtn) or concurrent marginally elevated serum calcitonin (Ctn) levels, whereas the other 6 (mean age 37.5 years; range 14-52 years) exhibited typical Ctn/sCtn levels (p < 0.05). None of the 15 carriers in these 4 families presented clinical evidence of pheochromocytoma, hyperparathyroidism, or Hirschsprung's disease. In silico analyses revealed that S409Y was a "possibly damaging" mutation that could affect the RET protein inter-domain interface. An in vitro assay revealed that the phosphorylation level of RET tyrosine 905 was relatively higher in the RET S409Y mutant than in wild-type (WT) RET. Moreover, transfection of HEK 293 cells with S409Y enhanced the phosphorylation activity of AKT, ERK pathways, and it increased cell proliferation compared with WT RET, but to a lesser degree than that for the RET C618Y and C634Y mutations. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the novel germline RET S409Y variant is likely pathogenic and is associated with lower penetrance of MTC than that for the C618Y and C634Y mutations. Individuals with S409Y should be managed using a personalized approach, and additionally, "at-risk" family members should be evaluated. Additional studies are needed to elucidate the correlation between the S409Y mutation and multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2-specific tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Qi
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bai-Ye Jin
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Department of Research and Development, XY Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yi-Hua Zhao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Yueqing People's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Yueqing, China
| | - Zhi-Lie Cao
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiu-Hua Yu
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Dong Fang
- Department of Oncologic and Urologic Surgery, The 903rd PLA Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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Mulligan LM. GDNF and the RET Receptor in Cancer: New Insights and Therapeutic Potential. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1873. [PMID: 30666215 PMCID: PMC6330338 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic Family Ligands (GFL) are soluble neurotrophic factors that are required for development of multiple human tissues, but which are also important contributors to human cancers. GFL signaling occurs through the transmembrane RET receptor tyrosine kinase, a well-characterized oncogene. GFL-independent RET activation, through rearrangement or point mutations occurs in thyroid and lung cancers. However, GFL-mediated activation of wildtype RET is an increasingly recognized mechanism promoting tumor growth and dissemination of a much broader group of cancers. RET and GFL expression have been implicated in metastasis or invasion in diverse human cancers including breast, pancreatic, and prostate tumors, where they are linked to poorer patient prognosis. In addition to directly inducing tumor growth in these diseases, GFL-RET signaling promotes changes in the tumor microenvironment that alter the surrounding stroma and cellular composition to enhance tumor invasion and metastasis. As such, GFL RET signaling is an important target for novel therapeutic approaches to limit tumor growth and spread and improve disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lois M. Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Cancer Research Institute, Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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13
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Decmann A, Patócs A, Igaz P. Overview of Genetically Determined Diseases/Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndromes Predisposing to Endocrine Tumors. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2019; 111:105-127. [PMID: 31588530 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-25905-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present an overview of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes including their most important clinical and molecular features. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and 2 syndromes (MEN1 and MEN2) are discussed in detail. Syndromes that are presented in other chapters are only briefly mentioned. We discuss the relevance of germline gene alterations in apparently sporadic endocrine tumors, e.g., medullary thyroid cancer, primary hyperparathyroidism, and neuroendocrine tumors. McCune-Albright syndrome that only exists in non-hereditary, sporadic forms is also discussed in detail, as tumors of several endocrine organs can develop in the same individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Decmann
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Patócs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- "Lendület" Hereditary Endocrine Tumors Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Igaz
- 2nd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
- MTA-SE Molecular Medicine Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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14
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15
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Moodley S, Weber F, Mulligan LM. The evolving clinical, genetic and therapeutic landscape of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:E1-E4. [PMID: 29348305 DOI: 10.1530/erc-17-0488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serisha Moodley
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank Weber
- Department of General-Visceral- and Transplantations Surgery, Division of Endocrine Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Lois M Mulligan
- Division of Cancer Biology and GeneticsCancer Research Institute, and Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Parascandolo A, Laukkanen MO, De Rosa N, Ugolini C, Cantisani MC, Cirafici AM, Basolo F, Santoro M, Castellone MD. A dual mechanism of activation of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway in anaplastic thyroid cancer: crosstalk with RAS-BRAF-MEK pathway and ligand secretion by tumor stroma. Oncotarget 2017; 9:4496-4510. [PMID: 29435119 PMCID: PMC5796990 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) pathway regulates embryonic development of different organs including the thyroid gland. The aberrant activation of Shh signaling has been found in several types of cancer and according to recent evidences it represents an important regulator of tumor-stroma interaction. In this study, we have analyzed expression, activation and molecular mechanisms regulating the Shh pathway and its involvement in the modulation of tumor stroma interaction in anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) cells. Our results suggest that Shh signaling undergoes a dual mechanism of induction in ATC cells: 1) a basal non-canonical Smo-dependent activation of Gli transcription factor that is partly caused by interaction with the RAS/BRAF/MEK oncogenic pathway and is characterized by the absence of Shh ligand expression in thyroid cancer cells and 2) a paracrine response of cancer cells to Shh ligand secreted by tumor stroma (fibroblasts and mesenchymal stromal cells, MSCs) inducing cancer cell migration and in vitro tumorigenesis. Our data therefore suggest Shh as a potential novel therapeutic target in aggressive thyroid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nancy De Rosa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Clara Ugolini
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Section of Pathology Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Cantisani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cirafici
- Istitute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology "G. Salvatore" (IEOS), C.N.R., Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Basolo
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Massimo Santoro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
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