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Cetani F, Dinoi E, Pierotti L, Pardi E. Familial states of primary hyperparathyroidism: an update. J Endocrinol Invest 2024:10.1007/s40618-024-02366-7. [PMID: 38635114 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-024-02366-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) includes syndromic and non-syndromic disorders. The former are characterized by the occurrence of PHPT in association with extra-parathyroid manifestations and includes multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 1, 2, and 4 syndromes, and hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT). The latter consists of familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) types 1, 2 and 3, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT), and familial isolated primary hyperparathyroidism (FIHP). The familial forms of PHPT show different levels of PHPT penetrance, developing earlier and with multiglandular involvement compared to sporadic counterpart. All these diseases exhibit Mendelian inheritance patterns, and for most of them, the genes responsible have been identified. DNA testing for predisposing mutations is helpful in index cases or in individuals with a high suspicion of the disease. Early recognition of hereditary disorders of PHPT is of great importance for the best clinical and surgical approach. Genetic testing is useful in routine clinical practice because it will also involve appropriate screening for extra-parathyroidal manifestations related to the syndrome as well as the identification of asymptomatic carriers of the mutation. PURPOSE The aim of the review is to discuss the current knowledge on the clinical and genetic profile of these disorders along with the importance of genetic testing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cetani
- Endocrine Unit 2, University Hospital of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - E Dinoi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - L Pierotti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Pardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Mweempwa A, Xu H, Vissers JHA, Tothill RW, Pattison AD, Fellowes AP, Thomas DM, Richardson G, Hicks RJ, Grimmond SM, Fox SB, Luen SJ, Desai J, Solomon BJ. Novel RET Fusion RET-SEPTIN9 Predicts Response to Selective RET Inhibition With Selpercatinib in Malignant Pheochromocytoma. JCO Precis Oncol 2022; 5:1160-1165. [PMID: 34994633 DOI: 10.1200/po.21.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Mweempwa
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huiling Xu
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Joseph H A Vissers
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard W Tothill
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew D Pattison
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew P Fellowes
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David M Thomas
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Cancer Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Gary Richardson
- Cabrini Health, Department of Medical Oncology, Malvern, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Molecular Imaging and Therapeutic Nuclear Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sean M Grimmond
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of Clinical Pathology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Luen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayesh Desai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Solomon
- Department of Medical Oncology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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3
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p27 Kip1, an Intrinsically Unstructured Protein with Scaffold Properties. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092254. [PMID: 34571903 PMCID: PMC8465030 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulator p27Kip1 is a gatekeeper of G1/S transition. It also regulates G2/M progression and cytokinesis completion, via CDK-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Recently, other important p27Kip1 functions have been described, including the regulation of cell motility and migration, the control of cell differentiation program and the activation of apoptosis/autophagy. Several factors modulate p27Kip1 activities, including its level, cellular localization and post-translational modifications. As a matter of fact, the protein is phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, SUMOylated, O-linked N-acetylglicosylated and acetylated on different residues. p27Kip1 belongs to the family of the intrinsically unstructured proteins and thus it is endowed with a large flexibility and numerous interactors, only partially identified. In this review, we look at p27Kip1 properties and ascribe part of its heterogeneous functions to the ability to act as an anchor or scaffold capable to participate in the construction of different platforms for modulating cell response to extracellular signals and allowing adaptation to environmental changes.
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Bencivenga D, Stampone E, Aulitto A, Tramontano A, Barone C, Negri A, Roberti D, Perrotta S, Della Ragione F, Borriello A. A cancer-associated CDKN1B mutation induces p27 phosphorylation on a novel residue: a new mechanism for tumor suppressor loss-of-function. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:915-941. [PMID: 33316141 PMCID: PMC8024736 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
CDKN1B haploinsufficiency promotes the development of several human cancers. The gene encodes p27Kip1, a protein playing pivotal roles in the control of growth, differentiation, cytoskeleton dynamics, and cytokinesis. CDKN1B haploinsufficiency has been associated with chromosomal or gene aberrations. However, very few data exist on the mechanisms by which CDKN1B missense mutations facilitate carcinogenesis. Here, we report a functional study on a cancer‐associated germinal p27Kip1 variant, namely glycine9‐>arginine‐p27Kip1 (G9R‐p27Kip1) identified in a parathyroid adenoma. We unexpectedly found that G9R‐p27Kip1 lacks the major tumor suppressor activities of p27Kip1 including its antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic functions. In addition, G9R‐p27Kip1 transfection in cell lines induces the formation of more numerous and larger spheres when compared to wild‐type p27Kip1‐transfected cells. We demonstrated that the mutation creates a consensus sequence for basophilic kinases causing a massive phosphorylation of G9R‐p27Kip1 on S12, a residue normally never found modified in p27Kip1. The novel S12 phosphorylation appears responsible for the loss of function of G9R‐p27Kip1 since S12AG9R‐p27Kip1 recovers most of the p27Kip1 tumor suppressor activities. In addition, the expression of the phosphomimetic S12D‐p27Kip1 recapitulates G9R‐p27Kip1 properties. Mechanistically, S12 phosphorylation enhances the nuclear localization of the mutant protein and also reduces its cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK)2/CDK1 inhibition activity. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of quantitative phosphorylation of a p27Kip1 variant on a physiologically unmodified residue associated with the loss of several tumor suppressor activities. In addition, our findings demonstrate that haploinsufficiency might be due to unpredictable post‐translational modifications due to generation of novel consensus sequences by cancer‐associated missense mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Bencivenga
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuela Stampone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Arianna Aulitto
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Annunziata Tramontano
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Clementina Barone
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Aide Negri
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Silverio Perrotta
- Department of Woman, Child and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvio Della Ragione
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Adriana Borriello
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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Marx SJ, Goltzman D. Evolution of Our Understanding of the Hyperparathyroid Syndromes: A Historical Perspective. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:22-37. [PMID: 30536424 PMCID: PMC6396287 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review advancing and overlapping stages for our understanding of the expressions of six hyperparathyroid (HPT) syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or type 4, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. During stage 1 (1903 to 1967), the introduction of robust measurement of serum calcium was a milestone that uncovered hypercalcemia as the first sign of dysfunction in many HPT subjects, and inheritability was reported in each syndrome. The earliest reports of HPT syndromes were biased toward severe or striking manifestations. During stage 2 (1959 to 1985), the early formulations of a syndrome were improved. Radioimmunoassays (parathyroid hormone [PTH], gastrin, insulin, prolactin, calcitonin) were breakthroughs. They could identify a syndrome carrier, indicate an emerging tumor, characterize a tumor, or monitor a tumor. During stage 3 (1981 to 2006), the assembly of many cases enabled recognition of further details. For example, hormone non-secreting skin lesions were discovered in MEN1 and MEN2A. During stage 4 (1985 to the present), new genomic tools were a revolution for gene identification. Four principal genes ("principal" implies mutated or deleted in 50% or more probands for its syndrome) (MEN1, RET, CASR, CDC73) were identified for five syndromes. During stage 5 (1993 to the present), seven syndromal genes other than a principal gene were identified (CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN1A, GNA11, AP2S1, GCM2). Identification of AP2S1 and GCM2 became possible because of whole-exome sequencing. During stages 4 and 5, the newly identified genes enabled many studies, including robust assignment of the carriers and non-carriers of a mutation. Furthermore, molecular pathways of RET and the calcium-sensing receptor were elaborated, thereby facilitating developments in pharmacotherapy. Current findings hold the promise that more genes for HPT syndromes will be identified and studied in the near future. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Office of the Scientific Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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