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Stancampiano MR, Meroni SLC, Bucolo C, Russo G. 46,XX Differences of Sex Development outside congenital adrenal hyperplasia: pathogenesis, clinical aspects, puberty, sex hormone replacement therapy and fertility outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1402579. [PMID: 38841305 PMCID: PMC11150773 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1402579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The term 'differences of sex development' (DSD) refers to a group of congenital conditions that are associated with atypical development of chromosomal, gonadal, and/or anatomical sex. DSD in individuals with a 46,XX karyotype can occur due to fetal or postnatal exposure to elevated amount of androgens or maldevelopment of internal genitalia. Clinical phenotype could be quite variable and for this reason these conditions could be diagnosed at birth, in newborns with atypical genitalia, but also even later in life, due to progressive virilization during adolescence, or pubertal delay. Understand the physiological development and the molecular bases of gonadal and adrenal structures is crucial to determine the diagnosis and best management and treatment for these patients. The most common cause of DSD in 46,XX newborns is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, determining primary adrenal insufficiency and androgen excess. In this review we will focus on the other rare causes of 46,XX DSD, outside CAH, summarizing the most relevant data on genetic, clinical aspects, puberty and fertility outcomes of these rare diseases.
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2
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Lemos GAA, Santos AC, Brito DCC, Novaes MAS, Assis Neto AC. Steroidogenic activity and morphological characterization of prenatal testes and epididymis of guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). Anim Reprod Sci 2024; 261:107407. [PMID: 38217925 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
The present study aims to establish the morphological, morphometric, and immunostaining patterns of the steroidogenic enzymes 17β-HSD and 5α-reductase and androgen receptors (AR) during the prenatal development of the male gonad and epididymis of Cavia porcellus. Fetuses at 22, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50, and 60 days of gestation (DG) were used. Specimens were dissected and subjected to macroscopic, histological, histomorphometric, and immunohistochemical analyses. Genital and scrotal protrusions were identified in 22 DG embryos. Gonocytes were identified at 25 DG and the formation of primary testicular cords was observed at 30 DG. Through anatomical evaluation, we observed differentiation of the epididymis into the head, body, and tail at 45 DG. During development, there is a progressive decrease in the diameters of the testicular cords and epididymal ducts. 17β-HSD enzyme immunostaining was observed in Leydig cells at all ages, while 5α-reductase was observed in Leydig cell cytoplasm and gonocytes at 40, 50, and 60 DG. AR shows gonocyte labeling at 30 DG. Thus, from the second trimester of pregnancy, it is possible to observe patterns of anatomical development, such as genital and scrotal prominence (22 DG), the appearance of gonocytes in the testicular cords at 25 DG, and the beginning of the organization of primary testicular cords at 30 DG, suggesting sexual differentiation. The 17β-HSD, 5α-reductase, and ARs play an essential role in sexual development and differentiation, presenting immunostaining at different reproductive process times.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A A Lemos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A C Santos
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D C C Brito
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - M A S Novaes
- Laboratory of Manipulation of Oocytes and Ovarian Pre-Antral Follicles (LAMOFOPA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - A C Assis Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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3
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Sullivan KA, Chapman C, Lu L, Ashbrook DG, Wang Y, Alduraibi FK, Lu C, Sun CW, Liu S, Williams RW, Mountz JD, Hsu HC. Increased development of T-bet +CD11c + B cells predisposes to lupus in females: Analysis in BXD2 mouse and genetic crosses. Clin Immunol 2023; 257:109842. [PMID: 37981105 PMCID: PMC10799694 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardinal features of lupus include elevated B cell activation and autoantibody production with a female sex preponderance. We quantified interactions of sex and genetic variation on the development of autoimmune B-cell phenotypes and autoantibodies in the BXD2 murine model of lupus using a cohort of backcrossed progeny (BXD2 x C57BL/6J) x BXD2. Sex was the key factor leading to increased total IgG, IgG2b, and autoantibodies. The percentage of T-bet+CD11c+ IgD+ activated naive B cells (aNAV) was higher in females and was associated with increased T-bet+CD11c+ IgD- age-related B cells, Fas+GL7+ germinal center B cells, Cxcr5-Icos+ peripheral T-helper cells, and Cxcr5+Icos+ follicular T-helper cells. IFN-β was elevated in females. Variation in aNAV cells was mapped to Chr 7 in a locus that shows significant interactions between the female sex and heterozygous B/D variant. Our results suggest that activation of naive B cells forms the basis for the female-predominant development of autoantibodies in lupus-susceptible BXD2 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Casey Chapman
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David G Ashbrook
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Fatima K Alduraibi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changming Lu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chao-Wang Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shanrun Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - John D Mountz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hui-Chen Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, the University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Research, Birmingham Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Valli FE, Simoncini MS, González MA, Piña CI. How do maternal androgens and estrogens affect sex determination in reptiles with temperature-dependent sex? Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:565-576. [PMID: 37603030 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Temperature sex determination (TSD) in reptiles has been studied to elucidate the mechanisms by which temperature is transformed into a biological signal that determines the sex of the embryo. Temperature is thought to trigger signals that alter gene expression and hormone metabolism, which will determine the development of female or male gonads. In this review, we focus on collecting and discussing important and recent information on the role of maternal steroid hormones in sex determination in oviparous reptiles such as crocodiles, turtles, and lizards that possess TSD. In particular, we focus on maternal androgens and estrogens deposited in the egg yolk and their metabolites that could also influence the sex of offspring. Finally, we suggest guidelines for future research to help clarify the link between maternal steroid hormones and offspring sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia E Valli
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Melina S Simoncini
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Diamante, Argentina
| | - Marcela A González
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Cátedra de Bromatología y Nutrición, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos I Piña
- CICYTTP-CONICET/Prov. Entre Ríos/UADER, Diamante, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma de Entre Ríos, Diamante, Argentina
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Okashita N, Maeda R, Tachibana M. CDYL reinforces male gonadal sex determination through epigenetically repressing Wnt4 transcription in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2221499120. [PMID: 37155872 PMCID: PMC10193937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221499120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, male and female gonads initially develop from bipotential progenitor cells, which can differentiate into either testicular or ovarian cells. The decision to adopt a testicular or ovarian fate relies on robust genetic forces, i.e., activation of the testis-determining gene Sry, as well as a delicate balance of expression levels for pro-testis and pro-ovary factors. Recently, epigenetic regulation has been found to be a key element in activation of Sry. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which epigenetic regulation controls the expression balance of pro-testis and pro-ovary factors remains unclear. Chromodomain Y-like protein (CDYL) is a reader protein for repressive histone H3 methylation marks. We found that a subpopulation of Cdyl-deficient mice exhibited XY sex reversal. Gene expression analysis revealed that the testis-promoting gene Sox9 was downregulated in XY Cdyl-deficient gonads during the sex determination period without affecting Sry expression. Instead, we found that the ovary-promoting gene Wnt4 was derepressed in XY Cdyl-deficient gonads prior to and during the sex-determination period. Wnt4 heterozygous deficiency restored SOX9 expression in Cdyl-deficient XY gonads, indicating that derepressed Wnt4 is a cause of the repression of Sox9. We found that CDYL directly bound to the Wnt4 promoter and maintained its H3K27me3 levels during the sex-determination period. These findings indicate that CDYL reinforces male gonadal sex determination by repressing the ovary-promoting pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Okashita
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Maeda
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Tachibana
- Laboratory of Epigenome Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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Wagner S, Whiteley SL, Castelli M, Patel HR, Deveson IW, Blackburn J, Holleley CE, Marshall Graves JA, Georges A. Gene expression of male pathway genes sox9 and amh during early sex differentiation in a reptile departs from the classical amniote model. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:243. [PMID: 37147622 PMCID: PMC10163765 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex determination is the process whereby the bipotential embryonic gonads become committed to differentiate into testes or ovaries. In genetic sex determination (GSD), the sex determining trigger is encoded by a gene on the sex chromosomes, which activates a network of downstream genes; in mammals these include SOX9, AMH and DMRT1 in the male pathway, and FOXL2 in the female pathway. Although mammalian and avian GSD systems have been well studied, few data are available for reptilian GSD systems. RESULTS We conducted an unbiased transcriptome-wide analysis of gonad development throughout differentiation in central bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) embryos with GSD. We found that sex differentiation of transcriptomic profiles occurs at a very early stage, before the gonad consolidates as a body distinct from the gonad-kidney complex. The male pathway genes dmrt1 and amh and the female pathway gene foxl2 play a key role in early sex differentiation in P. vitticeps, but the central player of the mammalian male trajectory, sox9, is not differentially expressed in P. vitticeps at the bipotential stage. The most striking difference from GSD systems of other amniotes is the high expression of the male pathway genes amh and sox9 in female gonads during development. We propose that a default male trajectory progresses if not repressed by a W-linked dominant gene that tips the balance of gene expression towards the female trajectory. Further, weighted gene expression correlation network analysis revealed novel candidates for male and female sex differentiation. CONCLUSION Our data reveal that interpretation of putative mechanisms of GSD in reptiles cannot solely depend on lessons drawn from mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Wagner
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
| | - Sarah L Whiteley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Meghan Castelli
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Hardip R Patel
- Genome Sciences Department. John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ira W Deveson
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James Blackburn
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E Holleley
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- Australian National Wildlife Collection CSIRO, National Research Collections Australia, Crace, ACT, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Marshall Graves
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT, Australia.
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Yamazaki W, Tan SL, Taketo T. Role of the X and Y Chromosomes in the Female Germ Cell Line Development in the Mouse (Mus musculus). Sex Dev 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35235936 DOI: 10.1159/000521151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In eutherian mammals, the sex chromosome complement, XX and XY, determines sexual differentiation of gonadal primordia into testes and ovaries, which in turn direct differentiation of germ cells into haploid sperm and oocytes, respectively. When gonadal sex is reversed, however, the germ cell sex becomes discordant with the chromosomal sex. XY females in humans are infertile, while XY females in the mouse (Mus musculus) are subfertile or infertile dependent on the cause of sex reversal and the genetic background. This article reviews publications to understand how the sex chromosome complement affects the fertility of XY oocytes by comparing with XX and monosomy X (XO) oocytes. SUMMARY The results highlight 2 folds disadvantage of XY oocytes over XX oocytes: (1) the X and Y chromosomes fail to pair during the meiotic prophase I, resulting in sex chromosome aneuploidy at the first meiotic division and (2) expression of the Y-linked genes during oocyte growth affects the transcriptome landscape and renders the ooplasmic component incompetent for embryonic development. Key Message: The XX chromosome complement gives the oocyte the highest competence for embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Yamazaki
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Seang Lin Tan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,OriginElle Fertility Clinic and Women's Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Teruko Taketo
- Department of Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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8
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Abstract
In livestock industry, one sex is usually preferred over the other due to its impact on the production (e.g., milk from cows, eggs from laying hens, or meat from bulls). Boar taint, to which most of the consumers are susceptible, is a major challenge for the pork industry in the light of the enacted ban of castration without anesthesia from 2021 in Germany. Consequently, a shift towards an increased female ratio would be of great benefit for the pork production. We recently described that a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of the porcine SRY gene by intracytoplasmic microinjection or SCNT resulted in genetically male pigs with a female phenotype. This sex reversal study in pigs revealed a pivotal role of the SRY gene in male sex determination and might pave the way for the generation of boars that produce only female offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt am Ruebenberge, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Kurtz
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Neustadt am Ruebenberge, Germany
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9
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Knockout of the HMG domain of the porcine SRY gene causes sex reversal in gene-edited pigs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2008743118. [PMID: 33443157 PMCID: PMC7812820 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008743118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work characterizes the porcine sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY) gene and demonstrates its pivotal role in sex determination. We provide evidence that genetically male pigs with a knockout of the SRY gene undergo sex reversal of the external and internal genitalia. This discovery of SRY as the main switch for sex determination in pigs may provide an alternative for surgical castration in pig production, preventing boar taint. As the pig shares many genetic, physiological, and anatomical similarities with humans, it also provides a suitable large animal model for human sex reversal syndromes, allowing for the development of new interventions for human sex disorders. The sex-determining region on the Y chromosome (SRY) is thought to be the central genetic element of male sex development in mammals. Pathogenic modifications within the SRY gene are associated with a male-to-female sex reversal syndrome in humans and other mammalian species, including rabbits and mice. However, the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. To understand the biological function of the SRY gene, a site-directed mutational analysis is required to investigate associated phenotypic changes at the molecular, cellular, and morphological level. Here, we successfully generated a knockout of the porcine SRY gene by microinjection of two CRISPR-Cas ribonucleoproteins, targeting the centrally located “high mobility group” (HMG), followed by a frameshift mutation of the downstream SRY sequence. This resulted in the development of genetically male (XY) pigs with complete external and internal female genitalia, which, however, were significantly smaller than in 9-mo-old age-matched control females. Quantitative digital PCR analysis revealed a duplication of the SRY locus in Landrace pigs similar to the known palindromic duplication in Duroc breeds. Our study demonstrates the central role of the HMG domain in the SRY gene in male porcine sex determination. This proof-of-principle study could assist in solving the problem of sex preference in agriculture to improve animal welfare. Moreover, it establishes a large animal model that is more comparable to humans with regard to genetics, physiology, and anatomy, which is pivotal for longitudinal studies to unravel mammalian sex determination and relevant for the development of new interventions for human sex development disorders.
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10
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Protyusha GB, B. S. Sex Determination and Sex Differentiation. J Forensic Dent Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.18311/jfds/12/1/2020.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex determination is arguably the most defining moment of our lives, the point where we inherit X or Y chromosome from our father. This initiates a cascade of events that sets in a train of morphological changes, genetic regulations and molecular mechanisms. Following this, our fate is further sealed during sex differentiation and gonadal development owing to the action of sex-specific gonadal hormones. Therefore, the profoundly divergent journeys of male and female lives are decided just by the toss of a genetic coin. The existence of a third gender is also an undeniable aspect of our society. The understanding of the functioning and genetic regulation of the complex process of sexual determination and differentiation is pivotal in comprehension of the basis of human life. Any deviation from the usual mechanisms in the critical stages of development leads to disorders of sexual differentiation leading to sexual ambiguity among individuals. This review discusses the mechanisms that contribute to female and male sex determination and gonadal development, in an attempt to understand the basics of human sex.
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11
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Wei YD, Du XM, Yang DH, Ma FL, Yu XW, Zhang MF, Li N, Peng S, Liao MZ, Li GP, Bai CL, Liu WS, Hua JL. Dmrt1 regulates the immune response by repressing the TLR4 signaling pathway in goat male germline stem cells. Zool Res 2021; 42:14-27. [PMID: 33420764 PMCID: PMC7840460 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Double sex and mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (Dmrt1), which is expressed in goat male germline stem cells (mGSCs) and Sertoli cells, is one of the most conserved transcription factors involved in sex determination. In this study, we highlighted the role of Dmrt1 in balancing the innate immune response in goat mGSCs. Dmrt1 recruited promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (Plzf), also known as zinc finger and BTB domain-containing protein 16 (Zbtb16), to repress the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-dependent inflammatory signaling pathway and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Knockdown of Dmrt1 in seminiferous tubules resulted in widespread degeneration of germ and somatic cells, while the expression of proinflammatory factors were significantly enhanced. We also demonstrated that Dmrt1 stimulated proliferation of mGSCs, but repressed apoptosis caused by the immune response. Thus, Dmrt1 is sufficient to reduce inflammation in the testes, thereby establishing the stability of spermatogenesis and the testicular microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Dong Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Min Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong-Hui Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fang-Lin Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiu-Wei Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meng-Fei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Sha Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ming-Zhi Liao
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Guang-Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China
| | - Chun-Ling Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010021, China. E-mail:
| | - Wei-Shuai Liu
- Department of Pathology, Yangling Demonstration Zone Hospital, Yangling Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
| | - Jin-Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China. E-mail:
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12
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Ambulkar PS, Waghmare JE, Verma Shivkumar P, Narang P, Pal AK. A missense mutation (c.226C>A) in HMG box SRY gene affects nNLS function in 46,XY sex reversal female. Andrologia 2021; 53:e14011. [PMID: 33570214 DOI: 10.1111/and.14011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The SRY initiates cascade of gene expression that transforms the undifferentiated gonad, genital ridge into testis. Mutations of the SRY gene is associated with complete gonadal dysgenesis in females with 46,XY karyotype. Primary amenorrhea is one of the clinical findings to express the genetic cause in 46,XY sex reversal. Here, we report a 26-year-old married woman presenting with primary amenorhea and complete gonadal dysgenesis. The clinical phenotypes were hypoplastic uterus with streak gonad and underdeveloped secondary sexual characters. The cytogenetic analysis confirmed 46,XY sex reversal karyotype of a female. Using molecular approach, we screened open reading frame of the SRY gene by PCR and targeted DNA Sanger sequencing. The patient was confirmed with nucleotide substitution (c.226C>A; p.Arg76Ser) at in HMG box domain of SRY gene that causes 46,XY sex reversal female. Mutation prediction algorithms suggest that alteration might be disease causing mutation and mutated (p.Arg76Ser) amino acid deleteriously affects HMG box nNLS region of SRY protein. Clinical phenotypes and in silico analysis confirmed that missense substitution (p.Arg76Ser) impaired nNLS binding Calmodulin-mediated nuclear transport of SRY from cytoplasm to nucleus. The mutation affects down regulation of male sex differentiation pathway and is responsible for 46,XY sex reversal female with gonadal dysgenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prafulla S Ambulkar
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Jwalant E Waghmare
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Poonam Verma Shivkumar
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Pratibha Narang
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India.,Department of Microbiology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
| | - Asoke K Pal
- Centre for Genetics & Genomics, Department of Anatomy, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, Wardha, India
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Deepa S, Senthilkumaran B. Interactive role of Wnt signaling and Zn in regulating testicular function of the common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Theriogenology 2020; 161:161-175. [PMID: 33333442 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Wnt signaling is conserved among all species and plays a significant role in various cellular processes including reproduction. The present study identified significant involvement of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a signaling in the testicular growth of common carp,Cyprinus carpio. Predominant expression of wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a was found in the gonads and Wnt4a was localized in spermatocytes and interstitial cells. Ontogeny and testicular phase-wise analysis signified the importance of wnt isofoms analyzed in this study. Specific pathway activation of Wnt signaling revealed that Wnt4a and Wnt5b act through non-canonical while Wnt8a prefers the canonical pathway. The Wnt signaling regulates several steroidogenic enzyme and testis-related genes which was confirmed by the Wnt blockade experiments. Incidentally, zinc (Zn) is an essential trace element involved in the progression of spermatogenesis in teleosts. In adult male carp, a single administration of Zn at different doses elevated the expression of Wnt and Zn transporter genes and a single-dose (30 μg/g body weight [BW]) of Zn treatment elevated steroidogenic enzyme and testis-related genes which coincided with elevated androgens. Conversely, single-dose administration of Zn chelator to the Zn administered (30 μg/g BW) fish reversed the effects emphasizing a prominent role of Zn in the testicular function perhaps through Wnt signaling. Similar effects were observed in the in vitro experiments using the Zn chelator. Bioaccumulation of Zn and histological analysis revealed the importance of Zn in progression of spermatogenesis and sperm motility. Various assays related to cell viability and proliferation exhibited the role of Zn in promoting spermatogenic cell progression. Flow cytometric analysis confirmed Zn-induced elevation of Wnt and Zn transporter genes in germ and supporting cells. Furthermore, the effects of Zn are dose-related in carp. Taken together, it seems wnt4a, wnt5b, and wnt8a play an important role in testis and exposure of Wnt inhibitor, canonical as well as non-canonical activators, and Zn confirmed that Zn regulates Wnt signaling vis-à-vis promoting spermatogenesis in the common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharam Deepa
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
| | - Balasubramanian Senthilkumaran
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, P.O. Central University, Hyderabad, 500046, Telangana, India.
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Early Diagnostics of Freemartinism in Polish Holstein-Friesian Female Calves. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9110971. [PMID: 31739521 PMCID: PMC6912765 DOI: 10.3390/ani9110971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Freemartinism is the most common type of gender developmental disorder, resulting in infertility of heifers from multiple-sex twin pregnancies. The frequency of this syndrome is related to the frequency of multiple pregnancies, the number of which has significantly increased in dairy cattle populations (HF). Therefore, rapid diagnostics is necessary to enable early elimination of heifers with freemartinism from breeding. The aim of the study was to compare and identify the best method for early identification of freemartinism. The use of cytogenetic and molecular methods (PCR, short tandem repeats (STRs), real-time PCR) allowed us to conclude that molecular methods are more effective and guarantee fast and precise diagnosis. An additional advantage of molecular methods is the easy way to collect test material, which can be frozen, unlike blood samples for cytogenetic analysis, which must be fresh and delivered within 24 h to the laboratory, which generates further costs. Abstract Freemartinism in females born from heterosexual multiple pregnancies is characterized by the presence of XX/XY cell lines due to the formation of a shared blood system by anastomoses between fetal membranes of co–twins and leads to disturbed development of the reproductive system, including infertility. The aim of this study was to estimate the most precise and effective diagnostic method, especially useful for early identification of freemartinism in young female calves. The cytomolecular evaluation results of 24 Holstein-Friesian heifers from heterosexual twins was verified by molecular techniques: PCR, short tandem repeats (STRs), and relative quantitative PCR. The molecular analyses have been found to be a more efficient testing strategy, with a higher diagnostic success rate than karyotype evaluation. In 21 heifers, leucocyte chimerism determined by the 60, XX/60, XY karyotype was revealed—the proportion of the 60, XY male cell line in individual animals was in the range of 4–66%. In three cases, a normal karyotype 60, XX was identified, which indicates that anastomoses did not occur in 12.5% of studied twins and suggests that these potentially fertile heifers can be qualified for further breeding. The precise and early identification of freemartinism can be the basis for guidelines and selection recommendations concerning the reproductive performance of heifers born from heterosexual multiple pregnancies.
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Martínez-Juárez A, Moreno-Mendoza N. Mechanisms related to sexual determination by temperature in reptiles. J Therm Biol 2019; 85:102400. [PMID: 31657741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.102400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A number of strategies have emerged that appear to relate to the evolution of mechanisms for sexual determination in vertebrates, among which are genetic sex determination caused by sex chromosomes and environmental sex determination, where environmental factors influence the phenotype of the sex of an individual. Within the reptile group, some orders such as: Chelonia, Crocodylia, Squamata and Rhynchocephalia, manifest one of the most intriguing and exciting environmental sexual determination mechanisms that exists, comprising temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD), where the temperature of incubation that the embryo experiences during its development is fundamental to establishing the sex of the individual. This makes them an excellent model for the study of sexual determination at the molecular, cellular and physiological level, as well as in terms of their implications at an evolutionary and ecological level. There are different hypotheses concerning how this process is triggered and this review aims to describe any new contributions to particular TSD hypotheses, analyzing them from the "eco-evo-devo" perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Juárez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Apartado Postal 70228 México, D.F. 04510, Mexico.
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16
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Nomura R, Kashimada K, Suzuki H, Zhao L, Tsuji-Hosokawa A, Yagita H, Takagi M, Kanai Y, Bowles J, Koopman P, Kanai-Azuma M, Morio T. Nr5a1 suppression during the murine fetal period optimizes ovarian development by fine-tuning Notch signaling. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.223768. [PMID: 30877223 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.223768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor NR5A1 is equally expressed and required for development of the gonadal primordia of both sexes, but, after sex determination, it is upregulated in XY testes and downregulated in XX ovaries. We have recently demonstrated, in mice, that this downregulation is mediated by forkhead box L2 (FOXL2) and hypothesized that adequate suppression of Nr5a1 is essential for normal ovarian development. Further, analysis of human patients with disorders/differences of sex development suggests that overexpression of NR5A1 can result in XX (ovo)testicular development. Here, we tested the role of Nr5a1 by overexpression in fetal gonads using a Wt1-BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome) transgene system. Enforced Nr5a1 expression compromised ovarian development in 46,XX mice, resulting in late-onset infertility, but did not induce (ovo)testis differentiation. The phenotype was similar to that of XX mice lacking Notch signaling. The expression level of Notch2 was significantly reduced in Nr5a1 transgenic mice, and the ovarian phenotype was almost completely rescued by in utero treatment with a NOTCH2 agonist. We conclude that suppression of Nr5a1 during the fetal period optimizes ovarian development by fine-tuning Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Nomura
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kashimada
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hitomi Suzuki
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Liang Zhao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Atsumi Tsuji-Hosokawa
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiakira Kanai
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Josephine Bowles
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Koopman
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Masami Kanai-Azuma
- Department of Experimental Animal Model for Human Disease, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Morio
- Department of Pediatrics and Developmental Biology, Tokyo Medical Dental University, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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Hummitzsch K, Hatzirodos N, Irving-Rodgers HF, Hartanti MD, Perry VEA, Anderson RA, Rodgers RJ. Morphometric analyses and gene expression related to germ cells, gonadal ridge epithelial-like cells and granulosa cells during development of the bovine fetal ovary. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214130. [PMID: 30901367 PMCID: PMC6430378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells on the surface of the mesonephros give rise to replicating Gonadal Ridge Epithelial-Like (GREL) cells, the first somatic cells of the gonadal ridge. Later germ cells associate with the GREL cells in the ovigerous cords, and the GREL cells subsequently give rise to the granulosa cells in follicles. To examine these events further, 27 bovine fetal ovaries of different gestational ages were collected and prepared for immunohistochemical localisation of collagen type I and Ki67 to identify regions of the ovary and cell proliferation, respectively. The non-stromal cortical areas (collagen-negative) containing GREL cells and germ cells and later in development, the follicles with oocytes and granulosa cells, were analysed morphometrically. Another set of ovaries (n = 17) were collected and the expression of genes associated with germ cell lineages and GREL/granulosa cells were quantitated by RT-PCR. The total volume of non-stromal areas in the cortex increased significantly and progressively with ovarian development, plateauing at the time the surface epithelium developed. However, the proportion of non-stromal areas in the cortex declined significantly and progressively throughout gestation, largely due to a cessation in growth of the non-stroma cells and the continued growth of stroma. The proliferation index in the non-stromal area was very high initially and then declined substantially at the time follicles formed. Thereafter, it remained low. The numerical density of the non-stromal cells was relatively constant throughout ovarian development. The expression levels of a number of genes across gestation either increased (AMH, FSHR, ESR1, INHBA), declined (CYP19A1, ESR2, ALDH1A1, DSG2, OCT4, LGR5) or showed no particular pattern (CCND2, CTNNB1, DAZL, FOXL2, GATA4, IGFBP3, KRT19, NR5A1, RARRES1, VASA, WNT2B). Many of the genes whose expression changed across gestation, were positively or negatively correlated with each other. The relationships between these genes may reflect their roles in the important events such as the transition of ovigerous cords to follicles, oogonia to oocytes or GREL cells to granulosa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Hummitzsch
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicholas Hatzirodos
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Helen F. Irving-Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast Campus, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Monica D. Hartanti
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Viv E. A. Perry
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Raymond J. Rodgers
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Baldinotti F, Cavallaro T, Dati E, Baroncelli GI, Bertini V, Valetto A, Massart F, Fabrizi GM, Zanette G, Peroni D, Bertelloni S. Novel Familial Variant of the Desert Hedgehog Gene: Clinical Findings in Two Sisters with 46,XY Gonadal Dysgenesis or 46,XX Karyotype and Literature Review. Horm Res Paediatr 2018; 89:141-149. [PMID: 29471294 DOI: 10.1159/000485507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In humans, Desert Hedgehog (DHH) gene mutations are a very rare cause of 46,XY gonadal dysgenesis (GD), eventually associated with peripheral neuropathy. PATIENTS AND METHODS Clinical records of 12 patients with 46,XY GD and unknown genetic background were reviewed and a 46,XY woman with peripheral neuropathy was individuated. Her 46,XX sister affected by similar neuropathy was also investigated. Genomic DNA was extracted and DHH exons sequenced and analyzed. A comparative genomic hybridization array was also performed. RESULTS In both the 46,XY and 46,XX sisters, a homozygous c.554C>A mutation in exon 2 of the DHH gene was found, determining a premature termination codon (p.Ser 185*). Heterozygous consanguineous carrier parents showed neither reproductive problems nor peripheral neuropathy. In the proband and her sister, a 499-kb duplication in 9p22.1 was also found. CONCLUSION A 46,XY European woman with 46,XY GD and a novel homozygous DHH pathogenic variant is reported, confirming that this gene plays a key role in male gonadal development. Her 46,XX sister, harboring the same mutation, showed normal internal and external female phenotype. Thus, DHH seems not to be involved in the ovarian development pathway or its postpubertal function. Homozygous DHH mutations cause a specific peripheral neuropathy in humans with both 46,XY and 46,XX karyotypes.
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Trukhina AV, Lukina NA, Smirnov AF. Hormonal Sex Inversion and Some Aspects of Its Genetic Determination in Chicken. RUSS J GENET+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795418090144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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20
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Impact of a gestational exposure to diesel exhaust on offspring gonadal development: experimental study in the rabbit. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:519-529. [PMID: 29909796 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to address experimentally the possible impact of exposure to air pollution during gestation on the differentiation and function of the gonads of the offspring using a rabbit model. Rabbits were exposed daily to diluted diesel exhaust gas or filtered air from the 3rd until the 27th day of gestation, during which time germ cells migrate in genital ridges and divide, and fetal sex is determined. Offspring gonads were collected shortly before birth (28th day of gestation) or after puberty (7.5 months after birth). The structure of the gonads was analyzed by histological and immunohistological methods. Serum concentrations of testosterone and anti-Müllerian hormone were determined using ELISA. The morphology and the endocrine function of the gonads collected just at the arrest of the exposure were similar in polluted and control animals in both sexes. No differences were observed as well in gonads collected after puberty. Sperm was collected at the head of the epididymis in adults. Sperm motility and DNA fragmentation were measured. Among all parameters analyzed, only the sperm DNA fragmentation rate was increased three-fold in exposed males. Mechanisms responsible for these modifications and their physiological consequences are to be further clarified.
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21
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Martínez-Juárez A, López-Luna MA, Porras-Gómez TJ, Moreno-Mendoza N. Expression of theSox9,Foxl2,Vasa, andTRPV4genes in the ovaries and testes of the Morelet's crocodile,Crocodylus moreletii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:148-164. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Martínez-Juárez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; UNAM; Mexico Mexico
| | - Marco A. López-Luna
- División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas; Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco; Villahermosa Tabasco; Mexico Mexico
| | - Tania J. Porras-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; UNAM; Mexico Mexico
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas; UNAM; Mexico Mexico
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Han CM, Chen R, Li T, Chen XL, Zheng YF, Ma MT, Gao QH. The bovine sex-determining region Y (Sry) gene and its mRNA transcript are present in Y sperm but not X sperm of bulls. ANIM BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/15707563-17000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The aims of this study were to establish whether the sex-determining region Y gene and its mRNA transcript are present in the Y sperm and X sperm of bulls and, if present, determine their cellular localization. Semen was collected from three bulls and sorted by flow cytometry into X- and Y-chromosome populations. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to determine Sry mRNA expression in X sperm and Y sperm. The presence and localization of Sry DNA and RNA were investigated by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RT-PCR detected a single Sry transcript of 142 bp in Y sperm but not in X sperm. In Y sperm, the FISH-positive rates for Sry DNA and Sry RNA did not differ significantly from the re-analyzed Y sperm purity. In further experiments, there were no significant differences between the FISH-positive rate for Sry RNA and the re-analyzed Y sperm purity for X-sorted, Y-sorted, or unsorted sperm. In conclusion, FISH analysis revealed that Sry transcripts are present at the edges of the sperm heads of Y sperm but are absent from X sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Mei Han
- 1College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Rong Chen
- 1College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Tao Li
- 1College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Xiao-Li Chen
- 2College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Yong-Fu Zheng
- 1College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Meng-Ting Ma
- 2College of Life Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
| | - Qing-Hua Gao
- 1College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, China
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Yan YL, Desvignes T, Bremiller R, Wilson C, Dillon D, High S, Draper B, Buck CL, Postlethwait J. Gonadal soma controls ovarian follicle proliferation through Gsdf in zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:925-945. [PMID: 28856758 PMCID: PMC5761338 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant signaling between germ cells and somatic cells can lead to reproductive disease and depends on diffusible signals, including transforming growth factor-beta (TGFB) -family proteins. The TGFB-family protein Gsdf (gonadal soma derived factor) controls sex determination in some fish and is a candidate for mediating germ cell/soma signaling. RESULTS Zebrafish expressed gsdf in somatic cells of bipotential gonads and expression continued in ovarian granulosa cells and testicular Sertoli cells. Homozygous gsdf knockout mutants delayed leaving the bipotential gonad state, but then became a male or a female. Mutant females ovulated a few oocytes, then became sterile, accumulating immature follicles. Female mutants stored excess lipid and down-regulated aromatase, gata4, insulin receptor, estrogen receptor, and genes for lipid metabolism, vitellogenin, and steroid biosynthesis. Mutant females contained less estrogen and more androgen than wild-types. Mutant males were fertile. Genomic analysis suggests that Gsdf, Bmp15, and Gdf9, originated as paralogs in vertebrate genome duplication events. CONCLUSIONS In zebrafish, gsdf regulates ovarian follicle maturation and expression of genes for steroid biosynthesis, obesity, diabetes, and female fertility, leading to ovarian and extra-ovarian phenotypes that mimic human polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), suggesting a role for a related TGFB signaling molecule in the etiology of PCOS. Developmental Dynamics 246:925-945, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Yan
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Ruth Bremiller
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Danielle Dillon
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Samantha High
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Bruce Draper
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Charles Loren Buck
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Meyfour A, Pooyan P, Pahlavan S, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Gourabi H, Baharvand H, Salekdeh GH. Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project Allies with Developmental Biology: A Case Study of the Role of Y Chromosome Genes in Organ Development. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:4259-4272. [PMID: 28914051 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the main goals of Chromosome-Centric Human Proteome Project is to identify protein evidence for missing proteins (MPs). Here, we present a case study of the role of Y chromosome genes in organ development and how to overcome the challenges facing MPs identification by employing human pluripotent stem cell differentiation into cells of different organs yielding unprecedented biological insight into adult silenced proteins. Y chromosome is a male-specific sex chromosome which escapes meiotic recombination. From an evolutionary perspective, Y chromosome has preserved 3% of ancestral genes compared to 98% preservation of the X chromosome based on Ohno's law. Male specific region of Y chromosome (MSY) contains genes that contribute to central dogma and govern the expression of various targets throughout the genome. One of the most well-known functions of MSY genes is to decide the male-specific characteristics including sex, testis formation, and spermatogenesis, which are majorly formed by ampliconic gene families. Beyond its role in sex-specific gonad development, MSY genes in coexpression with their X counterparts, as single copy and broadly expressed genes, inhibit haplolethality and play a key role in embryogenesis. The role of X-Y related gene mutations in the development of hereditary syndromes suggests an essential contribution of sex chromosome genes to development. MSY genes, solely and independent of their X counterparts and/or in association with sex hormones, have a considerable impact on organ development. In this Review, we present major recent findings on the contribution of MSY genes to gonad formation, spermatogenesis, and the brain, heart, and kidney development and discuss how Y chromosome proteome project may exploit developmental biology to find missing proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meyfour
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Paria Pooyan
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Pahlavan
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , 19839-63113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Gourabi
- Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute , 19395-4644 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture , 19395-4644 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghasem Hosseini Salekdeh
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research , 81589-68433 Tehran, Iran.,Department of Systems Biology, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran , 31535-1897 Karaj, Iran
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25
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Double sex and mab-3 related transcription factor 1 regulates differentiation and proliferation in dairy goat male germline stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2537-2548. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Porras-Gómez TJ, Martínez-Juárez A, Moreno-Mendoza N. Gonadal morphogenesis and establishment of the germline in the phyllostomid bat Sturnira lilium. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:671-679. [PMID: 28823522 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates such as the mouse and the human, primordial germ cells (PGCs) arise at the base of the allantois and are carried to the epithelium of the posterior intestine, to later migrate to the primordial gonads. In the case of bats, almost nothing is known about this process. To clarify the dynamics of PGCs during gonadal morphogenesis in the phyllostomid bat Sturnira lilium, the proteins for the Ddx4, Sox9 and Mis genes were detected in the gonads of embryos at different stages of development. We identified 15 stages (St) of embryonic development in Sturnira lilium. We found that the formation of the genital ridge and the establishment of the undifferentiated gonad take place between stages 11 and 14. The onset of morphological differentiation in the gonad is first detected in the male gonads at St17. The first PGCs in meiosis are detected in the ovary at St19, whereas in the testicles, the PGCs were in mitotic arrest. Structural changes leading to testicular and ovarian development in Sturnira lilium are observed to be similar to those described for the mouse; however, differences will be established concerning the time taken for these processes to occur.
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Genetic Mechanisms Leading to Sex Differences Across Common Diseases and Anthropometric Traits. Genetics 2016; 205:979-992. [PMID: 27974502 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.116.193623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Common diseases often show sex differences in prevalence, onset, symptomology, treatment, or prognosis. Although studies have been performed to evaluate sex differences at specific SNP associations, this work aims to comprehensively survey a number of complex heritable diseases and anthropometric traits. Potential genetically encoded sex differences we investigated include differential genetic liability thresholds or distributions, gene-sex interaction at autosomal loci, major contribution of the X-chromosome, or gene-environment interactions reflected in genes responsive to androgens or estrogens. Finally, we tested the overlap between sex-differential association with anthropometric traits and disease risk. We utilized complementary approaches of assessing GWAS association enrichment and SNP-based heritability estimation to explore explicit sex differences, as well as enrichment in sex-implicated functional categories. We do not find consistent increased genetic load in the lower-prevalence sex, or a disproportionate role for the X-chromosome in disease risk, despite sex-heterogeneity on the X for several traits. We find that all anthropometric traits show less than complete correlation between the genetic contribution to males and females, and find a convincing example of autosome-wide genome-sex interaction in multiple sclerosis (P = 1 × 10-9). We also find some evidence for hormone-responsive gene enrichment, and striking evidence of the contribution of sex-differential anthropometric associations to common disease risk, implying that general mechanisms of sexual dimorphism determining secondary sex characteristics have shared effects on disease risk.
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Kozubska-Sobocińska A, Danielak-Czech B, Rejduch B. Cytogenetic and Molecular Diagnostics of XX/XY Chimerism in Cattle, Sheep, and Goats – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2016-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Animal cell chimerism denotes the presence of two or more cell lines of different genetic origin. The most common form of chimerism, which occurs spontaneously in mammals, is the presence of two or more cell populations in animals derived from dizygotic twin or multiple pregnancies. The aim of this review is to present extensive information on XX/XY chimerism in cattle, sheep and goats from the Bovidae family. Additionally, it will discuss a methodology for a quick and accurate diagnosis of cell chimerism and make an analysis of cells obtained from gonads of animals derived from twin pregnancies which underwent an exchange of hematopoietic tissue as a result of anastomoses. The studies reviewed here led the authors to conclude that XX/XY chimerism is generally undesirable in livestock breeding. Females (freemartins) are infertile, whereas in male carriers of chimerism, the impact of this abnormality on sperm parameters is still under discussion, therefore every case of different-sex twin or multiple births should be analyzed individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kozubska-Sobocińska
- Department of Animal Genomics and Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Danielak-Czech
- Department of Animal Genomics and Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Rejduch
- Department of Animal Genomics and Molecular Biology, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice n. Kraków, Poland
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Ubiquitin ligase gene neurl3 plays a role in spermatogenesis of half-smooth tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ) by regulating testis protein ubiquitination. Gene 2016; 592:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2016.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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She ZY, Yang WX. Sry and SoxE genes: How they participate in mammalian sex determination and gonadal development? Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 63:13-22. [PMID: 27481580 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, sex determination defines the differentiation of the bipotential genital ridge into either testes or ovaries. Sry, the mammalian Y-chromosomal testis-determining gene, is a master regulator of male sex determination. It acts to switch the undifferentiated genital ridge towards testis development, triggering the adoption of a male fate. Sry initiates a cascade of gene networks through the direct regulation of Sox9 expression and promotes supporting cell differentiation, Leydig cell specification, vasculature formation and testis cord development. In the absence of Sry, alternative genetic cascades, including female sex-determining genes RSPO1, Wnt4/β-catenin and Foxl2, are involved in the formation of female genitalia and the maintenance of female ovarian development. The mutual antagonisms between male and female sex-determining pathways are crucial in not just the initiation but also the maintenance of the somatic sex of the gonad throughout the organism's lifetime. Any imbalances in above sex-determining genes can cause disorders of sex development in humans and mice. In this review, we provide a detailed summary of the expression profiles, biochemical properties and developmental functions of Sry and SoxE genes in embryonic testis development and adult gonadal development. We also briefly summarize the dedicate balances between male and female sex-determining genes in mammalian sex development, with particular highlights on the molecular actions of Sry and Sox9 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Yu She
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Wan-Xi Yang
- The Sperm Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Ríos O, Frias S, Rodríguez A, Kofman S, Merchant H, Torres L, Mendoza L. A Boolean network model of human gonadal sex determination. Theor Biol Med Model 2015; 12:26. [PMID: 26573569 PMCID: PMC4647291 DOI: 10.1186/s12976-015-0023-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadal sex determination (GSD) in humans is a complex biological process that takes place in early stages of embryonic development when the bipotential gonadal primordium (BGP) differentiates towards testes or ovaries. This decision is directed by one of two distinct pathways embedded in a GSD network activated in a population of coelomic epithelial cells, the Sertoli progenitor cells (SPC) and the granulosa progenitor cells (GPC). In males, the pathway is activated when the Sex-Determining Region Y (SRY) gene starts to be expressed, whereas in females the WNT4/ β-catenin pathway promotes the differentiation of the GPCs towards ovaries. The interactions and dynamics of the elements that constitute the GSD network are poorly understood, thus our group is interested in inferring the general architecture of this network as well as modeling the dynamic behavior of a set of genes associated to this process under wild-type and mutant conditions. METHODS We reconstructed the regulatory network of GSD with a set of genes directly associated with the process of differentiation from SPC and GPC towards Sertoli and granulosa cells, respectively. These genes are experimentally well-characterized and the effects of their deficiency have been clinically reported. We modeled this GSD network as a synchronous Boolean network model (BNM) and characterized its attractors under wild-type and mutant conditions. RESULTS Three attractors with a clear biological meaning were found; one of them corresponding to the currently known gene expression pattern of Sertoli cells, the second correlating to the granulosa cells and, the third resembling a disgenetic gonad. CONCLUSIONS The BNM of GSD that we present summarizes the experimental data on the pathways for Sertoli and granulosa establishment and sheds light on the overall behavior of a population of cells that differentiate within the developing gonad. With this model we propose a set of regulatory interactions needed to activate either the SRY or the WNT4/ β-catenin pathway as well as their downstream targets, which are critical for further sex differentiation. In addition, we observed a pattern of altered regulatory interactions and their dynamics that lead to some disorders of sex development (DSD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Ríos
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Citogenética, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700 C, México City, 04530, México. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, UNAM, Mexico City, México.
| | - Sara Frias
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Citogenética, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700 C, México City, 04530, México. .,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, México.
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Citogenética, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700 C, México City, 04530, México. .,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, México.
| | - Susana Kofman
- Facultad de Medicina/Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City, México
| | - Horacio Merchant
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, México.
| | - Leda Torres
- Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Laboratorio de Citogenética, Av. Insurgentes Sur 3700 C, México City, 04530, México.
| | - Luis Mendoza
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, México. .,C3, Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, UNAM, Mexico City, 04510, México.
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Pelosi E, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D. Genetics of the ovarian reserve. Front Genet 2015; 6:308. [PMID: 26528328 PMCID: PMC4606124 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primordial follicles or non-growing follicles (NGFs) are the functional unit of reproduction, each comprising a single germ cell surrounded by supporting somatic cells. NGFs constitute the ovarian reserve (OR), prerequisite for germ cell ovulation and the continuation of the species. The dynamics of the reserve is determined by the number of NGFs formed and their complex subsequent fates. During the reproductive lifespan, the OR progressively diminishes due to follicle atresia as well as recruitment, maturation, and ovulation. The depletion of the OR is the major determining driver of menopause, which ensues when the number of primordial follicles falls below a threshold of ∼1,000. Therefore, genes and processes involved in follicle dynamics are particularly important to understand the process of menopause, both in the typical reproductive lifespan and in conditions like primary ovarian insufficiency, defined as menopause before age 40. Genes and their variants that affect the timing of menopause thereby provide candidates for diagnosis of and intervention in problems of reproductive lifespan. We review the current knowledge of processes and genes involved in the development of the OR and in the dynamics of ovarian follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Pelosi
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - David Schlessinger
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Sun A, Chen SL, Gao FT, Li HL, Liu XF, Wang N, Sha ZX. Establishment and characterization of a gonad cell line from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis pseudomale. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:673-83. [PMID: 25724869 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new cell line was established from half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis pseudomale gonad (CSPMG). Primary culture was initiated from gonad tissues pieces, and the CSPMG cells were cultured at 24 °C in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/F12 medium (1:1) (pH7.0), supplemented with 20 % fetal bovine serum, basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, 2-mercaptoethanol, penicillin and streptomycin. The cultured CSPMG cells, in fibroblast shape, proliferated to 100 % confluency 10 days later and had been subcultured to passage 109. Chromosome analyses indicated that the CSPMG cells exhibited chromosomal aneuploidy with a modal chromosome number of 42, which displayed the normal diploid karyotype of half-smooth tongue sole (2n = 42t, NF = 42). Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction revealed CSPMG cells could express gonad somatic cell functional genes Sox9a, Wt1a and weakly germ cell marker gene Vasa, but not male specific gene Dmrt1. Transfection experiment demonstrated that CSPMG cells transfected with pEGFP-N3 plasmid and small RNA could express green and red fluorescence signals with high transfection efficiency. In conclusion, a continuous CSPMG cell line has been established successfully. The cell line might serve as a valuable tool for studies on the mechanism of sex determination, sex reversal and gonad development in flatfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Sun
- Key Lab of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
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