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Wang K, Fischer A, Maccio U, Hantel C, Beuschlein F, Grossman AB, Pacak K, Nölting S. Pre-clinical phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma models: Cell lines, animal models, and a human primary culture model. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024:101913. [PMID: 38972796 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2024.101913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
While the establishment of human phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL) cell lines has proven to be particularly difficult over several decades of research, there are other reliable pre-clinical PPGL models currently available. This review provides a summary of these models, together with our recently established personalised drug screening platform using patient-derived PPGL primary cultures. Such currently available PPGL models include murine and rat PPGL cell lines, of which only one cell line (PC12) is publicly accessible through a cell repository, and PPGL animal models, of which the patient-derived xenograft models are promising but complex to establish. We have developed next-generation implementation of human PPGL primary cultures, enabling reliable and personalised drug screening and an individualised analysis of tumour drug responsivity based on the tumour's unique genetic, biochemical, immunohistochemical and clinical profile. Overall, reliable PPGL models, including patient-derived primary culture models, are essential to advance pre-clinical research in the field of PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Alessa Fischer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Umberto Maccio
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Hantel
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland; The LOOP Zurich - Medical Research Center, 8044 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ashley B Grossman
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6HG, UK; NET Unit, ENETS Centre of Excellence, Royal Free Hospital, London NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Karel Pacak
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Svenja Nölting
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Clinical Nutrition, University Hospital Zurich (USZ) and University of Zurich (UZH), CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Miltenburg JB, Gorissen M, van Outersterp I, Versteeg I, Nowak A, Rodenburg RJ, van Herwaarden AE, Olthaar AJ, Kusters B, Conrad C, Timmers HJLM, Dona M. Characterisation of an Adult Zebrafish Model for SDHB-Associated Phaeochromocytomas and Paragangliomas. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7262. [PMID: 39000369 PMCID: PMC11241774 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumours arising from chromaffin cells. Pathogenic variants in the gene succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) are associated with malignancy and poor prognosis. When metastases arise, limited treatment options are available. The pathomechanism of SDHB-associated PPGL remains largely unknown, and the lack of suitable models hinders therapy development. Germline heterozygous SDHB pathogenic variants predispose to developing PPGLs with a life-long penetrance of around 50%. To mimic the human disease phenotype, we characterised adult heterozygous sdhb mutant zebrafish as a potential model to study SDHB-related PPGLs. Adult sdhb mutant zebrafish did not develop an obvious tumour phenotype and were anatomically and histologically like their wild-type siblings. However, sdhb mutants showed significantly increased succinate levels, a major hallmark of SDHB-related PPGLs. While basal activity was increased during day periods in mutants, mitochondrial complex activity and catecholamine metabolite levels were not significantly different. In conclusion, we characterised an adult in vivo zebrafish model, genetically resembling human carriers. Adult heterozygous sdhb mutants mimicked their human counterparts, showing systemic elevation of succinate levels despite the absence of a tumour phenotype. This model forms a promising basis for developing a full tumour phenotype and gaining knowledge of the pathomechanism behind SDHB-related PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn B. Miltenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.B.M.)
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge van Outersterp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.B.M.)
| | - Iris Versteeg
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Nowak
- Department of Plant and Animal Biology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, 6525AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andre J. Olthaar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Kusters
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catleen Conrad
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Henri J. L. M. Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.B.M.)
| | - Margo Dona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525AG Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (J.B.M.)
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Orlova SY, Ruzina MN, Emelianova OR, Sergeev AA, Chikurova EA, Orlov AM, Mugue NS. In Search of a Target Gene for a Desirable Phenotype in Aquaculture: Genome Editing of Cyprinidae and Salmonidae Species. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:726. [PMID: 38927661 PMCID: PMC11202958 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture supplies the world food market with a significant amount of valuable protein. Highly productive aquaculture fishes can be derived by utilizing genome-editing methods, and the main problem is to choose a target gene to obtain the desirable phenotype. This paper presents a review of the studies of genome editing for genes controlling body development, growth, pigmentation and sex determination in five key aquaculture Salmonidae and Cyprinidae species, such as rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss), Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), goldfish (Carassius auratus), Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) and the model fish zebrafish (Danio rerio). Among the genes studied, the most applicable for aquaculture are mstnba, pomc, and acvr2, the knockout of which leads to enhanced muscle growth; runx2b, mutants of which do not form bones in myoseptae; lepr, whose lack of function makes fish fast-growing; fads2, Δ6abc/5Mt, and Δ6bcMt, affecting the composition of fatty acids in fish meat; dnd mettl3, and wnt4a, mutants of which are sterile; and disease-susceptibility genes prmt7, gab3, gcJAM-A, and cxcr3.2. Schemes for obtaining common carp populations consisting of only large females are promising for use in aquaculture. The immobilized and uncolored zebrafish line is of interest for laboratory use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yu. Orlova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
| | - Maria N. Ruzina
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
| | - Olga R. Emelianova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
- Department of Biological Evolution, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Sergeev
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
| | - Evgeniya A. Chikurova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
| | - Alexei M. Orlov
- Laboratory of Oceanic Ichthyofauna, Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117218 Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory of Behavior of Lower Vertebrates, Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119071 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Ichthyology, Dagestan State University, 367000 Makhachkala, Russia
| | - Nikolai S. Mugue
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, 105187 Moscow, Russia; (S.Y.O.)
- Laboratory of Genome Evolution and Speciation, Institute of Developmental Biology Russian Academy of Sciences, 117808 Moscow, Russia
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Karna B, Pellegata NS, Mohr H. Animal and Cell Culture Models of PPGLs - Achievements and Limitations. Horm Metab Res 2024; 56:51-64. [PMID: 38171372 DOI: 10.1055/a-2204-4549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Research on rare tumors heavily relies on suitable models for basic and translational research. Paragangliomas (PPGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors (NET), developing from adrenal (pheochromocytoma, PCC) or extra-adrenal (PGL) chromaffin cells, with an annual incidence of 2-8 cases per million. While most PPGL cases exhibit slow growth and are primarily treated with surgery, limited systemic treatment options are available for unresectable or metastatic tumors. Scarcity of appropriate models has hindered PPGL research, preventing the translation of omics knowledge into drug and therapy development. Human PPGL cell lines are not available, and few animal models accurately replicate the disease's genetic and phenotypic characteristics. This review provides an overview of laboratory models for PPGLs, spanning cellular, tissue, organ, and organism levels. We discuss their features, advantages, and potential contributions to diagnostics and therapeutics. Interestingly, it appears that in the PPGL field, disease models already successfully implemented in other cancers have not been fully explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargavi Karna
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Simona Pellegata
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Hermine Mohr
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
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Duarte Hospital C, Tête A, Debizet K, Imler J, Tomkiewicz-Raulet C, Blanc EB, Barouki R, Coumoul X, Bortoli S. SDHi fungicides: An example of mitotoxic pesticides targeting the succinate dehydrogenase complex. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108219. [PMID: 37778286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHi) are fungicides used to control the proliferation of pathogenic fungi in crops. Their mode of action is based on blocking the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a universal enzyme expressed by all species harboring mitochondria. The SDH is involved in two interconnected metabolic processes for energy production: the transfer of electrons in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and the oxidation of succinate to fumarate in the Krebs cycle. In humans, inherited SDH deficiencies may cause major pathologies including encephalopathies and cancers. The cellular and molecular mechanisms related to such genetic inactivation have been well described in neuroendocrine tumors, in which it induces an oxidative stress, a pseudohypoxic phenotype, a metabolic, epigenetic and transcriptomic remodeling, and alterations in the migration and invasion capacities of cancer cells, in connection with the accumulation of succinate, an oncometabolite, substrate of the SDH. We will discuss recent studies reporting toxic effects of SDHi in non-target organisms and their implications for risk assessment of pesticides. Recent data show that the SDH structure is highly conserved during evolution and that SDHi can inhibit SDH activity in mitochondria of non-target species, including humans. These observations suggest that SDHi are not specific inhibitors of fungal SDH. We hypothesize that SDHi could have toxic effects in other species, including humans. Moreover, the analysis of regulatory assessment reports shows that most SDHi induce tumors in animals without evidence of genotoxicity. Thus, these substances could have a non-genotoxic mechanism of carcinogenicity that still needs to be fully characterized and that could be related to SDH inhibition. The use of pesticides targeting mitochondrial enzymes encoded by tumor suppressor genes raises questions on the risk assessment framework of mitotoxic pesticides. The issue of SDHi fungicides is therefore a textbook case that highlights the urgent need for changes in regulatory assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Tête
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris
| | - Kloé Debizet
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris
| | - Jules Imler
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris
| | | | - Etienne B Blanc
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris
| | - Robert Barouki
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris.
| | - Sylvie Bortoli
- Université Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S 1124, T3S, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, 75006 Paris.
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Sneha NP, Dharshini SAP, Taguchi YH, Gromiha MM. Investigating Neuron Degeneration in Huntington's Disease Using RNA-Seq Based Transcriptome Study. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1801. [PMID: 37761940 PMCID: PMC10530489 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused due to a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. The primary symptoms of HD include motor dysfunction such as chorea, dystonia, and involuntary movements. The primary motor cortex (BA4) is the key brain region responsible for executing motor/movement activities. Investigating patient and control samples from the BA4 region will provide a deeper understanding of the genes responsible for neuron degeneration and help to identify potential markers. Previous studies have focused on overall differential gene expression and associated biological functions. In this study, we illustrate the relationship between variants and differentially expressed genes/transcripts. We identified variants and their associated genes along with the quantification of genes and transcripts. We also predicted the effect of variants on various regulatory activities and found that many variants are regulating gene expression. Variants affecting miRNA and its targets are also highlighted in our study. Co-expression network studies revealed the role of novel genes. Function interaction network analysis unveiled the importance of genes involved in vesicle-mediated transport. From this unified approach, we propose that genes expressed in immune cells are crucial for reducing neuron death in HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nela Pragathi Sneha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (N.P.S.); (S.A.P.D.)
| | - S. Akila Parvathy Dharshini
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (N.P.S.); (S.A.P.D.)
| | - Y.-h. Taguchi
- Department of Physics, Chuo University, Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan;
| | - M. Michael Gromiha
- Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India; (N.P.S.); (S.A.P.D.)
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Bayley JP, Rebel HG, Scheurwater K, Duesman D, Zhang J, Schiavi F, Korpershoek E, Jansen JC, Schepers A, Devilee P. Long-term in vitro 2D-culture of SDHB and SDHD-related human paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274478. [PMID: 36178902 PMCID: PMC9524698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuroendocrine tumours paraganglioma and pheochromocytoma (PPGLs) are commonly associated with succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) gene variants, but no human SDH-related PPGL-derived cell line has been developed to date. The aim of this study was to systematically explore practical issues related to the classical 2D-culture of SDH-related human paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas, with the ultimate goal of identifying a viable tumour-derived cell line. PPGL tumour tissue/cells (chromaffin cells) were cultured in a variety of media formulations and supplements. Tumour explants and dissociated primary tumour cells were cultured and stained with a range of antibodies to identify markers suitable for use in human PPGL culture. We cultured 62 PPGLs, including tumours with confirmed SDHB, SDHC and SDHD variants, as well as several metastatic tumours. Testing a wide range of basic cell culture media and supplements, we noted a marked decline in chromaffin cell numbers over a 4–8 week period but the persistence of small numbers of synaptophysin/tyrosine hydroxylase-positive chromaffin cells for up to 99 weeks. In cell culture, immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A and neuron-specific enolase was generally negative in chromaffin cells, while staining for synaptophysin and tyrosine hydroxylase was generally positive. GFAP showed the most consistent staining of type II sustentacular cells. Of the media tested, low serum or serum-free media best sustained relative chromaffin cell numbers, while lactate enhanced the survival of synaptophysin-positive cells. Synaptophysin-positive PPGL tumour cells persist in culture for long periods but show little evidence of proliferation. Synaptophysin was the most consistent cell marker for chromaffin cells and GFAP the best marker for sustentacular cells in human PPGL cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pierre Bayley
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Heggert G. Rebel
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly Scheurwater
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Duesman
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Esther Korpershoek
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C. Jansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Abbey Schepers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Devilee
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Beimers W, Braun M, Schwinefus K, Pearson K, Wilbanks B, Maher LJ. A suppressor of dioxygenase inhibition in a yeast model of SDH deficiency. Endocr Relat Cancer 2022; 29:345-358. [PMID: 35315791 PMCID: PMC9175558 DOI: 10.1530/erc-21-0349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A fascinating class of familial paraganglioma (PGL) neuroendocrine tumors is driven by the loss of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) resulting in succinate accumulation as an oncometabolite and other metabolic derangements. Here, we exploit a Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast model of SDH loss where accumulating succinate, and possibly reactive oxygen species, poison a dioxygenase enzyme required for sulfur scavenging. Using this model, we performed a chemical suppression screen for compounds that relieve dioxygenase inhibition. After testing 1280 pharmaceutically active compounds, we identified meclofenoxate HCl and its hydrolysis product, dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE), as suppressors of dioxygenase intoxication in SDH-loss yeast cells. We show that DMAE acts to alter metabolism so as to normalize the succinate:2-ketoglutarate ratio, improving dioxygenase function. This study raises the possibility that oncometabolite effects might be therapeutically suppressed by drugs that rewire metabolism to reduce the flux of carbon into pathological metabolic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Beimers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kaleb Schwinefus
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Keenan Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brandon Wilbanks
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Louis James Maher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Correspondence should be addressed to L J Maher:
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Takács-Vellai K, Farkas Z, Ősz F, Stewart GW. Model systems in SDHx-related pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:1177-1201. [PMID: 34957538 PMCID: PMC8825606 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-10009-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) (together PPGL) are tumors with poor outcomes that arise from neuroendocrine cells in the adrenal gland, and sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia outside the adrenal gland, respectively. Many follow germline mutations in genes coding for subunits of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a tetrameric enzyme in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that both converts succinate to fumarate and participates in electron transport. Germline SDH subunit B (SDHB) mutations have a high metastatic potential. Herein, we review the spectrum of model organisms that have contributed hugely to our understanding of SDH dysfunction. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast), succinate accumulation inhibits alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase enzymes leading to DNA demethylation. In the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, mutated SDH creates developmental abnormalities, metabolic rewiring, an energy deficit and oxygen hypersensitivity (the latter is also found in Drosophila melanogaster). In the zebrafish Danio rerio, sdhb mutants display a shorter lifespan with defective energy metabolism. Recently, SDHB-deficient pheochromocytoma has been cultivated in xenografts and has generated cell lines, which can be traced back to a heterozygous SDHB-deficient rat. We propose that a combination of such models can be efficiently and effectively used in both pathophysiological studies and drug-screening projects in order to find novel strategies in PPGL treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zsolt Farkas
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Fanni Ősz
- Department of Biological Anthropology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gordon W Stewart
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Dona M, Lamers M, Rohde S, Gorissen M, Timmers HJLM. Targeting the Redox Balance Pathway Using Ascorbic Acid in sdhb Zebrafish Mutant Larvae. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13205124. [PMID: 34680273 PMCID: PMC8534273 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13205124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Thus far, no curative therapies are available for malignant SDHB-associated phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Therapy development is severely hampered by the limited availability of suitable animal models. In this study, we investigated the potential of the sdhbrmc200 zebrafish model to study SDHB-associated PPGLs using a drug screening approach. One of the key features of cancer initiation and progression is redox imbalance. First, we identified increased reactive oxygen species levels in homozygous sdhbrmc200 larvae at baseline. Next, we tested the effect of anti- and pro-oxidant ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) on these larvae. We validated the sdhbrmc200 zebrafish model as a powerful drug screening tool to provide valuable insights into pathomechanisms, which may lead to novel therapeutic targets and therapy development in the future. Abstract Patients with mutations in the β-subunit of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDHB) have the highest risk to develop incurable malignant phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). Therapy development is hindered by limited possibilities to test new therapeutic strategies in vivo. One possible molecular mechanism of SDHB-associated tumorigenesis originates in an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to mitochondrial dysfunction. Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) has already been shown to act as anti-cancer agent in several clinical trials for various types of cancer. In this study, the potential of the sdhbrmc200 zebrafish model to study SDHB-associated PPGLs using a drug screening approach was investigated. First, we identified increased basal ROS levels in homozygous sdhb larvae compared to heterozygous and wild-type siblings. Using a semi high-throughput drug screening, the effectiveness of different dosages of anti- and pro-oxidant Vitamin C were assessed to evaluate differences in survival, ROS levels, and locomotor activity. Low-dosage levels of Vitamin C induced a decrease of ROS levels but no significant effects on lifespan. In contrast, high-dosage levels of Vitamin C shortened the lifespan of the homozygous sdhbrmc200 larvae while not affecting the lifespan of heterozygous and wild-type siblings. These results validated the sdhbrmc200 zebrafish model as a powerful drug screening tool that may be used to identify novel therapeutic targets for SDHB-associated PPGLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Dona
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (S.R.); (H.J.L.M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Maaike Lamers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (S.R.); (H.J.L.M.T.)
| | - Svenja Rohde
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (S.R.); (H.J.L.M.T.)
| | - Marnix Gorissen
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Henri J. L. M. Timmers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (M.L.); (S.R.); (H.J.L.M.T.)
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